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NME8 | NME/NM23 family member 8; Probably required during the final stages of sperm tail maturation in the testis and/or epididymis, where extensive disulfide bonding of fibrous sheath (FS) proteins occurs. May be involved in the reduction of disulfide bonds within the sperm FS components. In vitro, it has neither NDP kinase nor reducing activity on disulfide bonds (588 aa) | |||
HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1; Heme oxygenase cleaves the heme ring at the alpha methene bridge to form biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Under physiological conditions, the activity of heme oxygenase is highest in the spleen, where senescent erythrocytes are sequestrated and destroyed (288 aa) | |||
HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2; Heme oxygenase cleaves the heme ring at the alpha methene bridge to form biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Under physiological conditions, the activity of heme oxygenase is highest in the spleen, where senescent erythrocytes are sequestrated and destroyed. Heme oxygenase 2 could be implicated in the production of carbon monoxide in brain where it could act as a neurotransmitter (316 aa) | |||
TXNDC16 | thioredoxin domain containing 16 (825 aa) | |||
TXNDC11 | thioredoxin domain containing 11; May act as a redox regulator involved in DUOX proteins folding. The interaction with DUOX1 and DUOX2 suggest that it belongs to a multiprotein complex constituting the thyroid H(2)O(2) generating system. It is however not sufficient to assist DUOX1 and DUOX2 in H(2)O(2) generation (958 aa) | |||
TMX3 | thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 3; Probable disulfide isomerase, which participates in the folding of proteins containing disulfide bonds. May act as a dithiol oxidase (454 aa) | |||
PDIA3 | protein disulfide isomerase family A, member 3 (505 aa) | |||
MAT2A | methionine adenosyltransferase II, alpha; Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP (By similarity) (395 aa) | |||
TXNDC2 | thioredoxin domain containing 2 (spermatozoa); Probably plays a regulatory role in sperm development. May participate in regulation of fibrous sheath (FS) assembly by supporting the formation of disulfide bonds during sperm tail morphogenesis. May also be required to rectify incorrect disulfide pairing and generate suitable pairs between the FS constituents. Can reduce disulfide bonds in vitro in the presence of NADP and thioredoxin reductase (553 aa) | |||
MSRA | methionine sulfoxide reductase A; Has an important function as a repair enzyme for proteins that have been inactivated by oxidation. Catalyzes the reversible oxidation-reduction of methionine sulfoxide in proteins to methionine (235 aa) | |||
UBC | ubiquitin C (685 aa) | |||
GPX4 | glutathione peroxidase 4; Protects cells against membrane lipid peroxidation and cell death. Required for normal sperm development and male fertility. Could play a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested lipid hydroperoxides. Essential for embryonic development. Protects from radiation and oxidative damage (By similarity) (197 aa) | |||
MSRB3 | methionine sulfoxide reductase B3; Catalyzes the reduction of free and protein-bound methionine sulfoxide to methionine. Isoform 2 is essential for hearing (192 aa) | |||
GPX6 | glutathione peroxidase 6 (olfactory) (221 aa) | |||
GPX7 | glutathione peroxidase 7; It protects esophageal epithelia from hydrogen peroxide- induced oxidative stress. It suppresses acidic bile acid-induced reactive oxigen species (ROS) and protects against oxidative DNA damage and double-strand breaks (187 aa) | |||
MSRB1 | methionine sulfoxide reductase B1 (116 aa) | |||
CTH | cystathionase (cystathionine gamma-lyase); Catalyzes the last step in the trans-sulfuration pathway from methionine to cysteine. Has broad substrate specificity. Converts cystathionine to cysteine, ammonia and 2-oxobutanoate. Converts two cysteine molecules to lanthionine and hydrogen sulfide. Can also accept homocysteine as substrate. Specificity depends on the levels of the endogenous substrates. Generates the endogenous signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and so contributes to the regulation of blood pressure. Acts as a cysteine-protein sulfhydrase by mediating sulfhydration [...] (405 aa) | |||
MAT1A | methionine adenosyltransferase I, alpha; Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP (By similarity) (395 aa) | |||
TXNDC8 | thioredoxin domain containing 8 (spermatozoa); May be required for post-translational modifications of proteins required for acrosomal biogenesis. May act by reducing disulfide bonds within the sperm (115 aa) | |||
TXN | thioredoxin; Participates in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol to a disulfide and catalyzes dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Plays a role in the reversible S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues in target proteins, and thereby contributes to the response to intracellular nitric oxide. Nitrosylates the active site Cys of CASP3 in response to nitric oxide (NO), and thereby inhibits caspase-3 activity. Induces the FOS/JUN AP-1 DNA-binding activity in ionizing radiation (IR) cells through its oxidation/reduction status and stimulates A [...] (105 aa) | |||
MSRB2 | methionine sulfoxide reductase B2; Catalyzes the reduction of free and protein-bound methionine sulfoxide to methionine (By similarity). Upon oxidative stress, may play a role in the preservation of mitochondrial integrity by decreasing the intracellular reactive oxygen species build-up through its scavenging role, hence contributing to cell survival and protein maintenance (182 aa) | |||
GPX3 | glutathione peroxidase 3 (plasma); Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione (226 aa) | |||
GPX2 | glutathione peroxidase 2 (gastrointestinal); Could play a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested organic hydroperoxides. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide and linoleic acid hydroperoxide but not phosphatidycholine hydroperoxide, can act as acceptors (190 aa) | |||
GPX5 | glutathione peroxidase 5 (epididymal androgen-related protein); Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione. May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against peroxide damage in sperm membrane lipids (221 aa) | |||
GPX1 | glutathione peroxidase 1; Protects the hemoglobin in erythrocytes from oxidative breakdown (203 aa) | |||
GPX8 | glutathione peroxidase 8 (putative) (209 aa) |