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| | Adcy3 | Adenylate cyclase type 3; Catalyzes the formation of the signaling molecule cAMP in response to G-protein signaling. Participates in signaling cascades triggered by odorant receptors via its function in cAMP biosynthesis. Required for the perception of odorants. Required for normal sperm motility and normal male fertility. Plays a role in regulating insulin levels and body fat accumulation in response to a high fat diet. (1145 aa) |
| | Catspere1 | Cation channel sperm-associated protein subunit epsilon; Auxiliary component of the CatSper complex, a complex involved in sperm cell hyperactivation. Sperm cell hyperactivation is needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Belongs to the CATSPERD family. (956 aa) |
| | Armc12 | Armadillo repeat-containing protein 12. (340 aa) |
| | Cfap54 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 54; Required for assembly and function of cilia and flagella. (3171 aa) |
| | Eno4 | Enolase 4; Required for sperm motility, function and male fertility. May be involved in the normal assembly of the sperm fibrous sheath and provides most of the enolase activity in sperm. (618 aa) |
| | Celf3 | CUGBP Elav-like family member 3; RNA-binding protein involved in the regulation of pre-mRNA alternative splicing. Mediates exon inclusion and/or exclusion in pre- mRNA that are subject to tissue-specific and developmentally regulated alternative splicing. Specifically activates exon 5 inclusion of cardiac isoforms of TNNT2 during heart remodeling at the juvenile to adult transition. Activates the splicing of MAPT/Tau exon 10. Binds to muscle-specific splicing enhancer (MSE) intronic sites flanking the alternative exon 5 of TNNT2 pre-mRNA (By similarity). (494 aa) |
| | Cfap47 | Cilia and flagella-associated protein 47. (3184 aa) |
| | Cacna1e | Voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1E; Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1E gives rise to R-type calcium currents. R-type calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group and are blocked by nickel. They are however insensitive to dihydropyridines (DHP). Calcium channels conta [...] (2273 aa) |
| | Ash1l | Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase ASH1L; Histone methyltransferase specifically trimethylating 'Lys- 36' of histone H3 forming H3K36me3 (By similarity). Also monomethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3 (H3K9me1) in vitro. The physiological significance of the H3K9me1 activity is unclear (Probable). (2958 aa) |
| | Gapdhs | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, testis-specific; May play an important role in regulating the switch between different pathways for energy production during spermiogenesis and in the spermatozoon. Required for sperm motility and male fertility. (440 aa) |
| | Rhox5 | Homeobox protein Rhox5; Transcription factor required for differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into primordial germ cells. (210 aa) |
| | Cfap221 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 221; May play a role in cilium morphogenesis. Belongs to the PCDP1 family. (836 aa) |
| | Sept12 | Septin 12; Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Septin GTPase family. (317 aa) |
| | Dnaja1 | DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 1; Co-chaperone for HSPA8/Hsc70. Plays a role in protein transport into mitochondria via its role as co-chaperone. Stimulates ATP hydrolysis, but not the folding of unfolded proteins mediated by HSPA1A (in vitro). Promotes apoptosis in response to cellular stress mediated by exposure to anisomycin or UV (By similarity). Functions as co-chaperone for HSPA1B and negatively regulates the translocation of BAX from the cytosol to mitochondria in response to cellular stress, thereby protecting cells against apoptosis. (397 aa) |
| | Pih1d3 | Protein PIH1D3; Plays a role in cytoplasmic pre-assembly of axonemal dynein. (218 aa) |
| | 4833427G06Rik | UPF0722 protein C11orf88 homolog; Belongs to the UPF0722 family. (168 aa) |
| | Armc2 | Armadillo repeat-containing protein 2; Required for sperm flagellum axoneme organization and function. Involved in axonemal central pair complex assembly and/or stability. (99 aa) |
| | Slirp | SRA stem-loop-interacting RNA-binding protein, mitochondrial; RNA-binding protein that acts as a nuclear receptor corepressor. Probably acts by binding the SRA RNA, and repressing the SRA-mediated nuclear receptor coactivation. Binds the STR7 loop of SRA RNA. Also able to repress glucocorticoid (GR), androgen (AR), thyroid (TR) and VDR-mediated transactivation (By similarity). (112 aa) |
| | Cacna1i | Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha; Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. This channel gives rise to T-type calcium currents. T-type calcium channels belong to the "low-voltage activated (LVA)" group and are strongly blocked by nickel and mibefradil. A particularity of this type of channels is an opening at quite ne [...] (2199 aa) |
| | Cfap43 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 43; Flagellar protein involved in sperm flagellum axoneme organization and function; Belongs to the CFAP43 family. (1682 aa) |
| | Slc9c1 | Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 10; Sperm-specific sodium/hydrogen exchanger involved in intracellular pH regulation of spermatozoa. Required for sperm motility and fertility. Involved in sperm cell hyperactivation, a step needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Required for the expression and bicarbonate regulation of the soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). (1175 aa) |
| | Fsip2 | Fibrous sheath-interacting protein 2; Plays a role in spermatogenesis. (6995 aa) |
| | Atp2b4 | Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4; Calcium/calmodulin-regulated and magnesium-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium out of the cell (By similarity). By regulating sperm cell calcium homeostasis, may play a role in sperm motility ; Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIB subfamily. (1205 aa) |
| | Wt1 | Wilms tumor protein homolog; Transcription factor that plays an important role in cellular development and cell survival. Recognizes and binds to the DNA sequence 5'- GCG(T/G)GGGCG-3' (By similarity). Regulates the expression of numerous target genes, including EPO. Plays an essential role for development of the urogenital system. It has a tumor suppressor as well as an oncogenic role in tumor formation. Function may be isoform- specific: isoforms lacking the KTS motif may act as transcription factors. Isoforms containing the KTS motif may bind mRNA and play a role in mRNA metabolism o [...] (517 aa) |
| | Ift88 | Intraflagellar transport protein 88 homolog; Involved in primary cilium biogenesis. Also involved in autophagy since it is required for trafficking of ATG16L and the expansion of the autophagic compartment. (825 aa) |
| | Wdr66 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 251; Involved in spermatozoa motility (By similarity). May also regulate cilium motility through its role in the assembly of the axonemal radial spokes (By similarity). (1299 aa) |
| | Met | Hepatocyte growth factor receptor; Receptor tyrosine kinase that transduces signals from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm by binding to hepatocyte growth factor/HGF ligand. Regulates many physiological processes including proliferation, scattering, morphogenesis and survival. Ligand binding at the cell surface induces autophosphorylation of MET on its intracellular domain that provides docking sites for downstream signaling molecules. Following activation by ligand, interacts with the PI3-kinase subunit PIK3R1, PLCG1, SRC, GRB2, STAT3 or the adapter GAB1. Recruitment of thes [...] (1379 aa) |
| | Ccdc151 | Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 151; Ciliary protein involved in outer dynein arm assembly and required for motile cilia function. (594 aa) |
| | Iqcg | Dynein regulatory complex protein 9; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes. Binds calmodulin when cellular Ca(2+) levels are low and thereby contributes to the regulation of calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CAMK4) activity; contributes to the regulation of CAMK4 signaling cascades (By similarity). Required for normal axoneme assembly in sperm flagella, normal sperm tail formation and f [...] (419 aa) |
| | Cfap53 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 53; May play a role in the beating of primary cilia and thereby be involved in the establishment of organ laterality during embryogenesis. (514 aa) |
| | Slc26a8 | Testis anion transporter 1; Acts as a DIDS-sensitive anion exchanger mediating chloride, sulfate and oxalate transport. May fulfill critical anion exchange functions in male germ line during meiosis and hence may play a role in spermatogenesis. May be involved in a new regulatory pathway linking sulfate transport to RhoGTPase signaling in male germ cells. A critical component of the sperm annulus that is essential for correct sperm tail differentiation and motility and hence male fertility. May form a molecular complex involved in the regulation of chloride and bicarbonate ions fluxes [...] (999 aa) |
| | Tcte1 | Dynein regulatory complex subunit 5; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes. May play a role in the assembly of N-DRC (By similarity). Required for sperm motility. (498 aa) |
| | Catsperd | Cation channel sperm-associated protein subunit delta; Auxiliary component of the CatSper complex, a complex involved in sperm cell hyperactivation. Sperm cell hyperactivation is needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Required for CATSPER1 stability before intraflagellar transport and/or incorporation of the CatSper complex channel into the flagellar membrane. (805 aa) |
| | Neurl1a | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEURL1; Plays a role in hippocampal-dependent synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Involved in the formation of spines and functional synaptic contacts by modulating the translational activity of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein CPEB3. Promotes ubiquitination of CPEB3, and hence induces CPEB3-dependent mRNA translation activation of glutamate receptor GRIA1 and GRIA2. Can function as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase to activate monoubiquitination of JAG1 (in vitro), thereby regulating the Notch pathway. Acts as a tumor suppressor; i [...] (574 aa) |
| | Atp1a4 | Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4; This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients. Plays a role in sperm motility (By similarity); Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIC subfamily. (1032 aa) |
| | Sord | Sorbitol dehydrogenase; Polyol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the reversible NAD(+)- dependent oxidation of various sugar alcohols (By similarity). Is active with D-sorbitol (D-glucitol) leading to the C2-oxidized product D-fructose. Is a key enzyme in the polyol pathway that interconverts glucose and fructose via sorbitol, which constitutes an important alternate route for glucose metabolism (By similarity). May play a role in sperm motility by using sorbitol as an alternative energy source for sperm motility and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Has no activity on ethanol. Cannot use N [...] (357 aa) |
| | Ropn1l | Ropporin-1-like protein; Important for male fertility. With ROPN1, involved in fibrous sheath integrity and sperm motility, plays a role in PKA-dependent signaling processes required for spermatozoa capacitation. (218 aa) |
| | Ttll8 | Protein monoglycylase TTLL8; Monoglycylase which modifies both tubulin and non-tubulin proteins, generating side chains of glycine on the gamma-carboxyl groups of specific glutamate residues of target proteins. Monoglycylates tubulin, with a preference for alpha-tubulin toward beta-tubulin. Has the ability to modify non-tubulin proteins such as ANP32A, ANP32B, SET and NCL. Involved in the side-chain initiation step of the glycylation reaction by adding a single glycine chain to generate monoglycine side chains. Not involved in elongation step of the polyglycylation reaction. (832 aa) |
| | Pltp | Phospholipid transfer protein; Facilitates the transfer of a spectrum of different lipid molecules, including diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, cerebroside and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Essential for the transfer of excess surface lipids from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to HDL, thereby facilitating the formation of smaller lipoprotein remnants, contributing to the formation of LDL, and assisting in the maturation of HDL particles. PLTP also plays a key role in the uptake of cholesterol from peripheral cells and tissues that [...] (493 aa) |
| | Cep131 | Centrosomal protein of 131 kDa; Component of centriolar satellites contributing to the building of a complex and dynamic network required to regulate cilia/flagellum formation. In proliferating cells, MIB1-mediated ubiquitination induces its sequestration within centriolar satellites, precluding untimely cilia formation initiation. In contrast, during normal and ultraviolet or heat shock cellular stress-induced ciliogenesis, its non-ubiquitinated form is rapidly displaced from centriolar satellites and recruited to centrosome/basal bodies in a microtubule- and p38 MAPK-dependent manner [...] (1059 aa) |
| | Dnaic1 | Dynein intermediate chain 1, axonemal; Part of the dynein complex of respiratory cilia. (701 aa) |
| | Cfap157 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 157; Specifically required during spermatogenesis for flagellum morphogenesis and sperm motility. May be required to suppress the formation of supernumerary axonemes and ensure a correct ultrastructure ; Belongs to the CFAP157 family. (523 aa) |
| | Tekt2 | Tektin-2; Structural component of ciliary and flagellar microtubules. Plays a key role in the assembly or attachment of the inner dynein arm to microtubules in sperm flagella and tracheal cilia. Forms filamentous polymers in the walls of ciliary and flagellar microtubules. Belongs to the tektin family. (430 aa) |
| | AU040320 | Dyslexia-associated protein KIAA0319-like protein; Possible role in axon guidance through interaction with RTN4R. (1085 aa) |
| | Ttll9 | Probable tubulin polyglutamylase TTLL9; Probable tubulin polyglutamylase that forms polyglutamate side chains on tubulin. Acts when complexed with other proteins (Probable). By mediating tubulin polyglutamylation, plays a role in the establishment of microtubule heterogeneity in sperm flagella. (464 aa) |
| | Cfap44 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 44; Flagellar protein involved in sperm flagellum axoneme organization and function; Belongs to the CFAP44 family. (1843 aa) |
| | Ddx4 | ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX4; ATP-dependent RNA helicase required during spermatogenesis to repress transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Involved in the secondary piRNAs metabolic process, the production of piRNAs in fetal male germ cells through a ping-pong amplification cycle. Requir [...] (728 aa) |
| | Smcp | Sperm mitochondrial-associated cysteine-rich protein; Involved in sperm motility. Its absence is associated with genetic background dependent male infertility. Infertility may be due to reduced sperm motility in the female reproductive tract and inability to penetrate the oocyte zona pellucida. (143 aa) |
| | Tmf1 | TATA element modulatory factor; Potential coactivator of the androgen receptor. May play critical roles in two RAB6-dependent retrograde transport processes: one from endosomes to the Golgi and the other from the Golgi to the ER (By similarity). Mediates STAT3 degradation. (1091 aa) |
| | Spag6 | Sperm-associated antigen 6. (509 aa) |
| | Ccnyl1 | Cyclin Y-like 1. (291 aa) |
| | Cfap65 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 65; May play a role in sperm motility. Belongs to the CFAP65 family. (1847 aa) |
| | Inpp5b | Type II inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase; Hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtIns(4,5)P2) and the signaling molecule phosphatidylinositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate (PtIns(1,4,5)P3), and thereby modulates cellular signaling events. (993 aa) |
| | Qrich2 | Glutamine-rich protein 2; Has an essential role in the formation of sperm flagella and flagellar structure maintainance. It acts as a suppressor of ubiquitination and degradation of proteins involved in flagellar development and motility. (592 aa) |
| | Slc22a14 | Solute carrier family 22 (Organic cation transporter), member 14. (629 aa) |
| | Gas8 | Dynein regulatory complex subunit 4; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes. Plays an important role in the assembly of the N-DRC linker (By similarity). Plays dual roles at both the primary (or non-motile) cilia to regulate hedgehog signaling and in motile cilia to coordinate cilia movement. Required for proper motile cilia functioning. Positively regulates ciliary smoothened (SMO)-dependent Hedgehog (Hh [...] (478 aa) |
| | Nme8 | Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 3; Probably required during the final stages of sperm tail maturation in the testis and/or epididymis, where extensive disulfide bonding of fibrous sheath (FS) proteins occurs. May be involved in the reduction of disulfide bonds within the sperm FS components. In vitro, it has neither NDP kinase nor reducing activity on disulfide bonds (By similarity). (586 aa) |
| | Prss55 | Serine protease 55; Probable serine protease; Belongs to the peptidase S1 family. (321 aa) |
| | Cfap45 | Cilia and flagella-associated protein 45. (551 aa) |
| | Dnah11 | Dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 11. (4488 aa) |
| | Nphp4 | Nephrocystin-4; Involved in the organization of apical junctions; the function is proposed to implicate a NPHP1-4-8 module. Does not seem to be strictly required for ciliogenesis (By similarity). Required for building functional cilia. Involved in the organization of the subapical actin network in multiciliated epithelial cells. Seems to recruit INT to basal bodies of motile cilia which subsequently interacts with actin-modifying proteins such as DAAM1 (By similarity). In cooperation with INVS may downregulate the canonical Wnt pathway and promote the Wnt-PCP pathway by regulating expr [...] (1425 aa) |
| | Ing2 | Inhibitor of growth protein 2; Seems to be involved in p53/TP53 activation and p53/TP53- dependent apoptotic pathways, probably by enhancing acetylation of p53/TP53. Component of a mSin3A-like corepressor complex, which is probably involved in deacetylation of nucleosomal histones. ING2 activity seems to be modulated by binding to phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) (By similarity); Belongs to the ING family. (281 aa) |
| | Slc9b1 | Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9B1; Sperm-specific Na(+)/H(+) exchanger involved in intracellular pH regulation of spermatozoa. Involved in sperm motility and fertility. (565 aa) |
| | Slc22a16 | Solute carrier family 22 member 16; High affinity carnitine transporter; the uptake is partially sodium-ion dependent. Thought to mediate the L-carnitine secretion mechanism from testis epididymal epithelium into the lumen which is involved in the maturation of spermatozoa. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) and doxorubicin. The uptake of TEA is inhibited by various organic cations. The uptake of doxorubicin is sodium-independent (By similarity). (649 aa) |
| | Tex101 | Testis-expressed protein 101; Plays a role in fertilization by controlling binding of sperm to zona pellucida and migration of spermatozoa into the oviduct probably through molecule adhesion ADAM3. May play a role in signal transduction and promote protein tyrosine phosphorylation (By similarity). (250 aa) |
| | Fam71d | Family with sequence similarity 71, member D. (440 aa) |
| | Cfap58 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 58. (873 aa) |
| | Meig1 | Meiosis-expressed gene 1 protein; Essential for spermiogenesis; Belongs to the MEIG1 family. (88 aa) |
| | Spag16 | Sperm-associated antigen 16 protein; Necessary for sperm flagellar function. Plays a role in motile ciliogenesis. May help to recruit STK36 to the cilium or apical surface of the cell to initiate subsequent steps of construction of the central pair apparatus of motile cilia. (639 aa) |
| | Dnah5 | Dynein heavy chain 5, axonemal; Force generating protein of respiratory cilia. Produces force towards the minus ends of microtubules. Dynein has ATPase activity; the force-producing power stroke is thought to occur on release of ADP. Required for structural and functional integrity of the cilia of ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles. Belongs to the dynein heavy chain family. (4621 aa) |
| | Vps13a | Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 13A; May play a role in the control of protein cycling through the trans-Golgi network to early and late endosomes, lysosomes and plasma membrane. (3166 aa) |
| | Pla2g3 | Phospholipase A2, group III. (504 aa) |
| | Slc9b2 | Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9B2; Na(+)/H(+) antiporter that extrudes Na(+) or Li(+) in exchange for external protons across the membrane. Contributes to the regulation of intracellular pH, sodium homeostasis, and cell volume. Plays an important role for insulin secretion and clathrin-mediated endocytosis in beta-cells. Involved in sperm motility and fertility. It is controversial whether SLC9B2 plays a role in osteoclast differentiation or not. Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) transporter (TC 2.A.36) family. (547 aa) |
| | Efcab9 | EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein 9; pH-dependent Ca(2+) sensor required to activate the CatSper channel, a complex involved in sperm cell hyperactivation. Sperm cell hyperactivation is needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Associates with the CatSper complex via direct interaction with CATSPERZ, and senses intracellular Ca(2+). Together with CATSPERZ, associates with the CatSper channel pore and is required for the two-row structure of each single CatSper channel. (216 aa) |
| | Prm3 | Protamine-3; Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex. (101 aa) |
| | Spata33 | Spermatogenesis-associated protein 33. (132 aa) |
| | Catsperz | Cation channel sperm-associated protein subunit zeta; Auxiliary component of the CatSper complex, a complex involved in sperm cell hyperactivation. Sperm cell hyperactivation is needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Required for a distribution of the CatSper complex in linear quadrilateral nanodomains along the flagellum, maximizing fertilization inside the mammalian female reproductive tract. Together with EFCAB9, associates with the CatSper channel pore and is required for the two- row structure of each single CatSper channel. (194 aa) |
| | Ttc12 | Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 12. (704 aa) |
| | Txndc2 | Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 2; Probably plays a regulatory role in sperm development. May participate in regulation of fibrous sheath (FS) assembly by supporting the formation of disulfide bonds during sperm tail morphogenesis. May also be required to rectify incorrect disulfide pairing and generate suitable pairs between the FS constituents. Can reduce disulfide bonds in vitro in the presence of NADP and thioredoxin reductase. (550 aa) |
| | Insl6 | Insulin-like peptide INSL6 A chain; May have a role in sperm development and fertilization; Belongs to the insulin family. (191 aa) |
| | Drc7 | Dynein regulatory complex subunit 7; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes. Involved in the regulation of flagellar motility. (876 aa) |
| | Cfap69 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 69; Cilium- and flagellum-associated protein. In the olfactory epithelium, regulates the speed of activation and termination of the odor response and thus contributes to the robustness of olfactory transduction pathways. Required for sperm flagellum assembly and stability. (942 aa) |
| | Tnp2 | Nuclear transition protein 2; Plays a key role in the replacement of histones to protamine in the elongating spermatids of mammals. In condensing spermatids, loaded onto the nucleosomes, where it promotes the recruitment and processing of protamines, which are responsible for histone eviction. The histone H2AB1-H2BC1/TH2B dimer is required for loading of TNP2 onto chromatin. Belongs to the nuclear transition protein 2 family. (117 aa) |
| | Ly6k | Lymphocyte antigen 6K; Required for sperm migration into the oviduct and male fertility by controlling binding of sperm to zona pellucida. May play a role in cell growth (By similarity). (154 aa) |
| | Gk2 | Glycerol kinase 2; Key enzyme in the regulation of glycerol uptake and metabolism; Belongs to the FGGY kinase family. (554 aa) |
| | Catsper4 | Cation channel sperm-associated protein 4; Voltage-gated calcium channel that plays a central role in sperm cell hyperactivation. Controls calcium entry to mediate the hyperactivated motility, a step needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Activated by intracellular alkalinization; Belongs to the cation channel sperm-associated (TC 1.A.1.19) family. (442 aa) |
| | Akap4 | A-kinase anchor protein 4; Major structural component of sperm fibrous sheath. Plays a role in sperm motility. (849 aa) |
| | Ttll5 | Tubulin polyglutamylase TTLL5; Polyglutamylase which preferentially modifies alpha-tubulin. Involved in the side-chain initiation step of the polyglutamylation reaction rather than in the elongation step. Required for CCSAP localization to both spindle and cilia microtubules (By similarity). Increases the effects of NCOA2 in glucocorticoid receptor-mediated repression and induction and in androgen receptor-mediated induction (By similarity). Belongs to the tubulin--tyrosine ligase family. (1328 aa) |
| | Pih1h3b | PIH1 domain-containing 3B. (218 aa) |
| | Gm17018 | Protein DPCD; May play a role in the formation or function of ciliated cells; Belongs to the DPCD family. (203 aa) |
| | Catsper1 | Cation channel sperm-associated protein 1; Voltage-gated calcium channel that plays a central role in sperm cell hyperactivation. Controls calcium entry to mediate the hyperactivated motility, a step needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Activated by intracellular alkalinization. Belongs to the cation channel sperm-associated (TC 1.A.1.19) family. (686 aa) |
| | Dnah1 | Dynein heavy chain 1, axonemal; Force generating protein of cilia required for sperm flagellum motility. Produces force towards the minus ends of microtubules. Dynein has ATPase activity; the force-producing power stroke is thought to occur on release of ADP (By similarity). Required in spermatozoa for the formation of the inner dynein arms and biogenesis of the axoneme (By similarity). (4250 aa) |
| | Tekt3 | Tektin-3; May be a structural component of the sperm flagellum. Required for normal sperm mobility; Belongs to the tektin family. (490 aa) |
| | Dzip1 | Zinc finger protein DZIP1; May participate in spermatogenesis via its interaction with DAZL. Has a role in primary cilium formation. Belongs to the DZIP C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. (852 aa) |
| | Tex43 | Testis-expressed protein 43. (141 aa) |
| | Klc3 | Kinesin light chain 3; Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport. (508 aa) |
| | Tbc1d21 | TBC1 domain family member 21; May act as a GTPase-activating protein for Rab family protein(s). May be involved in acrosome formation and cytoskeletal reorganization during spermiogenesis, possibly by regulating RAB3A activity. (336 aa) |
| | Spem1 | Spermatid maturation protein 1; Required for proper cytoplasm removal during spermatogenesis. (310 aa) |
| | H1f6 | Histone H1t; Testis-specific histone H1 that forms less compacted chromatin compared to other H1 histone subtypes. Formation of more relaxed chromatin may be required to promote chromatin architecture required for proper chromosome regulation during meiosis, such as homologous recombination. Histones H1 act as linkers that bind to nucleosomes and compact polynucleosomes into a higher-order chromatin configuration. (209 aa) |
| | Catsper2 | Cation channel sperm-associated protein 2; Voltage-gated calcium channel that plays a central role in sperm cell hyperactivation. Controls calcium entry to mediate the hyperactivated motility, a step needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Activated by intracellular alkalinization. (588 aa) |
| | Apob | Apolipoprotein B-100; Apolipoprotein B is a major protein constituent of chylomicrons (apo B-48), LDL (apo B-100) and VLDL (apo B-100). Apo B- 100 functions as a recognition signal for the cellular binding and internalization of LDL particles by the apoB/E receptor. (4505 aa) |
| | Spef2 | Sperm flagellar protein 2; Required for correct axoneme development in spermatozoa. Important for normal development of the manchette and sperm head morphology. Essential for male fertility. Plays a role in localization of the intraflagellar transport protein IFT20 to the manchette, suggesting function as an adapter for dynein-mediated protein transport during spermatogenesis. Also plays a role in bone growth where it seems to be required for normal osteoblast differentiation. (875 aa) |
| | Mst1 | Hepatocyte growth factor-like protein alpha chain. (716 aa) |
| | Ttc21a | Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 21A; Intraflagellar transport (IFT)-associated protein required for spermatogenesis. Required for sperm flagellar formation and intraflagellar transport. Belongs to the TTC21 family. (1314 aa) |
| | Mns1 | Meiosis-specific nuclear structural protein 1; May play a role in the control of meiotic division and germ cell differentiation through regulation of pairing and recombination during meiosis. (491 aa) |
| | Bbs2 | Bardet-Biedl syndrome 2 protein homolog; The BBSome complex is thought to function as a coat complex required for sorting of specific membrane proteins to the primary cilia. The BBSome complex is required for ciliogenesis but is dispensable for centriolar satellite function. This ciliogenic function is mediated in part by the Rab8 GDP/GTP exchange factor, which localizes to the basal body and contacts the BBSome. Rab8(GTP) enters the primary cilium and promotes extension of the ciliary membrane. Firstly the BBSome associates with the ciliary membrane and binds to RAB3IP/Rabin8, the gua [...] (721 aa) |
| | Adam3 | A disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain 3; Involved in fertilization by controlling sperm migration into oviduct. (822 aa) |
| | Pgk2 | Phosphoglycerate kinase 2; Essential for sperm motility and male fertility but is not required for the completion of spermatogenesis. (417 aa) |
| | Yif1b | Protein YIF1B; Belongs to the YIF1 family. (311 aa) |
| | Chrna7 | Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7; After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane. The channel is blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin. (502 aa) |
| | Ints13 | Integrator complex subunit 13; Crucial regulator of the mitotic cell cycle and development. At prophase, required for dynein anchoring to the nuclear envelope important for proper centrosome-nucleus coupling. At G2/M phase, may be required for proper spindle formation and execution of cytokinesis. Probable component of the Integrator (INT) complex, a complex involved in the small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) U1 and U2 transcription and in their 3'-box-dependent processing. (732 aa) |
| | Ttll3 | Tubulin monoglycylase TTLL3; Monoglycylase which modifies alpha- and beta-tubulin, generating side chains of glycine on the gamma-carboxyl groups of specific glutamate residues within the C-terminal tail of alpha- and beta-tubulin. Involved in the side-chain initiation step of the glycylation reaction by adding a single glycine chain to generate monoglycine side chains. Not involved in elongation step of the polyglycylation reaction. (927 aa) |
| | Ift81 | Intraflagellar transport protein 81 homolog; Component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B: together with IFT74, forms a tubulin-binding module that specifically mediates transport of tubulin within the cilium. Binds tubulin via its CH (calponin-homology)-like region. Required for ciliogenesis. Required for proper regulation of SHH signaling. [Isoform CDV-1R]: May play a role in development of the testis and spermatogenesis. (676 aa) |
| | Nsun7 | Putative methyltransferase NSUN7; May have S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyl-transferase activity. (705 aa) |
| | Cfap206 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 206; May regulate cilium motility through its role in the assembly of the axonemal radial spokes. (622 aa) |
| | Ccdc39 | Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 39; Required for assembly of dynein regulatory complex (DRC) and inner dynein arm (IDA) complexes, which are responsible for ciliary beat regulation, thereby playing a central role in motility in cilia and flagella. Probably acts together with CCDC40 to form a molecular ruler that determines the 96 nanometer (nm) repeat length and arrangements of components in cilia and flagella. Not required for outer dynein arm complexes assembly. (937 aa) |
| | Enkur | Enkurin; Adapter that functions to localize a calcium-sensitive signal transduction machinery in sperm to a calcium-permeable ion channel. (255 aa) |
| | Tnp1 | Spermatid nuclear transition protein 1; Plays a key role in the replacement of histones to protamine in the elongating spermatids of mammals. In condensing spermatids, loaded onto the nucleosomes, where it promotes the recruitment and processing of protamines, which are responsible for histone eviction. The histone H2AB1-H2BC1/TH2B dimer is required for loading of TNP1 onto chromatin. (55 aa) |
| | Lztfl1 | Leucine zipper transcription factor-like protein 1; Regulates ciliary localization of the BBSome complex. Together with the BBSome complex, controls SMO ciliary trafficking and contributes to the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway regulation. May play a role in neurite outgrowth. May have tumor suppressor function. Belongs to the LZTFL1 family. (299 aa) |
| | Tekt4 | Tektin-4; May be a structural component of the sperm flagellum. Contributes to normal sperm motility. (447 aa) |
| | Ropn1 | Ropporin-1; Important for male fertility. With ROPN1L, involved in fibrous sheath integrity and sperm motility, plays a role in PKA- dependent signaling processes required for spermatozoa capacitation. (212 aa) |
| | Spag6l | Sperm-associated antigen 6; Important for structural integrity of the central apparatus in the sperm tail and for flagellar motility. (507 aa) |
| | Rabl2 | Rab-like protein 2A; Plays an essential role in male fertility, sperm intra- flagellar transport, and tail assembly. Binds, in a GTP-regulated manner, to a specific set of effector proteins including key proteins involved in cilia development and function and delivers them into the growing sperm tail. (223 aa) |
| | Lrrc6 | Protein tilB homolog; May play a role in dynein arm assembly, hence essential for proper axoneme building for cilia motility; Belongs to the tilB family. (473 aa) |
| | Catsper3 | Cation channel sperm-associated protein 3; Voltage-gated calcium channel that plays a central role in sperm cell hyperactivation. Controls calcium entry to mediate the hyperactivated motility, a step needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Activated by intracellular alkalinization. (395 aa) |
| | Cfap52 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 52; May play a role in cell growth and/or survival. Belongs to the CFAP52 family. (620 aa) |
| | Tekt1 | Tektin-1; Structural component of ciliary and flagellar microtubules. Forms filamentous polymers in the walls of ciliary and flagellar microtubules (By similarity). (418 aa) |
| | Ube2b | Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 B; Accepts ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. In association with the E3 enzyme BRE1 (RNF20 and/or RNF40), it plays a role in transcription regulation by catalyzing the monoubiquitination of histone H2B at 'Lys- 120' to form H2BK120ub1. H2BK120ub1 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation, elongation by RNA polymerase II, telomeric silencing, and is also a prerequisite for H3K4me and H3K79me formation. In vitro catalyzes 'Lys-11'-, as well as 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiqui [...] (152 aa) |
| | Tpgs1 | Tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit 1; May act in the targeting of the tubulin polyglutamylase complex. Required for the development of the spermatid flagellum. (303 aa) |
| | Sept4 | Septin-4; Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase. Forms a filamentous structure with SEPTIN12, SEPTIN6, SEPTIN2 and probably SEPTIN4 at the sperm annulus which is required for the structural integrity and motility of the sperm tail during postmeiotic differentiation (By similarity). May play a role in cytokinesis (Potential). May play a role in platelet secretion (By similarity). (478 aa) |
| | Ttll1 | Probable tubulin polyglutamylase TTLL1; Catalytic subunit of the neuronal tubulin polyglutamylase complex. Modifies alpha- and beta-tubulin, generating side chains of glutamate on the gamma-carboxyl groups of specific glutamate residues within the C-terminal tail of alpha- and beta-tubulin. (423 aa) |
| | Ldhc | L-lactate dehydrogenase C chain; Possible role in sperm motility; Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. LDH family. (332 aa) |
| | Cfap97d1 | Uncharacterized protein CFAP97D1; Belongs to the CFAP97 family. (164 aa) |
| | Taf7l | Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 7-like; Probably functions as a spermatogenesis-specific component of the DNA-binding general transcription factor complex TFIID, a multimeric protein complex that plays a central role in mediating promoter responses to various activators and repressors. May play a role in spermatogenesis; Belongs to the TAF7 family. (471 aa) |
| | Cabs1 | Calcium-binding and spermatid-specific protein 1. (391 aa) |
| | Tssk4 | Testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase 4; [Isoform 1]: Serine/threonine kinase which is involved in male germ cell development and in mature sperm function. May be involved in the Cre/Creb signaling pathway. Phosphorylates CREB1 on 'Ser-133' in vitro and can stimulate Cre/Creb pathway in cells (By similarity). Phosphorylates CREM on 'Ser-116' in vitro. Phosphorylates ODF2 on 'Ser-95'. [Isoform 3]: Catalytically inactive. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (292 aa) |
