STRING Database — Content
STRING is a database of known and predicted protein-protein interactions. The interactions include direct (physical) and indirect (functional) associations; they stem from computational prediction, from knowledge transfer between organisms, and from interactions aggregated from other (primary) databases.
Data Sources
Interactions in STRING are derived from five main sources: Genomic Context Predictions |  High-throughput Lab Experiments |  (Conserved) Co-Expression |  Automated Textmining |  Previous Knowledge in Databases |
Coverage
The STRING database currently covers 24'584'628 proteins from 5'090 organisms.STRING Database — References
When using STRING, please consult (and cite) the following references:
Szklarczyk D, Gable AL, Lyon D, Junge A, Wyder S, Huerta-Cepas J, Simonovic M, Doncheva NT, Morris JH, Bork P, Jensen LJ, von Mering C.
STRING v11: protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2019 Jan; 47:D607-613.PubMed
Szklarczyk D, Morris JH, Cook H, Kuhn M, Wyder S, Simonovic M, Santos A, Doncheva NT, Roth A, Bork P, Jensen LJ, von Mering C.
The STRING database in 2017: quality-controlled protein-protein association networks, made broadly accessible.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Jan; 45:D362-68.PubMed
Szklarczyk D, Franceschini A, Wyder S, Forslund K, Heller D, Huerta-Cepas J, Simonovic M, Roth A, Santos A, Tsafou KP, Kuhn M, Bork P, Jensen LJ, von Mering C.
STRING v10: protein-protein interaction networks, integrated over the tree of life.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Jan; 43:D447-52.PubMed
Franceschini A, Lin J, von Mering C, Jensen LJ.
SVD-phy: improved prediction of protein functional associations through singular value decomposition of phylogenetic profiles.
Bioinformatics. 2015 Nov; btv696.PubMed
Franceschini A, Szklarczyk D, Frankild S, Kuhn M, Simonovic M, Roth A, Lin J, Minguez P, Bork P, von Mering C, Jensen LJ.
STRING v9.1: protein-protein interaction networks, with increased coverage and integration.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Jan; 41:D808-15.PubMed
Szklarczyk D, Franceschini A, Kuhn M, Simonovic M, Roth A, Minguez P, Doerks T, Stark M, Muller J, Bork P, Jensen LJ, von Mering C.
The STRING database in 2011: functional interaction networks of proteins, globally integrated and scored.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan; 39:D561-8.PubMed
Jensen LJ, Kuhn M, Stark M, Chaffron S, Creevey C, Muller J, Doerks T, Julien P, Roth A, Simonovic M, Bork P, von Mering C.
STRING 8--a global view on proteins and their functional interactions in 630 organisms.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jan; 37:D412-6.PubMed
von Mering C, Jensen LJ, Kuhn M, Chaffron S, Doerks T, Krueger B, Snel B, Bork P.
STRING 7--recent developments in the integration and prediction of protein interactions.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jan; 35:D358-62.PubMed
von Mering C, Jensen LJ, Snel B, Hooper SD, Krupp M, Foglierini M, Jouffre N, Huynen MA, Bork P.
STRING: known and predicted protein-protein associations, integrated and transferred across organisms.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 Jan; 33:D433-7.PubMed
von Mering C, Huynen M, Jaeggi D, Schmidt S, Bork P, Snel B.
STRING: a database of predicted functional associations between proteins.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2003 Jan; 31:258-61.PubMed
Snel B, Lehmann G, Bork P, Huynen MA.
STRING: a web-server to retrieve and display the repeatedly occurring neighbourhood of a gene.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Sep 15;28(18):3442-4.PubMed
Szklarczyk D, Gable AL, Lyon D, Junge A, Wyder S, Huerta-Cepas J, Simonovic M, Doncheva NT, Morris JH, Bork P, Jensen LJ, von Mering C.
STRING v11: protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2019 Jan; 47:D607-613.PubMed
Szklarczyk D, Morris JH, Cook H, Kuhn M, Wyder S, Simonovic M, Santos A, Doncheva NT, Roth A, Bork P, Jensen LJ, von Mering C.
The STRING database in 2017: quality-controlled protein-protein association networks, made broadly accessible.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Jan; 45:D362-68.PubMed
Szklarczyk D, Franceschini A, Wyder S, Forslund K, Heller D, Huerta-Cepas J, Simonovic M, Roth A, Santos A, Tsafou KP, Kuhn M, Bork P, Jensen LJ, von Mering C.
STRING v10: protein-protein interaction networks, integrated over the tree of life.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Jan; 43:D447-52.PubMed
Franceschini A, Lin J, von Mering C, Jensen LJ.
SVD-phy: improved prediction of protein functional associations through singular value decomposition of phylogenetic profiles.
Bioinformatics. 2015 Nov; btv696.PubMed
Franceschini A, Szklarczyk D, Frankild S, Kuhn M, Simonovic M, Roth A, Lin J, Minguez P, Bork P, von Mering C, Jensen LJ.
STRING v9.1: protein-protein interaction networks, with increased coverage and integration.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Jan; 41:D808-15.PubMed
Szklarczyk D, Franceschini A, Kuhn M, Simonovic M, Roth A, Minguez P, Doerks T, Stark M, Muller J, Bork P, Jensen LJ, von Mering C.
The STRING database in 2011: functional interaction networks of proteins, globally integrated and scored.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan; 39:D561-8.PubMed
Jensen LJ, Kuhn M, Stark M, Chaffron S, Creevey C, Muller J, Doerks T, Julien P, Roth A, Simonovic M, Bork P, von Mering C.
STRING 8--a global view on proteins and their functional interactions in 630 organisms.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jan; 37:D412-6.PubMed
von Mering C, Jensen LJ, Kuhn M, Chaffron S, Doerks T, Krueger B, Snel B, Bork P.
STRING 7--recent developments in the integration and prediction of protein interactions.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jan; 35:D358-62.PubMed
von Mering C, Jensen LJ, Snel B, Hooper SD, Krupp M, Foglierini M, Jouffre N, Huynen MA, Bork P.
STRING: known and predicted protein-protein associations, integrated and transferred across organisms.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 Jan; 33:D433-7.PubMed
von Mering C, Huynen M, Jaeggi D, Schmidt S, Bork P, Snel B.
STRING: a database of predicted functional associations between proteins.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2003 Jan; 31:258-61.PubMed
Snel B, Lehmann G, Bork P, Huynen MA.
STRING: a web-server to retrieve and display the repeatedly occurring neighbourhood of a gene.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Sep 15;28(18):3442-4.PubMed
STRING Database — Contributors
Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsDamian SzklarczykMilan Simonovic Christian von Mering | Novo Nordisk Foundation CPRHelen Victoria CookAlberto Santos Delgado Lars Juhl Jensen |
EMBL HeidelbergKristoffer ForslundPeer Bork Michael Kuhn | |
University of ZurichDavid LyonChristian von Mering | |
Former ContributorsSamuel Chaffron, Tobias Doerks, Mathilde Foglierini, Andrea Franceschini, Davide Heller, Sean Hooper, Martijn Huynen, Daniel Jaeggi, Nelly Jouffre, Beate Krueger, Markus Krupp, Gerrit Lehmann, Pablo Minguez, Jean Muller, Alexander Roth, Steffen Schmidt, Berend Snel, Stefan Wyder. | |
STRING Database — Statistics
Number of organisms
| 4'445 | Bacteria |
| 477 | Eukaryotes |
| 168 | Archaea |
| 5'090 | total organisms |
Number of proteins
24'584'628 proteinsNumber of interactions (by confidence level)
| 52'857'362 | interactions at highest confidence (score >= 0.900) |
| 153'506'478 | interactions at high confidence or better (score >= 0.700) |
| 530'027'879 | interactions at medium confidence or better (score >= 0.400) |
| 3'099'673'831 | interactions at low confidence or better (score >= 0.150) |
| 3'123'056'667 | total interactions |
Top organisms (by query volume)
1. Homo sapiens2. Mus musculus
3. Arabidopsis thaliana
4. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
5. Escherichia coli
6. Caenorhabditis elegans
7. Rattus norvegicus
8. Drosophila melanogaster
9. Bacillus subtilis
10. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1