visual system homeobox 2; Plays a significant role in the specification and morphogenesis of the sensory retina. May also participate in the development of the cells of the inner nuclear layer, particularly bipolar cells (By similarity) (361 aa)

paired box 4; Plays an important role in the differentiation and development of pancreatic islet beta cells. Transcriptional repressor that binds to a common element in the glucagon, insulin and somatostatin promoters. Competes with PAX6 for this same promoter binding site. Isoform 2 appears to be a dominant negative form antagonizing PAX4 transcriptional activity (343 aa)

Sp3 transcription factor; Transcriptional factor that can act as an activator or repressor depending on isoform and/or post-translational modifications. Binds to GT and GC boxes promoter elements. Competes with SP1 for the GC-box promoters. Weak activator of transcription but can activate a number of genes involved in different processes such as cell-cycle regulation, hormone- induction and house-keeping (781 aa)

phosphodiesterase 6B, cGMP-specific, rod, beta; This protein participates in processes of transmission and amplification of the visual signal. Necessary for the formation of a functional phosphodiesterase holoenzyme (854 aa)

thioredoxin; Participates in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol to a disulfide and catalyzes dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Plays a role in the reversible S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues in target proteins, and thereby contributes to the response to intracellular nitric oxide. Nitrosylates the active site Cys of CASP3 in response to nitric oxide (NO), and thereby inhibits caspase-3 activity. Induces the FOS/JUN AP-1 DNA-binding activity in ionizing radiation (IR) cells through its oxidation/reduction status and stimulates A [...] (105 aa)

thioredoxin domain containing 8 (spermatozoa); May be required for post-translational modifications of proteins required for acrosomal biogenesis. May act by reducing disulfide bonds within the sperm (115 aa)

NME/NM23 family member 9; May be a regulator of microtubule physiology (263 aa)

NME/NM23 family member 8; Probably required during the final stages of sperm tail maturation in the testis and/or epididymis, where extensive disulfide bonding of fibrous sheath (FS) proteins occurs. May be involved in the reduction of disulfide bonds within the sperm FS components. In vitro, it has neither NDP kinase nor reducing activity on disulfide bonds (588 aa)