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MAPKAPK5 | mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 5; Tumor suppressor serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in mTORC1 signaling and post-transcriptional regulation. Phosphorylates FOXO3, ERK3/MAPK6, ERK4/MAPK4, HSP27/HSPB1, p53/TP53 and RHEB. Acts as a tumor suppressor by mediating Ras- induced senescence and phosphorylating p53/TP53. Involved in post- transcriptional regulation of MYC by mediating phosphorylation of FOXO3- phosphorylation of FOXO3 leads to promote nuclear localization of FOXO3, enabling expression of miR-34b and miR-34c, 2 post-transcriptional regulators of [...] (473 aa) | |||
PYGL | phosphorylase, glycogen, liver; Phosphorylase is an important allosteric enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. Enzymes from different sources differ in their regulatory mechanisms and in their natural substrates. However, all known phosphorylases share catalytic and structural properties (By similarity) (847 aa) | |||
PYGB | phosphorylase, glycogen; brain; Phosphorylase is an important allosteric enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. Enzymes from different sources differ in their regulatory mechanisms and in their natural substrates. However, all known phosphorylases share catalytic and structural properties (By similarity) (843 aa) | |||
CSNK2A1 | casein kinase 2, alpha 1 polypeptide; Catalytic subunit of a constitutively active serine/threonine-protein kinase complex that phosphorylates a large number of substrates containing acidic residues C-terminal to the phosphorylated serine or threonine. Regulates numerous cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis and transcription, as well as viral infection. May act as a regulatory node which integrates and coordinates numerous signals leading to an appropriate cellular response. During mitosis, functions as a component of the p53/TP53-dependent spindle assembly che [...] (391 aa) | |||
AIMP2 | aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2; Required for assembly and stability of the aminoacyl- tRNA synthase complex. Mediates ubiquitination and degradation of FUBP1, a transcriptional activator of MYC, leading to MYC down- regulation which is required for aveolar type II cell differentiation. Blocks MDM2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of p53/TP53. Functions as a proapoptotic factor (320 aa) | |||
PRKAG3 | protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma 3 non-catalytic subunit; AMP/ATP-binding subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes- inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Al [...] (489 aa) | |||
PASK | PAS domain containing serine/threonine kinase; Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in energy homeostasis and protein translation. Phosphorylates EEF1A1, GYS1, PDX1 and RPS6. Probably plays a role under changing environmental conditions (oxygen, glucose, nutrition), rather than under standard conditions. Acts as a sensor involved in energy homeostasis- regulates glycogen synthase synthesis by mediating phosphorylation of GYS1, leading to GYS1 inactivation. May be involved in glucose-stimulated insulin production in pancreas and regulation of glucagon secretion by glucose in alpha c [...] (1323 aa) | |||
GYS2 | glycogen synthase 2 (liver); Transfers the glycosyl residue from UDP-Glc to the non- reducing end of alpha-1,4-glucan (703 aa) | |||
PRKAG2 | protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma 2 non-catalytic subunit; AMP/ATP-binding subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes- inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Al [...] (569 aa) | |||
PPP1CB | protein phosphatase 1, catalytic subunit, beta isozyme; Protein phosphatase that associates with over 200 regulatory proteins to form highly specific holoenzymes which dephosphorylate hundreds of biological targets. Protein phosphatase (PP1) is essential for cell division, it participates in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility and protein synthesis. Involved in regulation of ionic conductances and long-term synaptic plasticity. Component of the PTW/PP1 phosphatase complex, which plays a role in the control of chromatin structure and cell cycle progression during [...] (327 aa) | |||
PRKACA | protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, alpha; Phosphorylates a large number of substrates in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Regulates the abundance of compartmentalized pools of its regulatory subunits through phosphorylation of PJA2 which binds and ubiquitinates these subunits, leading to their subsequent proteolysis. Phosphorylates CDC25B, ABL1, NFKB1, CLDN3, PSMC5/RPT6, PJA2, RYR2, RORA, TRPC1 and VASP. RORA is activated by phosphorylation. Required for glucose-mediated adipogenic differentiation increase and osteogenic differentiation inhibition from osteoblasts. Involved in th [...] (351 aa) | |||
GYS1 | glycogen synthase 1 (muscle); Transfers the glycosyl residue from UDP-Glc to the non- reducing end of alpha-1,4-glucan (737 aa) | |||
UGDH | UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase; Involved in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans; hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate (494 aa) | |||
PRKAG1 | protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma 1 non-catalytic subunit; AMP/ATP-binding subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes- inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Al [...] (340 aa) | |||
GSK3B | glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; Constitutively active protein kinase that acts as a negative regulator in the hormonal control of glucose homeostasis, Wnt signaling and regulation of transcription factors and microtubules, by phosphorylating and inactivating glycogen synthase (GYS1 or GYS2), EIF2B, CTNNB1/beta-catenin, APC, AXIN1, DPYSL2/CRMP2, JUN, NFATC1/NFATC, MAPT/TAU and MACF1. Requires primed phosphorylation of the majority of its substrates. In skeletal muscle, contributes to insulin regulation of glycogen synthesis by phosphorylating and inhibiting GYS1 activity and hence glyc [...] (433 aa) | |||
PPP1CA | protein phosphatase 1, catalytic subunit, alpha isozyme; Protein phosphatase that associates with over 200 regulatory proteins to form highly specific holoenzymes which dephosphorylate hundreds of biological targets. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is essential for cell division, and participates in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility and protein synthesis. Involved in regulation of ionic conductances and long-term synaptic plasticity. May play an important role in dephosphorylating substrates such as the postsynaptic density-associated Ca(2+)/calmodulin dependent p [...] (341 aa) | |||
PPP1CC | protein phosphatase 1, catalytic subunit, gamma isozyme; Protein phosphatase that associates with over 200 regulatory proteins to form highly specific holoenzymes which dephosphorylate hundreds of biological targets. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is essential for cell division, and participates in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility and protein synthesis. Dephosphorylates RPS6KB1. Involved in regulation of ionic conductances and long-term synaptic plasticity. May play an important role in dephosphorylating substrates such as the postsynaptic density- associated Ca [...] (323 aa) | |||
UGP2 | UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2; Plays a central role as a glucosyl donor in cellular metabolic pathways (508 aa) | |||
GYG1 | glycogenin 1; Self-glucosylates, via an inter-subunit mechanism, to form an oligosaccharide primer that serves as substrate for glycogen synthase (350 aa) | |||
UBC | ubiquitin C (685 aa) | |||
NHLRC1 | NHL repeat containing 1; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which in complex with EPM2A/laforin and HSP70 suppresses the cellular toxicity of misfolded proteins by promoting their degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Ubiquitinates PPP1R3C/PTG in a laforin-dependent manner, and targets it for proteasome-dependent degradation and this degradation decreases glycogen accumulation. Polyubiquitinates EPM2A/laforin and ubiquitinates AGL and targets them for proteasome-dependent degradation (395 aa) | |||
ENPP3 | ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3; Cleaves a variety of phosphodiester and phosphosulfate bonds including deoxynucleotides, nucleotide sugars, and NAD (By similarity) (875 aa) | |||
ENPP1 | ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1; By generating PPi, plays a role in regulating pyrophosphate levels, and functions in bone mineralization and soft tissue calcification. PPi inhibits mineralization by binding to nascent hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals, thereby preventing further growth of these crystals. In vitro, has a broad specificity, hydrolyzing other nucleoside 5’ triphosphates such as GTP, CTP, TTP and UTP to their corresponding monophosphates with release of pyrophosphate and diadenosine polyphosphates, and also 3’,5’-cAMP to AMP. May also be involved in the regu [...] (925 aa) | |||
EPM2A | epilepsy, progressive myoclonus type 2A, Lafora disease (laforin) (331 aa) | |||
GYG2 | glycogenin 2; Self-glucosylates, via an inter-subunit mechanism, to form an oligosaccharide primer that serves as substrate for glycogen synthase (501 aa) | |||
GBE1 | glucan (1,4-alpha-), branching enzyme 1; Required for sufficient glycogen accumulation. The alpha 1-6 branches of glycogen play an important role in increasing the solubility of the molecule and, consequently, in reducing the osmotic pressure within cells (702 aa) |