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PPP1R15A | protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 15A; Recruits the serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1 to dephosphorylate the translation initiation factor eIF-2A/EIF2S1, thereby reversing the shut-off of protein synthesis initiated by stress-inducible kinases and facilitating recovery of cells from stress. Down-regulates the TGF-beta signaling pathway by promoting dephosphorylation of TGFB1 by PP1. May promote apoptosis by inducing TP53 phosphorylation on ’Ser-15’ (674 aa) | |||
CHRD | chordin (955 aa) | |||
TAB1 | TGF-beta activated kinase 1/MAP3K7 binding protein 1; May be an important signaling intermediate between TGFB receptors and MAP3K7/TAK1. May play an important role in mammalian embryogenesis (504 aa) | |||
ACVR2A | activin A receptor, type IIA; On ligand binding, forms a receptor complex consisting of two type II and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which autophosphorylate, then bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. Receptor for activin A, activin B and inhibin A (513 aa) | |||
BMP4 | bone morphogenetic protein 4; Induces cartilage and bone formation. Also act in mesoderm induction, tooth development, limb formation and fracture repair. Acts in concert with PTHLH/PTHRP to stimulate ductal outgrowth during embryonic mammary development and to inhibit hair follicle induction (By similarity) (408 aa) | |||
ATF2 | activating transcription factor 2; Transcriptional activator, probably constitutive, which binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE) (consensus- 5’- GTGACGT[AC][AG]-3’), a sequence present in many viral and cellular promoters. Interaction with JUN redirects JUN to bind to CRES preferentially over the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response elements (TRES) as part of an ATF2/JUN complex (505 aa) | |||
TAB2 | TGF-beta activated kinase 1/MAP3K7 binding protein 2; Adapter linking MAP3K7/TAK1 and TRAF6. Promotes MAP3K7 activation in the IL1 signaling pathway. The binding of ’Lys-63’- linked polyubiquitin chains to TAB2 promotes autophosphorylation of MAP3K7 at ’Thr-187’. Involved in heart development (693 aa) | |||
GREM1 | gremlin 1; Cytokine that may play an important role during carcinogenesis and metanephric kidney organogenesis, as a BMP antagonist required for early limb outgrowth and patterning in maintaining the FGF4-SHH feedback loop. Down-regulates the BMP4 signaling in a dose-dependent manner. Acts as inhibitor of monocyte chemotaxis (By similarity) (184 aa) | |||
SOSTDC1 | sclerostin domain containing 1; May be involved in the onset of endometrial receptivity for implantation/sensitization for the decidual cell reaction Enhances Wnt signaling and inhibits TGF-beta signaling (By similarity). Directly antagonizes activity of BMP2, BMP4, BMP6 and BMP7 in a dose-dependent manner (206 aa) | |||
SMAD1 | SMAD family member 1; Transcriptional modulator activated by BMP (bone morphogenetic proteins) type 1 receptor kinase. SMAD1 is a receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD). SMAD1/OAZ1/PSMB4 complex mediates the degradation of the CREBBP/EP300 repressor SNIP1 (465 aa) | |||
RGMB | RGM domain family, member B; Member of the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family that contributes to the patterning of the developing nervous system (By similarity). Acts as a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) coreceptor that potentiates BMP signaling (By similarity). Promotes neuronal adhesion (By similarity). May inhibit neurite outgrowth (478 aa) | |||
NKX2-5 | NK2 homeobox 5; Implicated in commitment to and/or differentiation of the myocardial lineage. Acts as a transcriptional activator of ANF in cooperation with GATA4 (By similarity) (324 aa) | |||
NOG | noggin; Essential for cartilage morphogenesis and joint formation. Inhibitor of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) signaling which is required for growth and patterning of the neural tube and somite (232 aa) | |||
GATA4 | GATA binding protein 4; Transcriptional activator. Binds to the consensus sequence 5’-AGATAG-3’. Acts as a transcriptional activator of ANF in cooperation with NKX2-5 (By similarity). Promotes cardiac myocyte enlargement (442 aa) | |||
ZFYVE16 | zinc finger, FYVE domain containing 16; May be involved in regulating membrane trafficking in the endosomal pathway. Overexpression induces endosome aggregation. Required to target TOM1 to endosomes (1539 aa) | |||
ACVR2B | activin A receptor, type IIB; Transmembrane serine/threonine kinase activin type-2 receptor forming an activin receptor complex with activin type-1 serine/threonine kinase receptors (ACVR1, ACVR1B or ACVR1c). Transduces the activin signal from the cell surface to the cytoplasm and is thus regulating many physiological and pathological processes including neuronal differentiation and neuronal survival, hair follicle development and cycling, FSH production by the pituitary gland, wound healing, extracellular matrix production, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. Activin is also thought [...] (512 aa) | |||
SMAD4 | SMAD family member 4; Common SMAD (co-SMAD) is the coactivator and mediator of signal transduction by TGF-beta (transforming growth factor). Component of the heterotrimeric SMAD2/SMAD3-SMAD4 complex that forms in the nucleus and is required for the TGF-mediated signaling. Promotes binding of the SMAD2/SMAD4/FAST-1 complex to DNA and provides an activation function required for SMAD1 or SMAD2 to stimulate transcription. Component of the multimeric SMAD3/SMAD4/JUN/FOS complex which forms at the AP1 promoter site; required for syngernistic transcriptional activity in response to TGF-beta. [...] (552 aa) | |||
SMURF1 | SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a negative regulator of BMP signaling pathway. Mediates ubiquitination and degradation of SMAD1 and SMAD5, 2 receptor-regulated SMADs specific for the BMP pathway. Promotes ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of TRAF family members and RHOA (757 aa) | |||
MAP3K7 | mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 (606 aa) | |||
BMP5 | bone morphogenetic protein 5; Induces cartilage and bone formation (454 aa) | |||
CHRDL1 | chordin-like 1; Antagonizes the function of BMP4 by binding to it and preventing its interaction with receptors. Alters the fate commitment of neural stem cells from gliogenesis to neurogenesis. Contributes to neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells in the brain by preventing the adoption of a glial fate. May play a crucial role in dorsoventral axis formation. May play a role in embryonic bone formation (By similarity). May also play an important role in regulating retinal angiogenesis through modulation of BMP4 actions in endothelial cells. Plays a role during anterior segment e [...] (458 aa) | |||
BMPR2 | bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type II (serine/threonine kinase); On ligand binding, forms a receptor complex consisting of two type II and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which autophosphorylate, then bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. Binds to BMP-7, BMP-2 and, less efficiently, BMP-4. Binding is weak but enhanced by the presence of type I receptors for BMPs (1038 aa) | |||
BAMBI | BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor homolog (Xenopus laevis); Negatively regulates TGF-beta signaling (By similarity) (260 aa) | |||
BMP2 | bone morphogenetic protein 2; Induces cartilage and bone formation (396 aa) | |||
SMAD9 | SMAD family member 9; Transcriptional modulator activated by BMP (bone morphogenetic proteins) type 1 receptor kinase. SMAD9 is a receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) (467 aa) | |||
CER1 | cerberus 1, cysteine knot superfamily, homolog (Xenopus laevis); Cytokine that may play a role in anterior neural induction and somite formation during embryogenesis in part through a BMP-inhibitory mechanism. Can regulate Nodal signaling during gastrulation as well as the formation and patterning of the primitive streak (By similarity) (267 aa) |