Free methionine-(R)-sulfoxide reductase; Catalyzes the reversible oxidation-reduction of the R- enantiomer of free methionine sulfoxide to methionine. Specific for free L-methionine-(R)-S-oxide.

Periplasmic thioredoxin of cytochrome c-type biogenesis; Involved in disulfide bond formation. Catalyzes a late, reductive step in the assembly of periplasmic c-type cytochromes, probably the reduction of disulfide bonds of the apocytochrome c to allow covalent linkage with the heme. Possible subunit of a heme lyase. DsbE is maintained in a reduced state by DsbD.

5' to 3' DNA polymerase and 3' to 5'/5' to 3' exonuclease; In addition to polymerase activity, this DNA polymerase exhibits 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activity. It is able to utilize nicked circular duplex DNA as a template and can unwind the parental DNA strand from its template.

Membrane-anchored, periplasmic TMAO, DMSO reductase; Part of the MsrPQ system that repairs oxidized periplasmic proteins containing methionine sulfoxide residues (Met-O), using respiratory chain electrons. Thus protects these proteins from oxidative-stress damage caused by reactive species of oxygen and chlorine. MsrPQ is essential for the maintenance of envelope integrity under bleach stress, rescuing a wide series of structurally unrelated periplasmic proteins from methionine oxidation, including the primary periplasmic chaperone SurA and the lipoprotein Pal. The catalytic subunit Ms [...]

Thioredoxin reductase, FAD/NAD(P)-binding; Thioredoxin reductase; Belongs to the class-II pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.

tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase; Catalyzes the attachment of L-tyrosine to tRNA(Tyr) in a two- step reaction: tyrosine is first activated by ATP to form Tyr-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Tyr). Can also mischarge tRNA(Tyr) with D-tyrosine, leading to the formation of D-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr), which can be hydrolyzed by the D-aminoacyl-tRNA deacylase. In vitro, can also use the non-natural amino acid azatyrosine.

Peroxiredoxin; Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides and as sensor of hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling events.

Thiol:disulfide interchange protein and activator of DsbC; Required to facilitate the formation of correct disulfide bonds in some periplasmic proteins and for the assembly of the periplasmic c-type cytochromes. Acts by transferring electrons from cytoplasmic thioredoxin to the periplasm, thereby maintaining the active site of DsbC, DsbE and DsbG in a reduced state. This transfer involves a cascade of disulfide bond formation and reduction steps; Belongs to the thioredoxin family. DsbD subfamily.

Glutaredoxin 1, redox coenzyme for ribonucleotide reductase (RNR1a); The disulfide bond functions as an electron carrier in the glutathione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In addition, it is also involved in reducing some disulfide bonds in a coupled system with glutathione reductase; Belongs to the glutaredoxin family.