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| | Tgm2 | Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2; Catalyzes the cross-linking of proteins, such as WDR54, and the conjugation of polyamines to proteins. Belongs to the transglutaminase superfamily. Transglutaminase family. (686 aa) |
| | Tnnc2 | Troponin C, skeletal muscle; Troponin is the central regulatory protein of striated muscle contraction. Tn consists of three components: Tn-I which is the inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase, Tn-T which contains the binding site for tropomyosin and Tn-C. The binding of calcium to Tn-C abolishes the inhibitory action of Tn on actin filaments. (160 aa) |
| | Actb | Actin, cytoplasmic 1, N-terminally processed; Actin is a highly conserved protein that polymerizes to produce filaments that form cross-linked networks in the cytoplasm of cells (By similarity). Actin exists in both monomeric (G-actin) and polymeric (F-actin) forms, both forms playing key functions, such as cell motility and contraction (By similarity). In addition to their role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, G- and F-actin also localize in the nucleus, and regulate gene transcription and motility and repair of damaged DNA. (375 aa) |
| | Pde7a | High affinity cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7A; Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes. May have a role in muscle signal transduction (By similarity). (482 aa) |
| | Cox7a1 | Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial; Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol- cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembran [...] (80 aa) |
| | Musk | Muscle, skeletal receptor tyrosine-protein kinase; Receptor tyrosine kinase which plays a central role in the formation and the maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the synapse between the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle. Recruitment of AGRIN by LRP4 to the MUSK signaling complex induces phosphorylation and activation of MUSK, the kinase of the complex. The activation of MUSK in myotubes regulates the formation of NMJs through the regulation of different processes including the specific expression of genes in subsynaptic nuclei, the reorganization of the actin cytoskel [...] (893 aa) |
| | Lrrfip1 | Leucine-rich repeat flightless-interacting protein 1; Transcriptional repressor which preferentially binds to the GC-rich consensus sequence (5'-AGCCCCCGGCG-3') and may regulate expression of TNF, EGFR and PDGFA. May control smooth muscle cells proliferation following artery injury through PDGFA repression. May also bind double-stranded RNA (By similarity). Positively regulates Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in response to agonist probably by competing with the negative FLII regulator for MYD88-binding (By similarity); Belongs to the LRRFIP family. (729 aa) |
| | Synpo | Synaptopodin; Actin-associated protein that may play a role in modulating actin-based shape and motility of dendritic spines and renal podocyte foot processes. Seems to be essential for the formation of spine apparatuses in spines of telencephalic neurons, which is involved in synaptic plasticity. (901 aa) |
| | Gm14698 | Serine/threonine/tyrosine-interacting protein; Catalytically inactive phosphatase. Acts as a nuclear anchor for MAPK1/MAPK3 (ERK1/ERK2) (By similarity). Modulates cell-fate decisions and cell migration by spatiotemporal regulation of MAPK1/MAPK3 (ERK1/ERK2) (By similarity). By binding to the F-box of FBXW7, prevents the assembly of FBXW7 into the SCF E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, and thereby inhibits degradation of its substrates (By similarity). Plays a role in spermatogenesis. Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non- receptor class subfamily. (223 aa) |
| | Itgb1 | Integrin beta-1; Integrins alpha-1/beta-1, alpha-2/beta-1, alpha-10/beta-1 and alpha-11/beta-1 are receptors for collagen. Integrins alpha-1/beta-1 and alpha-2/beta-2 recognize the proline-hydroxylated sequence G-F-P-G- E-R in collagen. Integrins alpha-2/beta-1, alpha-3/beta-1, alpha- 4/beta-1, alpha-5/beta-1, alpha-8/beta-1, alpha-10/beta-1, alpha- 11/beta-1 and alpha-V/beta-1 are receptors for fibronectin. Alpha- 4/beta-1 recognizes one or more domains within the alternatively spliced CS-1 and CS-5 regions of fibronectin. Integrin alpha-5/beta-1 is a receptor for fibrinogen. Integrin [...] (798 aa) |
| | Lgals1 | Galectin-1; Lectin that binds beta-galactoside and a wide array of complex carbohydrates. Plays a role in regulating apoptosis, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Inhibits CD45 protein phosphatase activity and therefore the dephosphorylation of Lyn kinase. Strong inducer of T-cell apoptosis. (135 aa) |
| | Mapk12 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 12; Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK12 is one of the four p38 MAPKs which play an important role in the cascades of cellular responses evoked by extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines or physical stress leading to direct activation of transcription factors such as ELK1 and ATF2. Accordingly, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate a broad range of proteins and it has been estimated that they may have approximately 200 to 300 substrates each. Some of the targets are downstre [...] (367 aa) |
| | mt-Cytb | Cytochrome b; Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex) that is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The b-c1 complex mediates electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c. Contributes to the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane that is then used for ATP synthesis. (381 aa) |
| | mt-Nd1 | NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1; Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity). (318 aa) |
| | Sgcb | Beta-sarcoglycan; Component of the sarcoglycan complex, a subcomplex of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex which forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. (320 aa) |
| | Myl3 | Myosin light chain 3; Regulatory light chain of myosin. Does not bind calcium. (204 aa) |
| | Sgcg | Gamma-sarcoglycan; Component of the sarcoglycan complex, a subcomplex of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex which forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. (291 aa) |
| | Sgcd | Delta-sarcoglycan; Component of the sarcoglycan complex, a subcomplex of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex which forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. (289 aa) |
| | Utrn | Utrophin. (3430 aa) |
| | Plec | Plectin; Interlinks intermediate filaments with microtubules and microfilaments and anchors intermediate filaments to desmosomes or hemidesmosomes. May be involved not only in the cross-linking and stabilization of cytoskeletal intermediate filaments network, but also in the regulation of their dynamics; Belongs to the plakin or cytolinker family. (4691 aa) |
| | Foxk1 | Forkhead box protein K1; Transcriptional regulator involved in different processes such as glucose metabolism, aerobic glycolysis, muscle cell differentiation and autophagy. Recognizes and binds the forkhead DNA sequence motif (5'-GTAAACA-3') and can both act as a transcription activator or repressor, depending on the context. Together with FOXK2, acts as a key regulator of metabolic reprogramming towards aerobic glycolysis, a process in which glucose is converted to lactate in the presence of oxygen. Acts by promoting expression of enzymes for glycolysis (such as hexokinase-2 (HK2), p [...] (719 aa) |
| | Myod1 | Myoblast determination protein 1; Acts as a transcriptional activator that promotes transcription of muscle-specific target genes and plays a role in muscle differentiation. Together with MYF5 and MYOG, co-occupies muscle-specific gene promoter core region during myogenesis. Induces fibroblasts to differentiate into myoblasts. Interacts with and is inhibited by the twist protein. This interaction probably involves the basic domains of both proteins. (318 aa) |
| | Emc7 | ER membrane protein complex subunit 7; Belongs to the EMC7 family. (241 aa) |
| | Actn2 | Alpha-actinin-2; F-actin cross-linking protein which is thought to anchor actin to a variety of intracellular structures. This is a bundling protein (By similarity). (894 aa) |
| | Gid4 | Glucose-induced degradation protein 4 homolog; Substrate-recognition subunit of the CTLH E3 ubiquitin- protein ligase complex that selectively accepts ubiquitin from UBE2H and mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the transcription factor HBP1. Binds proteins and peptides with a Pro/N-degron consisting of an unmodified N-terminal Pro followed by a small residue, and has the highest affinity for the peptide Pro-Gly- Leu-Trp. Binds peptides with an N-terminal sequence of the type Pro- [Ala,Gly]-[Leu,Met,Gln,Ser,Tyr]-[Glu,Gly,His,Ser,Val,Trp,Tyr]. Does not bind [...] (217 aa) |
| | Irs1 | Insulin receptor substrate 1; May mediate the control of various cellular processes by insulin. When phosphorylated by the insulin receptor binds specifically to various cellular proteins containing SH2 domains such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85 subunit or GRB2. Activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase when bound to the regulatory p85 subunit (By similarity). (1231 aa) |
| | Defb6 | Beta-defensin 6; Has potent antibacterial activity against E.coli (ATCC 25922); Belongs to the beta-defensin family. (63 aa) |
| | Selenon | Selenoprotein N; Plays an important role in cell protection against oxidative stress and in the regulation of redox-related calcium homeostasis. Regulates the calcium level of the ER by protecting the calcium pump ATP2A2 against the oxidoreductase ERO1A-mediated oxidative damage. Within the ER, ERO1A activity increases the concentration of H(2)O(2), which attacks the luminal thiols in ATP2A2 and thus leads to cysteinyl sulfenic acid formation (-SOH) and SEPN1 reduces the SOH back to free thiol (-SH), thus restoring ATP2A2 activity. Acts as a modulator of ryanodine receptor (RyR) activi [...] (557 aa) |
| | Vamp8 | Vesicle-associated membrane protein 8; SNAREs, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptors, are essential proteins for fusion of cellular membranes. SNAREs localized on opposing membranes assemble to form a trans-SNARE complex, an extended, parallel four alpha-helical bundle that drives membrane fusion. VAMP8 is a SNARE involved in autophagy through the direct control of autophagosome membrane fusion with the lysososome membrane via its interaction with the STX17-SNAP29 binary t- SNARE complex (By similarity). Also required for dense-granule secretion in plat [...] (101 aa) |
| | Ins1 | Insulin-1 A chain; Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver. (108 aa) |
| | Mustn1 | Musculoskeletal embryonic nuclear protein 1; May be involved in the development and regeneration of the musculoskeletal system; Belongs to the MUSTANG family. (82 aa) |
| | Neb | Nebulin. (7152 aa) |
| | Pygm | Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form; Phosphorylase is an important allosteric enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. Enzymes from different sources differ in their regulatory mechanisms and in their natural substrates. However, all known phosphorylases share catalytic and structural properties. (842 aa) |
| | Myf6 | Myogenic factor 6; Involved in muscle differentiation (myogenic factor). Induces fibroblasts to differentiate into myoblasts. Probable sequence specific DNA-binding protein. (242 aa) |
| | Pitx2 | Pituitary homeobox 2; Controls cell proliferation in a tissue-specific manner and is involved in morphogenesis. During embryonic development, exerts a role in the expansion of muscle progenitors. May play a role in the proper localization of asymmetric organs such as the heart and stomach. Isoform Ptx2c is involved in left-right asymmetry the developing embryo. (324 aa) |
| | Ackr1 | Atypical chemokine receptor 1; Atypical chemokine receptor that controls chemokine levels and localization via high-affinity chemokine binding that is uncoupled from classic ligand-driven signal transduction cascades, resulting instead in chemokine sequestration, degradation, or transcytosis. Also known as interceptor (internalizing receptor) or chemokine-scavenging receptor or chemokine decoy receptor. Has a promiscuous chemokine- binding profile, interacting with inflammatory chemokines of both the CXC and the CC subfamilies but not with homeostatic chemokines. Acts as a receptor for [...] (334 aa) |
| | Tbc1d1 | TBC1 domain family member 1; May act as a GTPase-activating protein for Rab family protein(s). May play a role in the cell cycle and differentiation of various tissues. Involved in the trafficking and translocation of GLUT4-containing vesicles and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into cells. (1255 aa) |
| | Scx | Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor scleraxis; Plays an early essential role in mesoderm formation, as well as a later role in formation of somite-derived chondrogenic lineages. (207 aa) |
| | Pank1 | Pantothenate kinase 1; Plays a role in the physiological regulation of the intracellular CoA concentration; Belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family. (548 aa) |
| | Rpp25l | Ribonuclease P protein subunit p25-like protein; May be a component of ribonuclease P or MRP; Belongs to the histone-like Alba family. (163 aa) |
| | Selenow | Selenoprotein W; Plays a role as a glutathione (GSH)-dependent antioxidant. May be involved in a redox-related process. May play a role in the myopathies of selenium deficiency; Belongs to the SelWTH family. Selenoprotein W subfamily. (88 aa) |
| | Mcpt4 | Mast cell protease 4; Has chymotrypsin-like activity. Hydrolyzes the amide bonds of synthetic substrates having Tyr and Phe residues at the P1 position. Preferentially hydrolyzes the 'Tyr-4-|-Ile-5' bond of angiotensin I and the 'Phe-20-|-Ala-21' bond of amyloid beta-protein, and is less active towards the 'Phe-8-|-His-9' bond of angiotensin I and the 'Phe-4-|-Ala- 5' and 'Tyr-10-|-Glu-11' bonds of amyloid beta-protein. Involved in thrombin regulation and fibronectin processing. (246 aa) |
| | Gdpd5 | Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain-containing protein 5; Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase that promotes neurite formation and drives spinal motor neuron differentiation. Mediates the cleavage of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor of target proteins: removes the GPI-anchor of RECK, leading to release RECK from the plasma membrane (By similarity). May contribute to the osmotic regulation of cellular glycerophosphocholine. (607 aa) |
| | Rhod | Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoD; Involved in endosome dynamics. May coordinate membrane transport with the function of the cytoskeleton. Involved in the internalization and trafficking of activated tyrosine kinase receptors such as PDGFRB. Participates in the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton; the function seems to involve WHAMM and includes regulation of filopodia formation and actin filament bundling. Can modulate the effect of DAPK3 in reorganization of actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion dissolution. Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family. (210 aa) |
| | Acta1 | Actin, alpha skeletal muscle, intermediate form; Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells. (377 aa) |
| | Cdh15 | Cadherin-15; Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells; cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types. M-cadherin is part of the myogenic program and may provide a trigger for terminal muscle differentiation. (784 aa) |
| | Pdlim3 | PDZ and LIM domain protein 3; May play a role in the organization of actin filament arrays within muscle cells. (316 aa) |
| | Itgb1bp2 | Integrin beta-1-binding protein 2; May play a role during maturation and/or organization of muscles cells. (350 aa) |
| | Tnmd | Tenomodulin; May be an angiogenesis inhibitor; Belongs to the chondromodulin-1 family. (317 aa) |
| | Psma1 | Proteasome subunit alpha type-1; Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP- dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing pr [...] (263 aa) |
| | Atp2a1 | Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1; Key regulator of striated muscle performance by acting as the major Ca(2+) ATPase responsible for the reuptake of cytosolic Ca(2+) into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen. Contributes to calcium sequestration involved in muscular excitation/contraction. (994 aa) |
| | Mylpf | Myosin regulatory light chain 2, skeletal muscle isoform. (169 aa) |
| | Tuba8 | Tubulin alpha-8 chain; Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain; Belongs to the tubulin family. (449 aa) |
| | Capzb | F-actin-capping protein subunit beta; F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments. Isoform 3 may play a role in spermatogenesis. Alternatively, may play a role in later maturation steps such as capacitation and fertilization which involve changes of membrane domains. Plays a role in the regulation of cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization (By sim [...] (301 aa) |
| | Pax7 | Paired box protein Pax-7; Transcription factor playing a role in myogenesis through regulation of muscle precursor cells proliferation. Belongs to the paired homeobox family. (503 aa) |
| | Xirp2 | Xin actin-binding repeat-containing protein 2; Protects actin filaments from depolymerization. (3784 aa) |
| | Tor1a | Torsin-1A; Protein with chaperone functions important for the control of protein folding, processing, stability and localization as well as for the reduction of misfolded protein aggregates. Involved in the regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling, controls STON2 protein stability in collaboration with the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN). In the nucleus, may link the cytoskeleton with the nuclear envelope, this mechanism seems to be crucial for the control of nuclear polarity, cell movement and, specifically in neurons, nuclear envelope integrity. Participates in the cellular traffickin [...] (333 aa) |
| | Myoc | Myocilin, C-terminal fragment; Secreted glycoprotein regulating the activation of different signaling pathways in adjacent cells to control different processes including cell adhesion, cell-matrix adhesion, cytoskeleton organization and cell migration. Promotes substrate adhesion, spreading and formation of focal contacts. Negatively regulates cell-matrix adhesion and stress fiber assembly through Rho protein signal transduction. Modulates the organization of actin cytoskeleton by stimulating the formation of stress fibers through interactions with components of Wnt signaling pathways. [...] (490 aa) |
| | Coq8a | Atypical kinase COQ8A, mitochondrial; Atypical kinase involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, also named ubiquinone, an essential lipid-soluble electron transporter for aerobic cellular respiration. Its substrate specificity is unclear: does not show any protein kinase activity. Probably acts as a small molecule kinase, possibly a lipid kinase that phosphorylates a prenyl lipid in the ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway, as suggested by its ability to bind coenzyme Q lipid intermediates (By similarity). Shows an unusual selectivity for binding ADP over ATP (By similarity). (645 aa) |
| | Myog | Myogenin; Acts as a transcriptional activator that promotes transcription of muscle-specific target genes and plays a role in muscle differentiation, cell cycle exit and muscle atrophy. Essential for the development of functional embryonic skeletal fiber muscle differentiation. However is dispensable for postnatal skeletal muscle growth; phosphorylation by CAMK2G inhibits its transcriptional activity in respons to muscle activity. Required for the recruitment of the FACT complex to muscle-specific promoter regions, thus promoting gene expression initiation. During terminal myoblast dif [...] (224 aa) |
| | Ccnt2 | Cyclin-T2; Regulatory subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinase pair (CDK9/cyclin T) complex, also called positive transcription elongation factor B (P-TEFB), which is proposed to facilitate the transition from abortive to production elongation by phosphorylating the CTD (carboxy- terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II). The activity of this complex is regulated by binding with 7SK snRNA (By similarity). Plays a role during muscle differentiation; P-TEFB complex interacts with MYOD1; this tripartite complex promotes the transcriptional activity of MYOD1 throug [...] (723 aa) |
| | Mstn | Growth/differentiation factor 8; Acts specifically as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. (376 aa) |
| | Myl1 | Myosin light chain 1/3, skeletal muscle isoform; Non-regulatory myosin light chain required for proper formation and/or maintenance of myofibers, and thus appropriate muscle function. (188 aa) |
| | Rnf165 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF165; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a regulator of motor axon elongation. Required for efficient motor axon extension in the dorsal forelimb by enhancing the transcriptional responses of the SMAD1/SMAD5/SMAD8 effectors, which are activated downstream of BMP. Acts by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of SMAD inhibitors such as SMAD6, SMAD7, SKI and SNON isoform of SKIL ; Belongs to the Arkadia family. (347 aa) |
| | Casp7 | Caspase-7 subunit p11; Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. Cleaves and activates sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs). Overexpression promotes programmed cell death (By similarity). (303 aa) |
| | Myot | Myotilin; Component of a complex of multiple actin cross-linking proteins. Involved in the control of myofibril assembly and stability at the Z lines in muscle cells (By similarity). (496 aa) |
| | Bin1 | Myc box-dependent-interacting protein 1; Is a key player in the control of plasma membrane curvature, and membrane shaping and remodeling. Required in muscle cells for the formation of T-tubules, tubular invaginations of the plasma membrane that function in depolarization-contraction coupling. Required in muscle cells for the formation of T-tubules, tubular invaginations of the plasma membrane that function in depolarization-contraction coupling. Is a negative regulator of endocytosis (By similarity). Is also involved in the regulation of intracellular vesicles sorting, modulation of B [...] (588 aa) |
| | Adipoq | Adiponectin; Important adipokine involved in the control of fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity, with direct anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Stimulates AMPK phosphorylation and activation in the liver and the skeletal muscle, enhancing glucose utilization and fatty-acid combustion. Antagonizes TNF-alpha by negatively regulating its expression in various tissues such as liver and macrophages, and also by counteracting its effects. Inhibits endothelial NF-kappa-B signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. May play a role in cell growth, angiogenesis [...] (247 aa) |
| | Srl | Sarcalumenin; May be involved in the regulation of calcium transport. (910 aa) |
| | Fbxo32 | F-box only protein 32; Substrate recognition component of a SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Probably recognizes and binds to phosphorylated target proteins during skeletal muscle atrophy. Recognizes TERF1 (By similarity). (355 aa) |
| | Smn1 | Survival motor neuron protein; The SMN complex plays a catalyst role in the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome. Thereby, plays an important role in the splicing of cellular pre-mRNAs. Most spliceosomal snRNPs contain a common set of Sm proteins SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP. In the cytosol, the Sm proteins SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG are trapped in an inactive 6S pICln-Sm complex by the ch [...] (288 aa) |
| | Fbp2 | Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase isozyme 2; Catalyzes the hydrolysis of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate in the presence of divalent cations and probably participates in glycogen synthesis from carbohydrate precursors, such as lactate. (339 aa) |
| | Rufy1 | RUN and FYVE domain-containing protein 1; Binds phospholipid vesicles containing phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and participates in early endosomal trafficking. (712 aa) |
| | Slc2a4 | Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4; Insulin-regulated facilitative glucose transporter, which plays a key role in removal of glucose from circulation. Response to insulin is regulated by its intracellular localization: in the absence of insulin, it is efficiently retained intracellularly within storage compartments in muscle and fat cells. Upon insulin stimulation, translocates from these compartments to the cell surface where it transports glucose from the extracellular milieu into the cell ; Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporte [...] (509 aa) |
| | Myh4 | Myosin-4; Muscle contraction. (1939 aa) |
| | Slc25a5 | ADP/ATP translocase 2, N-terminally processed; Catalyzes the exchange of cytoplasmic ADP with mitochondrial ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane. As part of the mitotic spindle-associated MMXD complex it may play a role in chromosome segregation (By similarity). (298 aa) |
| | Birc3 | Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3; Multi-functional protein which regulates not only caspases and apoptosis, but also modulates inflammatory signaling and immunity, mitogenic kinase signaling and cell proliferation, as well as cell invasion and metastasis. Acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating NF-kappa-B signaling and regulates both canonical and non- canonical NF-kappa-B signaling by acting in opposite directions: acts as a positive regulator of the canonical pathway and suppresses constitutive activation of non-canonical NF-kappa-B signaling. The target proteins [...] (602 aa) |
| | Fhl2 | Four and a half LIM domains protein 2; May function as a molecular transmitter linking various signaling pathways to transcriptional regulation. Negatively regulates the transcriptional repressor E4F1 and may function in cell growth. Inhibits the transcriptional activity of FOXO1 and its apoptotic function by enhancing the interaction of FOXO1 with SIRT1 and FOXO1 deacetylation (By similarity). Negatively regulates the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes. (279 aa) |
| | Tcap | Telethonin; Muscle assembly regulating factor. Mediates the antiparallel assembly of titin (TTN) molecules at the sarcomeric Z-disk (By similarity). (167 aa) |
| | Actn3 | Alpha-actinin-3; F-actin cross-linking protein which is thought to anchor actin to a variety of intracellular structures. This is a bundling protein (By similarity); Belongs to the alpha-actinin family. (900 aa) |
| | Pvalb | Parvalbumin alpha; In muscle, parvalbumin is thought to be involved in relaxation after contraction. It binds two calcium ions; Belongs to the parvalbumin family. (110 aa) |
| | Cs | Citrate synthase, mitochondrial; Belongs to the citrate synthase family. (464 aa) |
| | Casq1 | Calsequestrin-1; Calsequestrin is a high-capacity, moderate affinity, calcium- binding protein and thus acts as an internal calcium store in muscle. Calcium ions are bound by clusters of acidic residues at the protein surface, often at the interface between subunits. Can bind around 80 Ca(2+) ions (By similarity). Regulates the release of lumenal Ca(2+) via the calcium release channel RYR1; this plays an important role in triggering muscle contraction. Negatively regulates store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) activity (By similarity). (405 aa) |
| | Kdelr1 | ER lumen protein-retaining receptor 1; Receptor for the C-terminal sequence motif K-D-E-L that is present on endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins and that mediates their recycling from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum. Belongs to the ERD2 family. (212 aa) |
| | Pparg | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer. Acts as a critical regulator of gut ho [...] (505 aa) |
| | Dmd | Dystrophin; Anchors the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton via F- actin. Ligand for dystroglycan. Component of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex which accumulates at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and at a variety of synapses in the peripheral and central nervous systems and has a structural function in stabilizing the sarcolemma. Also implicated in signaling events and synaptic transmission. (3678 aa) |
| | Tpm1 | Tropomyosin alpha-1 chain; Binds to actin filaments in muscle and non-muscle cells. Plays a central role, in association with the troponin complex, in the calcium dependent regulation of vertebrate striated muscle contraction. Smooth muscle contraction is regulated by interaction with caldesmon. In non-muscle cells is implicated in stabilizing cytoskeleton actin filaments. (284 aa) |
| | Cacna1s | Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S; Pore-forming, alpha-1S subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel that gives rise to L-type calcium currents in skeletal muscle. Calcium channels containing the alpha-1S subunit play an important role in excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle via their interaction with RYR1, which triggers Ca(2+) release from the sarcplasmic reticulum and ultimately results in muscle contraction. Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. (1852 aa) |
| | Fhl1 | Four and a half LIM domains protein 1; May have an involvement in muscle development or hypertrophy. Isoform 2 binds to RBP-J and plays a negative regulatory role in the RBP-J-mediated transcription in mammalian systems. (323 aa) |
| | Ttn | Titin; Key component in the assembly and functioning of vertebrate striated muscles. By providing connections at the level of individual microfilaments, it contributes to the fine balance of forces between the two halves of the sarcomere. The size and extensibility of the cross-links are the main determinants of sarcomere extensibility properties of muscle. In non-muscle cells, seems to play a role in chromosome condensation and chromosome segregation during mitosis. Might link the lamina network to chromatin or nuclear actin, or both during interphase. (32000 aa) |
| | Neurl1a | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEURL1; Plays a role in hippocampal-dependent synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Involved in the formation of spines and functional synaptic contacts by modulating the translational activity of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein CPEB3. Promotes ubiquitination of CPEB3, and hence induces CPEB3-dependent mRNA translation activation of glutamate receptor GRIA1 and GRIA2. Can function as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase to activate monoubiquitination of JAG1 (in vitro), thereby regulating the Notch pathway. Acts as a tumor suppressor; i [...] (574 aa) |
| | Kdelr2 | ER lumen protein-retaining receptor 2; Receptor for the C-terminal sequence motif K-D-E-L that is present on endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins and that mediates their recycling from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Binding is pH dependent, and is optimal at pH 5-5.4 (By similarity). (212 aa) |
| | Zfp62 | Zinc finger protein 62; May play a role in differentiating skeletal muscle. (907 aa) |
| | Myh13 | Myosin, heavy polypeptide 13, skeletal muscle; Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family. (1938 aa) |
| | Unc119 | Protein unc-119 homolog A; Involved in synaptic functions in photoreceptor cells, the signal transduction in immune cells as a Src family kinase activator, endosome recycling, the uptake of bacteria and endocytosis, protein trafficking in sensory neurons and as lipid-binding chaperone with specificity for a diverse subset of myristoylated proteins. Specifically binds the myristoyl moiety of a subset of N-terminally myristoylated proteins and is required for their localization. Binds myristoylated GNAT1 and is required for G-protein localization and trafficking in sensory neurons. Proba [...] (262 aa) |
| | Tpm2 | Tropomyosin beta chain; Binds to actin filaments in muscle and non-muscle cells. Plays a central role, in association with the troponin complex, in the calcium dependent regulation of vertebrate striated muscle contraction. Smooth muscle contraction is regulated by interaction with caldesmon. In non-muscle cells is implicated in stabilizing cytoskeleton actin filaments. The non-muscle isoform may have a role in agonist-mediated receptor internalization. Belongs to the tropomyosin family. (284 aa) |
| | Ngf | Beta-nerve growth factor; Nerve growth factor is important for the development and maintenance of the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems. Extracellular ligand for the NTRK1 and NGFR receptors, activates cellular signaling cascades to regulate neuronal proliferation, differentiation and survival. The immature NGF precursor (proNGF) functions as ligand for the heterodimeric receptor formed by SORCS2 and NGFR, and activates cellular signaling cascades that lead to inactivation of RAC1 and/or RAC2, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and neuronal growth cone collapse. In contrast [...] (307 aa) |
| | Pecam1 | Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule; Cell adhesion molecule which is required for leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) under most inflammatory conditions (By similarity). Tyr-679 plays a critical role in TEM and is required for efficient trafficking of PECAM1 to and from the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC) and is also essential for the LBRC membrane to be targeted around migrating leukocytes (By similarity). Trans-homophilic interaction may play a role in endothelial cell-cell adhesion via cell junctions (By similarity). Heterophilic interaction with CD177 pla [...] (727 aa) |
| | Igf1 | Insulin-like growth factor I; The insulin-like growth factors, isolated from plasma, are structurally and functionally related to insulin but have a much higher growth-promoting activity. May be a physiological regulator of [1-14C]- 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) transport and glycogen synthesis in osteoblasts. Stimulates glucose transport in bone-derived osteoblastic (PyMS) cells and is effective at much lower concentrations than insulin, not only regarding glycogen and DNA synthesis but also with regard to enhancing glucose uptake. May play a role in synapse maturation (By similarity). Ca(2 [...] (159 aa) |
| | Nle1 | Notchless protein homolog 1; Plays a role in regulating Notch activity (Probable). Plays a role in regulating the expression of CDKN1A and several members of the Wnt pathway, probably via its effects on Notch activity. Required during embryogenesis for inner mass cell survival. (485 aa) |
| | Sgca | Alpha-sarcoglycan; Component of the sarcoglycan complex, a subcomplex of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex which forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. (387 aa) |
| | Rbfox1 | RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 1; RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing events by binding to 5'-UGCAUGU-3' elements. Prevents binding of U2AF2 to the 3'-splice site. Regulates alternative splicing of tissue- specific exons and of differentially spliced exons during erythropoiesis. (417 aa) |
| | Styx | Serine/threonine/tyrosine interaction protein. (223 aa) |
| | Olfr641 | Olfactory receptor. (312 aa) |
| | Ins2 | Insulin-2 A chain; Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver. (110 aa) |
| | Ckm | Creatine kinase M-type; Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate). Creatine kinase isoenzymes play a central role in energy transduction in tissues with large, fluctuating energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spermatozoa; Belongs to the ATP:guanido phosphotransferase family. (381 aa) |
| | Dag1 | Alpha-dystroglycan; The dystroglycan complex is involved in a number of processes including laminin and basement membrane assembly, sacrolemmal stability, cell survival, peripheral nerve myelination, nodal structure, cell migration, and epithelial polarization. Beta-dystroglycan is a transmembrane protein that plays important roles in connecting the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton. Acts as a cell adhesion receptor in both muscle and non- muscle tissues. Receptor for both DMD and UTRN and, through these interactions, scaffolds axin to the cytoskeleton. Also functions in cell ad [...] (893 aa) |
| | Prkn | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin; Functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins, such as BCL2, SYT11, CCNE1, GPR37, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1, MFN2, STUB1, SNCAIP, SEPTIN5, TOMM20, USP30, ZNF746 and AIMP2. Mediates monoubiquitination as well as 'Lys-6', 'Lys-11', 'Lys-48'-linked and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates depending on the context. Participates in the removal and/or detoxification of abnormally folded or damaged protein by mediating 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of mi [...] (464 aa) |
| | Birc2 | Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2; Multi-functional protein which regulates not only caspases and apoptosis, but also modulates inflammatory signaling and immunity, mitogenic kinase signaling, and cell proliferation, as well as cell invasion and metastasis. Acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating NF-kappa-B signaling and regulates both canonical and non- canonical NF-kappa-B signaling by acting in opposite directions: acts as a positive regulator of the canonical pathway and suppresses constitutive activation of non-canonical NF-kappa-B signaling. The target protein [...] (612 aa) |
| | Jsrp1 | Junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum protein 1; Involved in skeletal muscle excitation/contraction coupling (EC), probably acting as a regulator of the voltage-sensitive calcium channel CACNA1S (By similarity). EC is a physiological process whereby an electrical signal (depolarization of the plasma membrane) is converted into a chemical signal, a calcium gradient, by the opening of ryanodine receptor calcium release channels. May regulate CACNA1S membrane targeting and activity. (332 aa) |
| | Ryr1 | Ryanodine receptor 1; Calcium channel that mediates the release of Ca(2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm and thereby plays a key role in triggering muscle contraction following depolarization of T-tubules. Repeated very high-level exercise increases the open probability of the channel and leads to Ca(2+) leaking into the cytoplasm. Can also mediate the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores in neurons, and may thereby promote prolonged Ca(2+) signaling in the brain. Required for normal embryonic development of muscle fibers and skeletal muscle. Required for nor [...] (5035 aa) |
| | Tnnt3 | Troponin T, fast skeletal muscle; Troponin T is the tropomyosin-binding subunit of troponin, the thin filament regulatory complex which confers calcium-sensitivity to striated muscle actomyosin ATPase activity. (272 aa) |
| | Gyg | Glycogenin-1; Self-glucosylates, via an inter-subunit mechanism, to form an oligosaccharide primer that serves as substrate for glycogen synthase. (333 aa) |
| | Neu2 | Sialidase-2; Catalyzes the removal of sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid) moieties from glycoproteins, oligosaccharides and gangliosides; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 33 family. (393 aa) |
| | Myh2 | Myosin, heavy polypeptide 2, skeletal muscle, adult; Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family. (1942 aa) |
| | Enpp2 | Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2; Hydrolyzes lysophospholipids to produce the signaling molecule lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in extracellular fluids. Major substrate is lysophosphatidylcholine. Also can act on sphingosylphosphorylcholine producing sphingosine-1-phosphate, a modulator of cell motility. Can hydrolyze, in vitro, bis-pNPP, to some extent pNP-TMP, and barely ATP. Involved in several motility-related processes such as angiogenesis and neurite outgrowth. Acts as an angiogenic factor by stimulating migration of smooth muscle cells and microtubul [...] (914 aa) |
| | Nfat5 | Nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5; Transcription factor involved in the transcriptional regulation of osmoprotective and inflammatory genes. Regulates hypertonicity-induced cellular accumulation of osmolytes. (1552 aa) |
| | Vldlr | Very low-density lipoprotein receptor; Binds VLDL and transports it into cells by endocytosis. In order to be internalized, the receptor-ligand complexes must first cluster into clathrin-coated pits. Binding to Reelin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Dab1 and modulation of Tau phosphorylation. (873 aa) |
| | Myh7 | Myosin-7; Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity essential for muscle contraction. Forms regular bipolar thick filaments that, together with actin thin filaments, constitute the fundamental contractile unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family. (1935 aa) |
| | Mb | Myoglobin; Serves as a reserve supply of oxygen and facilitates the movement of oxygen within muscles. (154 aa) |
| | Tbc1d4 | TBC1 domain family member 4; May act as a GTPase-activating protein for RAB2A, RAB8A, RAB10 and RAB14. Promotes insulin-induced glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 translocation at the plasma membrane, thus increasing glucose uptake (By similarity). (1243 aa) |
| | Slirp | SRA stem-loop-interacting RNA-binding protein, mitochondrial; RNA-binding protein that acts as a nuclear receptor corepressor. Probably acts by binding the SRA RNA, and repressing the SRA-mediated nuclear receptor coactivation. Binds the STR7 loop of SRA RNA. Also able to repress glucocorticoid (GR), androgen (AR), thyroid (TR) and VDR-mediated transactivation (By similarity). (112 aa) |
| | Tnni1 | Troponin I, slow skeletal muscle; Troponin I is the inhibitory subunit of troponin, the thin filament regulatory complex which confers calcium-sensitivity to striated muscle actomyosin ATPase activity. (187 aa) |
| | Tnni2 | Troponin I, fast skeletal muscle; Troponin I is the inhibitory subunit of troponin, the thin filament regulatory complex which confers calcium-sensitivity to striated muscle actomyosin ATPase activity. (182 aa) |
| | Nos1 | Nitric oxide synthase, brain; Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In the brain and peripheral nervous system, NO displays many properties of a neurotransmitter. Probably has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such SRR. Isoform NNOS Mu may be an effector enzyme for the dystrophin complex. (1429 aa) |
| | Myh1 | Myosin-1; Muscle contraction. (1942 aa) |
| | Ppargc1a | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; Transcriptional coactivator for steroid receptors and nuclear receptors. Greatly increases the transcriptional activity of PPARG and thyroid hormone receptor on the uncoupling protein promoter. Can regulate key mitochondrial genes that contribute to the program of adaptive thermogenesis. Plays an essential role in metabolic reprogramming in response to dietary availability through coordination of the expression of a wide array of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Induces the expression of PERM1 in [...] (797 aa) |
| | Svil | Supervillin; [Isoform 1]: Forms a high-affinity link between the actin cytoskeleton and the membrane. Is among the first costameric proteins to assemble during myogenesis and it contributes to myogenic membrane structure and differentiation. Appears to be involved in myosin II assembly. May modulate myosin II regulation through MLCK during cell spreading, an initial step in cell migration. May play a role in invadopodial function. (2170 aa) |
| | Arpc4 | Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4; Actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility. In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA. The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in r [...] (168 aa) |
| | Gapdh | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Has both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and nitrosylase activities, thereby playing a role in glycolysis and nuclear functions, respectively. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate. Modulates the organization and assembly of the cytoskeleton. Facilitates the CHP1-dependent microtubule and membrane associations through its ability to stimulate the binding of CHP1 to microtubu [...] (359 aa) |
| | Dusp13 | Dual specificity protein phosphatase 13 isoform B; Dual specificity phosphatase that dephosphorylates MAPK8/JNK and MAPK14/p38, but not MAPK1/ERK2, in vitro. Exhibits intrinsic phosphatase activity towards both phospho-seryl/threonyl and -tyrosyl residues, with similar specific activities in vitro (By similarity). Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non- receptor class dual specificity subfamily. (263 aa) |
| | Prr14l | Proline-rich 14-like. (1971 aa) |
