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Pla1a Pla1a Lpcat3 Lpcat3 Pafah1b3 Pafah1b3 Tmem189 Tmem189 Pla2g12b Pla2g12b Gdpd1 Gdpd1 Ptdss1 Ptdss1 Lpcat1 Lpcat1 Chkb Chkb Pla2g10 Pla2g10 Pla2g7 Pla2g7 Fads2 Fads2 Chka Chka Plaat3 Plaat3 Pcyt2 Pcyt2 Ptdss2 Ptdss2 Lypla1 Lypla1 Lpcat4 Lpcat4 Pla2g12a Pla2g12a Pla2g2f Pla2g2f Pla2g2d Pla2g2d Pla2g2e Pla2g2e Pla2g1b Pla2g1b Etnk1 Etnk1 Pla2g15 Pla2g15 Pnpla8 Pnpla8 Pnpla7 Pnpla7 Pcyt1b Pcyt1b Enpp6 Enpp6 Mboat1 Mboat1 Lpcat2 Lpcat2 Pisd Pisd Phospho1 Phospho1 Tmem86b Tmem86b Cept1 Cept1 Pld4 Pld4 Pla2g3 Pla2g3 Pla2g4a Pla2g4a Etnppl Etnppl Pcyt1a Pcyt1a Pla2g4e Pla2g4e Pla2g4d Pla2g4d Pla2g5 Pla2g5 Pemt Pemt Pla2g2c Pla2g2c Pafah2 Pafah2 Pla2g4c Pla2g4c Pld2 Pld2 Gpcpd1 Gpcpd1 Lpgat1 Lpgat1 Chpt1 Chpt1 Pld3 Pld3 Pld1 Pld1 Etnk2 Etnk2 Selenoi Selenoi Pla2g4b Pla2g4b Lpcat2b Lpcat2b Pafah1b2 Pafah1b2 Pla2g6 Pla2g6 Plb1 Plb1 Pnpla6 Pnpla6
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Pla1aPhospholipase A1 member A; Hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-1 position of glycerophospholipids and produces 2-acyl lysophospholipids. Hydrolyzes phosphatidylserine (PS) in the form of liposomes and 1-acyl-2 lysophosphatidylserine (lyso-PS), but not triolein, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acid (PA) or phosphatidylinositol (PI). Hydrolysis of lyso-PS in peritoneal mast cells activated by receptors for IgE leads to stimulate histamine production (By similarity); Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Lipase family. (456 aa)
Lpcat3Lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5; Acyltransferase which mediates the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or LPC) into phosphatidylcholine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or PC) (LPCAT activity). To a lesser extent, also catalyzes the acylation of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or LPE) into phosphatidylethanolamine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoethanolamine or PE) (LPEAT activity), and the conversion of lysophosphatidylserine (1-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or LPS) into phosphatidyl [...] (487 aa)
Pafah1b3Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB subunit gamma; Inactivates paf by removing the acetyl group at the sn-2 position. This is a catalytic subunit. Plays an important role during the development of brain; Belongs to the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family. Platelet- activating factor acetylhydrolase IB beta/gamma subunits subfamily. (232 aa)
Tmem189Plasmanylethanolamine desaturase; Plasmanylethanolamine desaturase involved in plasmalogen biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Plasmalogens are glycerophospholipids with a hydrocarbon chain linked by a vinyl ether bond at the glycerol sn-1 position, and are involved in antioxidative and signaling mechanisms; Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase CarF family. (271 aa)
Pla2g12bGroup XIIB secretory phospholipase A2-like protein; Not known; does not seem to have catalytic activity. (195 aa)
Gdpd1Lysophospholipase D GDPD1; Hydrolyzes lysoglycerophospholipids to produce lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and the corresponding amines. Shows a preference for 1-O-alkyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lyso-PAF), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lyso-PE) and lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC). May be involved in bioactive N-acylethanolamine biosynthesis. Does not display glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase activity, since it cannot hydrolyze either glycerophosphoinositol or glycerophosphocholine. (314 aa)
Ptdss1Phosphatidylserine synthase 1; Catalyzes a base-exchange reaction in which the polar head group of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or phosphatidylcholine (PC) is replaced by L-serine. In membranes, PTDSS1 catalyzes mainly the conversion of phosphatidylcholine. Also converts, in vitro and to a lesser extent, phosphatidylethanolamine. (473 aa)
Lpcat1Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1; Possesses both acyltransferase and acetyltransferase activities. Activity is calcium-independent. Mediates the conversion of 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (LPC) into phosphatidylcholine (PC). Displays a clear preference for saturated fatty acyl- CoAs, and 1-myristoyl or 1-palmitoyl LPC as acyl donors and acceptors, respectively. May synthesize phosphatidylcholine in pulmonary surfactant, thereby playing a pivotal role in respiratory physiology. Involved in the regulation of lipid droplet number and size (By similarity). (534 aa)
ChkbCholine/ethanolamine kinase; Has a key role in phospholipid metabolism, and catalyzes the first step of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis; Belongs to the choline/ethanolamine kinase family. (394 aa)
Pla2g10Group 10 secretory phospholipase A2; PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. Has a powerful potency for releasing arachidonic acid from cell membrane phospholipids. (151 aa)
Pla2g7Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase; Modulates the action of platelet-activating factor (PAF) by hydrolyzing the sn-2 ester bond to yield the biologically inactive lyso-PAF. Has a specificity for substrates with a short residue at the sn-2 position. It is inactive against long-chain phospholipids; Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Lipase family. (440 aa)
Fads2Acyl-CoA 6-desaturase; Acts as a fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase that introduces a cis double bond at carbon 6 of the fatty acyl chain. Involved in biosynthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) from the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA) (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3n-3) precursors. Catalyzes the first and rate limiting step in this pathway which is the desaturation of LA (18:2n-6) and ALA (18:3n-3) into gamma-linoleate (GLA) (18:3n-6) and stearidonate (18:4n-3), respectively. Subsequently, in the biosynthetic pathway of HUFA [...] (444 aa)
ChkaCholine kinase alpha; Has a key role in phospholipid biosynthesis and may contribute to tumor cell growth. Catalyzes the first step in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Contributes to phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis. Phosphorylates choline and ethanolamine. Has higher activity with choline (By similarity). Belongs to the choline/ethanolamine kinase family. (453 aa)
Plaat3Phospholipase A and acyltransferase 3; Exhibits both phospholipase A1/2 and acyltransferase activities. Shows phospholipase A1 (PLA1) and A2 (PLA2), catalyzing the calcium-independent release of fatty acids from the sn-1 or sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. For most substrates, PLA1 activity is much higher than PLA2 activity (By similarity). Shows O-acyltransferase activity, catalyzing the transfer of a fatty acyl group from glycerophospholipid to the hydroxyl group of lysophospholipid (By similarity). Shows N-acyltransferase activity,catalyzing the calcium-independent transfer of [...] (162 aa)
Pcyt2Ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase; Plays an important role in the biosynthesis of the phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine. Catalyzes the formation of CDP- ethanolamine (By similarity). (404 aa)
Ptdss2Phosphatidylserine synthase 2; Catalyzes a base-exchange reaction in which the polar head group of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or phosphatidylcholine (PC) is replaced by L-serine. PTDSS2 is specific for phosphatatidylethanolamine and does not act on phosphatidylcholine; Belongs to the phosphatidyl serine synthase family. (473 aa)
Lypla1Acyl-protein thioesterase 1; Hydrolyzes fatty acids from S-acylated cysteine residues in proteins such as trimeric G alpha proteins or HRAS. Has depalmitoylating activity toward KCNMA1. Has low lysophospholipase activity (By similarity); Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 2 family. (230 aa)
Lpcat4Lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4; Displays acyl-CoA-dependent lysophospholipid acyltransferase activity with a subset of lysophospholipids as substrates; converts lysophosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylethanolamine, 1-alkenyl- lysophatidylethanolamine to 1-alkenyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylglycerol and alkyl-lysophosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylglycerol and alkyl-phosphatidylcholine, respectively. In contrast, has no lysophosphatidylinositol, glycerol-3-phosphate, diacylglycerol or lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase activity. Prefers long chain acyl-CoA [...] (524 aa)
Pla2g12aGroup XIIA secretory phospholipase A2; PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. Does not exhibit detectable activity toward sn-2-arachidonoyl- or linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine or -phosphatidylethanolamine (By similarity). (192 aa)
Pla2g2fGroup IIF secretory phospholipase A2; May play a role in lipid mediator production in inflammatory conditions, by providing arachidonic acid to downstream cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases. Phospholipase A2, which catalyzes the calcium- dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. Hydrolyzes phosphatidylethanolamine more efficiently than phosphatidylcholine, with only a modest preference for arachidonic acid versus linoelic acid at the sn-2 position. Comparable activity toward 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylserine vesicles to that toward 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-p [...] (210 aa)
Pla2g2dGroup IID secretory phospholipase A2; PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. L-alpha-1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine is more efficiently hydrolyzed than the other phospholipids examined. (144 aa)
Pla2g2eGroup IIE secretory phospholipase A2; PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. (142 aa)
Pla2g1bPhospholipase A2; PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides, this releases glycerophospholipids and arachidonic acid that serve as the precursors of signal molecules; Belongs to the phospholipase A2 family. (146 aa)
Etnk1Ethanolamine kinase 1; Highly specific for ethanolamine phosphorylation. May be a rate-controlling step in phosphatidylathanolamine biosynthesis (By similarity); Belongs to the choline/ethanolamine kinase family. (363 aa)
Pla2g15Group XV phospholipase A2; Has transacylase and calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity. Catalyzes the formation of 1-O-acyl-N-acetylsphingosine and the concomitant release of a lyso-phospholipid. Has high activity with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), catalyzing the transfer of oleic acid to N-acetyl-sphingosine. Required for normal phospholipid degradation in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages and in spleen. (412 aa)
Pnpla8Calcium-independent phospholipase A2-gamma; Calcium-independent phospholipase A2, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids, PtdSer and to a lower extent PtdCho. Cleaves membrane phospholipids (By similarity). (776 aa)
Pnpla7Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 7; Serine hydrolase, whose specific chemical modification by certain organophosphorus (OP) compounds leads to distal axonopathy (By similarity). Isoform 1 and isoform 2 have equal enzyme activity. Isoform 3 has no enzyme activity; Belongs to the NTE family. (1352 aa)
Pcyt1bCholine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase B; Controls phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Belongs to the cytidylyltransferase family. (369 aa)
Enpp6Glycerophosphocholine cholinephosphodiesterase ENPP6; Choline-specific glycerophosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and contributes to supplying choline to the cells. Has a preference for LPC with short (12:0 and 14:0) or polyunsaturated (18:2 and 20:4) fatty acids. In vitro, hydrolyzes only choline-containing lysophospholipids, such as sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), platelet-activating factor (PAF) and lysoPAF, but not other lysophospholipids. (440 aa)
Mboat1Lysophospholipid acyltransferase 1; Acyltransferase which mediates the conversion of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or LPE) into phosphatidylethanolamine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoethanolamine or PE) (LPEAT activity). Catalyzes also the acylation of lysophosphatidylserine (1-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3- phospho-L-serine or LPS) into phosphatidylserine (1,2-diacyl-sn- glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or PS) (LPSAT activity). Prefers oleoyl-CoA as the acyl donor. Lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs) catalyze the reacylation step of the phosph [...] (492 aa)
Lpcat2Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2; Possesses both acyltransferase and acetyltransferase activities. Activity is calcium- dependent. Involved in platelet-activating factor (PAF) biosynthesis by catalyzing the conversion of the PAF precursor, 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lyso-PAF) into 1-O-alkyl-2- acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PAF). Also converts lyso-PAF to 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC), a major component of cell membranes and a PAF precursor. Under resting conditions, acyltransferase activity is preferred. Upon acute inflammatory stimulus, a [...] (544 aa)
PisdPhosphatidylserine decarboxylase proenzyme, mitochondrial; Catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) from phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Plays a central role in phospholipid metabolism and in the interorganelle trafficking of phosphatidylserine. Belongs to the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase family. PSD-B subfamily. Eukaryotic type I sub-subfamily. (406 aa)
Phospho1Phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase; Phosphatase that has a high activity toward phosphoethanolamine (PEA) and phosphocholine (PCho). Involved in the generation of inorganic phosphate for bone mineralization. (267 aa)
Tmem86bLysoplasmalogenase; Enzyme catalyzing the degradation of lysoplasmalogen. Lysoplasmalogens are formed by the hydrolysis of the abundant membrane glycerophospholipids plasmalogens. May control the respective levels of plasmalogens and lysoplasmalogens in cells and modulate cell membrane properties; Belongs to the TMEM86 family. (226 aa)
Cept1Choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase 1; Catalyzes both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis from CDP-choline and CDP- ethanolamine, respectively. Involved in protein-dependent process of phospholipid transport to distribute phosphatidyl choline to the lumenal surface. Has a higher cholinephosphotransferase activity than ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity (By similarity); Belongs to the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-I family. (416 aa)
Pld45'-3' exonuclease PLD4; 5'->3' DNA exonuclease which digests single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Regulates inflammatory cytokine responses via the degradation of nucleic acids, by reducing the concentration of ssDNA able to stimulate TLR9, a nucleotide-sensing receptor. Involved in phagocytosis of activated microglia. (503 aa)
Pla2g3Phospholipase A2, group III. (504 aa)
Pla2g4aCytosolic phospholipase A2; Selectively hydrolyzes arachidonyl phospholipids in the sn-2 position releasing arachidonic acid. Together with its lysophospholipid activity, it is implicated in the initiation of the inflammatory response. (748 aa)
EtnpplEthanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase; Catalyzes the pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent breakdown of phosphoethanolamine, converting it to ammonia, inorganic phosphate and acetaldehyde. (499 aa)
Pcyt1aCholine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A; Controls phosphatidylcholine synthesis; Belongs to the cytidylyltransferase family. (367 aa)
Pla2g4eCytosolic phospholipase A2 epsilon; Calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 that selectively hydrolyzes glycerophospholipids in the sn-2 position. (875 aa)
Pla2g4dCytosolic phospholipase A2 delta; Calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 that selectively hydrolyzes glycerophospholipids in the sn-2 position. Compared to its human ortholog, may have no preference for the fatty acid found at the sn-2 position. (825 aa)
Pla2g5Calcium-dependent phospholipase A2; PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. This isozyme hydrolyzes L-alpha- palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine more efficiently than L-alpha-1- palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl phosphatidylcholine, L-alpha-1-palmitoyl-2- arachidonyl phosphatidylethanolamine or L-alpha-1-stearoyl-2- arachidonyl phosphatidylinositol (By similarity). (137 aa)
PemtPhosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; Catalyzes the three sequential steps of the methylation pathway of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, the SAM-dependent methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PMME), PMME to phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine (PDME), and PDME to phosphatidylcholine (PC); Belongs to the class VI-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. PEMT/PEM2 methyltransferase family. (236 aa)
Pla2g2cGroup IIC secretory phospholipase A2; PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. Testis PA2 may be important in the production of prostaglandins, by the release of arachidonic acid, which in turn are necessary for the contractions of the seminiferous tubules and the testicular capsule; they also seem to decrease sperm transit time through the male reproductive tract. (150 aa)
Pafah2Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 2, cytoplasmic; Has a marked selectivity for phospholipids with short acyl chains at the sn-2 position. May share a common physiologic function with the plasma-type enzyme (By similarity). Belongs to the serine esterase family. (415 aa)
Pla2g4cCytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma; Has a preference for arachidonic acid at the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine as compared with palmitic acid. (607 aa)
Pld2Phospholipase D2; May have a role in signal-induced cytoskeletal regulation and/or endocytosis. (944 aa)
Gpcpd1Glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase GPCPD1; May be involved in the negative regulation of skeletal muscle differentiation, independently of its glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase activity. (675 aa)
Lpgat1Acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase 1; Lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) specific acyltransferase that recognizes various acyl-CoAs and LPGs as substrates but demonstrates a clear preference for long chain saturated fatty acyl-CoAs and oleoyl- CoA as acyl donors. Prefers oleoyl-LPG over palmitoyl-LPG as an acyl receptor and oleoyl-CoA over lauroyl-CoA as an acyl donor (By similarity). (409 aa)
Chpt1Cholinephosphotransferase 1; Catalyzes phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis from CDP-choline. It thereby plays a central role in the formation and maintenance of vesicular membranes (By similarity). (406 aa)
Pld35'-3' exonuclease PLD3; 5'->3' DNA exonuclease which digests single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Regulates inflammatory cytokine responses via the degradation of nucleic acids, by reducing the concentration of ssDNA able to stimulate TLR9, a nucleotide-sensing receptor in collaboration with PLD4. May be important in myotube formation. Plays a role in lysosomal homeostasis. Involved in the regulation of endosomal protein sorting (By similarity). (488 aa)
Pld1Phospholipase D1; Implicated as a critical step in numerous cellular pathways, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and the regulation of mitosis. May be involved in the regulation of perinuclear intravesicular membrane traffic. (1036 aa)
Etnk2Ethanolamine kinase 2; Highly specific for ethanolamine phosphorylation. Does not have choline kinase activity. (385 aa)
SelenoiEthanolaminephosphotransferase 1; Catalyzes phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis from CDP- ethanolamine. It thereby plays a central role in the formation and maintenance of vesicular membranes. Involved in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine via 'Kennedy' pathway (By similarity). (398 aa)
Pla2g4bCytosolic phospholipase A2 beta; Calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 that selectively hydrolyzes glycerophospholipids in the sn-2 position with a preference for arachidonoyl phospholipids. Has a much weaker activity than PLA2G4A (By similarity). (791 aa)
Lpcat2bLysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2B; Probable acetyltransferase; Belongs to the 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase family. (516 aa)
Pafah1b2Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB subunit beta; Inactivates PAF by removing the acetyl group at the sn-2 position. This is a catalytic subunit; Belongs to the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family. Platelet- activating factor acetylhydrolase IB beta/gamma subunits subfamily. (229 aa)
Pla2g685/88 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2; Catalyzes the release of fatty acids from phospholipids. It has been implicated in normal phospholipid remodeling, nitric oxide- induced or vasopressin-induced arachidonic acid release and in leukotriene and prostaglandin production. May participate in fas mediated apoptosis and in regulating transmembrane ion flux in glucose- stimulated B-cells. Has a role in cardiolipin (CL) deacylation. Required for both speed and directionality of monocyte MCP1/CCL2- induced chemotaxis through regulation of F-actin polymerization at the pseudopods (By [...] (807 aa)
Plb1Phospholipase B1, membrane-associated; Membrane-associated phospholipase. Exhibits a calcium- independent broad substrate specificity including phospholipase A2/lysophospholipase activity. Preferential hydrolysis at the sn-2 position of diacylphospholipids and diacyglycerol, whereas it shows no positional specificity toward triacylglycerol. Exhibits also esterase activity toward p-nitrophenyl. May act on the brush border membrane to facilitate the absorption of digested lipids (By similarity). Belongs to the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family. Phospholipase B1 subfamily. (1478 aa)
Pnpla6Neuropathy target esterase; Phospholipase B that deacylates intracellular phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), generating glycerophosphocholine (GroPtdCho). This deacylation occurs at both sn-2 and sn-1 positions of PtdCho. Its specific chemical modification by certain organophosphorus (OP) compounds leads to distal axonopathy. Belongs to the NTE family. (1345 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Mus musculus
NCBI taxonomy Id: 10090
Other names: LK3 transgenic mice, M. musculus, Mus sp. 129SV, house mouse, mouse, nude mice, transgenic mice
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