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CHRD | chordin (955 aa) | |||
AMH | anti-Mullerian hormone; This glycoprotein, produced by the Sertoli cells of the testis, causes regression of the Muellerian duct. It is also able to inhibit the growth of tumors derived from tissues of Muellerian duct origin (560 aa) | |||
SGTA | small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-containing, alpha; Co-chaperone that binds directly to HSC70 and HSP70 and regulates their ATPase activity (313 aa) | |||
TGFB1 | transforming growth factor, beta 1; Multifunctional protein that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types. Many cells synthesize TGFB1 and have specific receptors for it. It positively and negatively regulates many other growth factors. It plays an important role in bone remodeling as it is a potent stimulator of osteoblastic bone formation, causing chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation in committed osteoblasts (390 aa) | |||
BMP4 | bone morphogenetic protein 4; Induces cartilage and bone formation. Also act in mesoderm induction, tooth development, limb formation and fracture repair. Acts in concert with PTHLH/PTHRP to stimulate ductal outgrowth during embryonic mammary development and to inhibit hair follicle induction (By similarity) (408 aa) | |||
GDF15 | growth differentiation factor 15 (308 aa) | |||
TWSG1 | twisted gastrulation homolog 1 (Drosophila); May be involved in dorsoventral axis formation. Seems to antagonize BMP signaling by forming ternary complexes with CHRD and BMPs, thereby preventing BMPs from binding to their receptors. In addition to the anti-BMP function, also has pro-BMP activity, partly mediated by cleavage and degradation of CHRD, which releases BMPs from ternary complexes. May be an important modulator of BMP-regulated cartilage development and chondrocyte differentiation. May play a role in thymocyte development (By similarity) (223 aa) | |||
INHBE | inhibin, beta E; Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. Inhibins appear to oppose the functions of activins (350 aa) | |||
BMP6 | bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation (513 aa) | |||
GDF6 | growth differentiation factor 6; Required for normal formation of bones and joints in the limbs, skull, and axial skeleton. Plays a key role in establishing boundaries between skeletal elements during development (By similarity) (455 aa) | |||
NODAL | nodal homolog (mouse); Essential for mesoderm formation and axial patterning during embryonic development (By similarity) (347 aa) | |||
INHBB | inhibin, beta B; Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. Inhibins appear to oppose the functions of activins (407 aa) | |||
BMP10 | bone morphogenetic protein 10; Required for maintaining the proliferative activity of embryonic cardiomyocytes by preventing premature activation of the negative cell cycle regulator CDKN1C/p57KIP and maintaining the required expression levels of cardiogenic factors such as MEF2C and NKX2-5. Acts as a ligand for ACVRL1/ALK1, BMPR1A/ALK3 and BMPR1B/ALK6, leading to activation of SMAD1, SMAD5 and SMAD8 transcription factors. Inhibits endothelial cell migration and growth (424 aa) | |||
GDF9 | growth differentiation factor 9; Required for ovarian folliculogenesis. Promotes primordial follicle development. Stimulates granulosa cell proliferation. Promotes cell transition from G0/G1 to S and G2/M phases, through an increase of CCND1 and CCNE1 expression, and RB1 phosphorylation. It regulates STAR expression and cAMP-dependent progesterone release in granulosa and thecal cells. Attenuates the suppressive effects of activin A on STAR expression and progesterone production by increasing the expression of inhibin B. It suppresses FST and FSTL3 production in granulosa-lutein cells (454 aa) | |||
BMP1 | bone morphogenetic protein 1 (986 aa) | |||
INHBC | inhibin, beta C; Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. Inhibins appear to oppose the functions of activins (352 aa) | |||
BMP8A | bone morphogenetic protein 8a; Induces cartilage and bone formation. May be the osteoinductive factor responsible for the phenomenon of epithelial osteogenesis. Plays a role in calcium regulation and bone homeostasis (By similarity). Signaling protein involved in regulation of thermogenesis and energy balance. Proposed to increase the peripheral response of brown adipose tissue (BAT) to adrenergic stimulation while acting centrally in the hypothalamus to increase sympathetic output to BAT (402 aa) | |||
GDF3 | growth differentiation factor 3 (364 aa) | |||
UBC | ubiquitin C (685 aa) | |||
LEFTY2 | left-right determination factor 2; Required for left-right (L-R) asymmetry determination of organ systems in mammals. May play a role in endometrial bleeding (366 aa) | |||
TGFB2 | transforming growth factor, beta 2; TGF-beta 2 has suppressive effects on interleukin-2 dependent T-cell growth (442 aa) | |||
BMP5 | bone morphogenetic protein 5; Induces cartilage and bone formation (454 aa) | |||
BMP8B | bone morphogenetic protein 8b; Induces cartilage and bone formation. May be the osteoinductive factor responsible for the phenomenon of epithelial osteogenesis. Plays a role in calcium regulation and bone homeostasis (By similarity) (402 aa) | |||
GDF5 | growth differentiation factor 5; Could be involved in bone and cartilage formation. Chondrogenic signaling is mediated by the high-affinity receptor BMPR1B (501 aa) | |||
BMP2 | bone morphogenetic protein 2; Induces cartilage and bone formation (396 aa) | |||
BMP7 | bone morphogenetic protein 7; Induces cartilage and bone formation. May be the osteoinductive factor responsible for the phenomenon of epithelial osteogenesis. Plays a role in calcium regulation and bone homeostasis (431 aa) |