STRINGSTRING
Gtpbp2 Gtpbp2 Atm Atm Rnaset2a Rnaset2a Ttc37 Ttc37 Cdadc1 Cdadc1 Cnot1 Cnot1 Exosc6 Exosc6 Pde2a Pde2a Nbdy Nbdy Samd4b Samd4b Exosc5 Exosc5 Eif4a3l1 Eif4a3l1 Rbm8a Rbm8a Dnase2b Dnase2b Ncf2 Ncf2 Entpd4b Entpd4b Slfn14 Slfn14 Entpd4 Entpd4 Rnaset2b Rnaset2b Hspa1b Hspa1b Dis3l2 Dis3l2 Pde7b Pde7b Nt5c2 Nt5c2 Ssb Ssb Ctif Ctif Pym1 Pym1 Dis3l Dis3l Pnldc1 Pnldc1 Acot7 Acot7 Gm4737 Gm4737 Lsm5 Lsm5 Rbm7 Rbm7 Rnps1 Rnps1 Mgat1 Mgat1 Cnot11 Cnot11 Rc3h1 Rc3h1 Pde8b Pde8b Fhit Fhit Cnot6 Cnot6 Ythdf2 Ythdf2 Lsm6 Lsm6 Zpr1 Zpr1 Cnot7 Cnot7 Fen1 Fen1 Entpd1 Entpd1 Dna2 Dna2 Mus81 Mus81 Mettl16 Mettl16 Enpp1 Enpp1 Pde4d Pde4d Adal Adal Tent4b Tent4b Isg20 Isg20 Sidt2 Sidt2 Entpd8 Entpd8 Rexo4 Rexo4 Gspt2 Gspt2 Cnot6l Cnot6l Dcp1b Dcp1b Apobec1 Apobec1 Lrpprc Lrpprc Pde4c Pde4c Rnaseh2a Rnaseh2a Apobec3 Apobec3 Fitm2 Fitm2 Pelo Pelo Nudt7 Nudt7 Cnot8 Cnot8 Helz2 Helz2 Sarm1 Sarm1 Zcchc7 Zcchc7 Pde4b Pde4b Cant1 Cant1 Urah Urah Exosc9 Exosc9 Exosc8 Exosc8 Csde1 Csde1 Nudt17 Nudt17 Mettl14 Mettl14 Uox Uox Exosc3 Exosc3 Ncbp1 Ncbp1 Vcp Vcp Magoh Magoh Pnrc2 Pnrc2 Cda Cda Dffa Dffa Dffb Dffb Nudt9 Nudt9 Pan3 Pan3 Nt5c3 Nt5c3 Magohb Magohb Smg1 Smg1 Ern2 Ern2 Trex2 Trex2 Lsm4 Lsm4 Dcps Dcps Acat1 Acat1 Xrn1 Xrn1 Nt5e Nt5e Mlh1 Mlh1 Exog Exog Nudt16 Nudt16 Nudt16l2 Nudt16l2 Nbas Nbas Skiv2l Skiv2l Entpd3 Entpd3 Pde4a Pde4a Zc3h12a Zc3h12a Upf3a Upf3a Smg5 Smg5 Snd1 Snd1 Pabpc1 Pabpc1 Abcd1 Abcd1 Smg9 Smg9 Gmpr2 Gmpr2 Nt5c1b Nt5c1b Dnase2a Dnase2a Pan2 Pan2 Ampd3 Ampd3 Dnase1 Dnase1 Lsm2 Lsm2 Khsrp Khsrp Endog Endog Ncf1 Ncf1 Casc3 Casc3 Exosc10 Exosc10 Ada Ada Dnase1l1 Dnase1l1 Smpdl3a Smpdl3a Enpp3 Enpp3 Nudt4 Nudt4 Supv3l1 Supv3l1 Wdr82 Wdr82 Hint1 Hint1 Upp1 Upp1 Pnpt1 Pnpt1 Smg8 Smg8 Rnaseh1 Rnaseh1 Ddx5 Ddx5 Nt5c Nt5c Zfp36l1 Zfp36l1 Nt5el Nt5el Mtrex Mtrex Nudt13 Nudt13 Samd4 Samd4 Rnaseh2b Rnaseh2b Dcp1a Dcp1a Mettl3 Mettl3 Dpys Dpys Rida Rida Eif3e Eif3e Tymp Tymp Ncbp2 Ncbp2 Noct Noct Enpp5 Enpp5 Enpp4 Enpp4 Xdh Xdh Nudt3 Nudt3 Nudt12 Nudt12 Mtpap Mtpap Polr2d Polr2d Etf1 Etf1 Dcp2 Dcp2 Nudt8 Nudt8 Rnaseh2c Rnaseh2c Dnase1l3 Dnase1l3 Eif4a3 Eif4a3 Pde8a Pde8a Hprt Hprt Exosc7 Exosc7 Nudt5 Nudt5 Entpd2 Entpd2 Patl2 Patl2 Xrn2 Xrn2 Pde9a Pde9a Cnot3 Cnot3 Edc4 Edc4 Dpyd Dpyd Nudt15 Nudt15 Slfn8 Slfn8 Zc3h12d Zc3h12d Aicda Aicda Lsm1 Lsm1 Smg7 Smg7 Dis3 Dis3 Apex1 Apex1 Exosc2 Exosc2 Smg6 Smg6 Dicer1 Dicer1 Pnp Pnp Trir Trir Slfn9 Slfn9 Tut4 Tut4 Lsm7 Lsm7 Dnph1 Dnph1 Dxo Dxo Apobec2 Apobec2 Nudt19 Nudt19 Dctpp1 Dctpp1 Tent2 Tent2 Setmar Setmar Edc3 Edc3 Upb1 Upb1 Pycrl Pycrl Lin28a Lin28a Zfp36l2 Zfp36l2 Exosc4 Exosc4 Trex1 Trex1 Pop1 Pop1 Foxl2 Foxl2 Parn Parn Zfp36 Zfp36 Upf2 Upf2 Pde12 Pde12 Samhd1 Samhd1 Nudt1 Nudt1 Patl1 Patl1 Upp2 Upp2 Ahcy Ahcy Cnot10 Cnot10 Art2b Art2b Ago3 Ago3 Pde5a Pde5a Nt5c1a Nt5c1a Nanos2 Nanos2 Fbh1 Fbh1 Tut7 Tut7 Zfp36l3 Zfp36l3 Entpd5 Entpd5 Ang4 Ang4 Exosc1 Exosc1 Upf1 Upf1 Upf3b Upf3b Lin28b Lin28b Gspt1 Gspt1 Thrap3 Thrap3 Entpd7 Entpd7 Oas2 Oas2 Dut Dut Ago4 Ago4 Galt Galt Gm45837 Gm45837 Cnot9 Cnot9 Hspa1a Hspa1a Gda Gda Dera Dera Dnase1l2 Dnase1l2 Nudt18 Nudt18 Pde10a Pde10a Pabpn1l Pabpn1l Entpd6 Entpd6 Dhx34 Dhx34 Pnp2 Pnp2 Polr2g Polr2g Zhx2 Zhx2 Ago1 Ago1 Mlycd Mlycd Zc3h4 Zc3h4 Pde7a Pde7a Rc3h2 Rc3h2 Urad Urad Cnp Cnp Itpa Itpa Mrto4 Mrto4 Nt5m Nt5m Nudt10 Nudt10 Nudt11 Nudt11 Rbm8a2 Rbm8a2 Cnot2 Cnot2 Mex3d Mex3d
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proteins of unknown 3D structure
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Gtpbp2GTP-binding protein 2. (602 aa)
AtmSerine-protein kinase ATM; Serine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling upon double strand breaks (DSBs), apoptosis and genotoxic stresses such as ionizing ultraviolet A light (UVA), thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]- Q. Phosphorylates 'Ser-139' of histone variant H2AX at double strand breaks (DSBs), thereby regulating DNA damage response mechanism. Also plays a role in pre-B cell allelic exclusion, a process leading to expression of a single immunoglobulin heavy chain allele to enforce clonality and monospec [...] (3066 aa)
Rnaset2aRibonuclease T2A. (259 aa)
Ttc37Tetratricopeptide repeat domain 37. (1563 aa)
Cdadc1Cytidine and dCMP deaminase domain-containing protein 1; May play an important role in testicular development and spermatogenesis. (525 aa)
Cnot1CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 1; Scaffolding component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression. Its scaffolding function implies its interaction with the catalytic complex module and diverse RNA-binding proteins mediating the complex recruitment to selected mRN [...] (2369 aa)
Exosc6Exosome complex component MTR3; Non-catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. In the nucleus, the RNA exosome complex is involved in proper maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, in the elimination of RNA processing by-products and non-coding 'pervasive' transcripts, such as antisense RNA species and promoter-upstream transcripts (PROMPTs), and of mRNAs with processing defects, thereby limiting or excluding their export to the cytop [...] (273 aa)
Pde2acGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase; Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with a dual-specificity for the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, which are key regulators of many important physiological processes. (945 aa)
NbdyNegative regulator of P-body association. (43 aa)
Samd4bProtein Smaug homolog 2; Has transcriptional repressor activity. Overexpression inhibits the transcriptional activities of AP-1, p53/TP53 and CDKN1A (By similarity); Belongs to the SMAUG family. (687 aa)
Exosc5Exosome complex component RRP46; Non-catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. In the nucleus, the RNA exosome complex is involved in proper maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, in the elimination of RNA processing by-products and non-coding 'pervasive' transcripts, such as antisense RNA species and promoter-upstream transcripts (PROMPTs), and of mRNAs with processing defects, thereby limiting or excluding their export to the cyto [...] (235 aa)
Eif4a3l1Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A3-like 1; Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. (411 aa)
Rbm8aRNA-binding protein 8A; Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome (By similarity). Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. The EJC marks the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA for the gene expression machinery and the core components remain [...] (174 aa)
Dnase2bDeoxyribonuclease-2-beta; Hydrolyzes DNA under acidic conditions. Does not require divalent cations for activity. Participates in the degradation of nuclear DNA during lens cell differentiation. (354 aa)
Ncf2Neutrophil cytosol factor 2; NCF2, NCF1, and a membrane bound cytochrome b558 are required for activation of the latent NADPH oxidase (necessary for superoxide production). (525 aa)
Entpd4bEctonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 4B. (613 aa)
Slfn14C-terminally truncated SLFN14 endoribonuclease; [Protein SLFN14]: Shows no ribosome-associated and endoribonuclease activities. (899 aa)
Entpd4Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 4; Hydrolyzes preferentially nucleoside 5'-diphosphates, nucleoside 5'-triphosphates are hydrolyzed only to a minor extent. Belongs to the GDA1/CD39 NTPase family. (613 aa)
Rnaset2bRibonuclease T2-A; Has ribonuclease activity, with higher activity at acidic pH. May play a role in cellular RNA catabolism. Probably is involved in lysosomal degradation of ribosomal RNA. (259 aa)
Hspa1bHeat shock 70 kDa protein 1B; Molecular chaperone implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including protection of the proteome from stress, folding and transport of newly synthesized polypeptides, activation of proteolysis of misfolded proteins and the formation and dissociation of protein complexes. Plays a pivotal role in the protein quality control system, ensuring the correct folding of proteins, the re-folding of misfolded proteins and controlling the targeting of proteins for subsequent degradation. This is achieved through cycles of ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis and AD [...] (642 aa)
Dis3l2DIS3-like exonuclease 2; 3'-5'-exoribonuclease that specifically recognizes RNAs polyuridylated at their 3' end and mediates their degradation. Component of an exosome-independent RNA degradation pathway that mediates degradation of both mRNAs and miRNAs that have been polyuridylated by a terminal uridylyltransferase, such as ZCCHC11/TUT4. Mediates degradation of cytoplasmic mRNAs that have been deadenylated and subsequently uridylated at their 3'. Mediates degradation of uridylated pre-let-7 miRNAs, contributing to the maintenance of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Essential for correct mi [...] (884 aa)
Pde7bcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7B; Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes. May be involved in the control of cAMP-mediated neural activity and cAMP metabolism in the brain. (498 aa)
Nt5c2Cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase; May have a critical role in the maintenance of a constant composition of intracellular purine/pyrimidine nucleotides in cooperation with other nucleotidases. Preferentially hydrolyzes inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) and other purine nucleotides (By similarity). Belongs to the 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase family. (586 aa)
SsbLupus La protein homolog; Binds to the 3' poly(U) terminus of nascent RNA polymerase III transcripts, protecting them from exonuclease digestion and facilitating their folding and maturation. (415 aa)
CtifCBP80/20-dependent translation initiation factor; Specifically required for the pioneer round of mRNA translation mediated by the cap-binding complex (CBC), that takes place during or right after mRNA export via the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Acts via its interaction with the NCBP1/CBP80 component of the CBC complex and recruits the 40S small subunit of the ribosome via eIF3. In contrast, it is not involved in steady state translation, that takes place when the CBC complex is replaced by cytoplasmic cap-binding protein eIF4E. Also required for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), the p [...] (623 aa)
Pym1Partner of Y14 and mago; Key regulator of the exon junction complex (EJC), a multiprotein complex that associates immediately upstream of the exon- exon junction on mRNAs and serves as a positional landmark for the intron exon structure of genes and directs post-transcriptional processes in the cytoplasm such as mRNA export, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) or translation. Acts as an EJC disassembly factor, allowing translation-dependent EJC removal and recycling by disrupting mature EJC from spliced mRNAs. Its association with the 40S ribosomal subunit probably prevents a translatio [...] (203 aa)
Dis3lDIS3-like exonuclease 1; Putative cytoplasm-specific catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. In the cytoplasm, the RNA exosome complex is involved in general mRNA turnover and specifically degrades inherently unstable mRNAs containing AU-rich elements (AREs) within their 3' untranslated regions, and in RNA surveillance pathways, preventing translation of aberrant mRNAs. It seems to be involved in degradation of histone mRNA. (1053 aa)
Pnldc1Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease PNLDC1; 3'-exoribonuclease that has a preference for poly(A) tails of mRNAs, thereby efficiently degrading poly(A) tails. Exonucleolytic degradation of the poly(A) tail is often the first step in the decay of eukaryotic mRNAs and is also used to silence certain maternal mRNAs translationally during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. May act as a regulator of multipotency in embryonic stem cells. (531 aa)
Acot7Cytosolic acyl coenzyme A thioester hydrolase; Acyl-CoA thioesterases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A (CoASH), providing the potential to regulate intracellular levels of acyl-CoAs, free fatty acids and CoASH. Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 7/ACOT7 preferentially hydrolyzes palmitoyl-CoA, but has a broad specificity acting on other fatty acyl-CoAs with chain-lengths of C8-C18 (Probable). May play an important physiological function in brain. (384 aa)
Gm4737Predicted gene 4737. (432 aa)
Lsm5U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm5; Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA. (91 aa)
Rbm7RNA-binding protein 7; RNA-binding subunit of the trimeric nuclear exosome targeting (NEXT) complex, a complex that functions as an RNA exosome cofactor that directs a subset of non-coding short-lived RNAs for exosomal degradation. NEXT is involved in surveillance and turnover of aberrant transcripts and non-coding RNAs. Binds preferentially polyuridine sequences and associates with newly synthesized RNAs, including pre- mRNAs and short-lived exosome substrates such as promoter upstream transcripts (PROMPTs), enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), and 3'-extended products from small nuclear RNAs (snRN [...] (265 aa)
Rnps1RNA-binding protein with serine-rich domain 1; Part of pre- and post-splicing multiprotein mRNP complexes. Auxiliary component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junction on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. Component of the ASAP and PSAP complexes which bind RNA in a sequence-independent manner and are proposed to be recruited to the E [...] (305 aa)
Mgat1Alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase; Initiates complex N-linked carbohydrate formation. Essential for the conversion of high-mannose to hybrid and complex N-glycans. (447 aa)
Cnot11CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 11; Component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression. Is required for the association of CNOT10 with the CCR4-NOT complex. Seems not to be required for complex deadenylase function (By similarity). (505 aa)
Rc3h1Roquin-1; Post-transcriptional repressor of mRNAs containing a conserved stem loop motif, called constitutive decay element (CDE), which is often located in the 3'-UTR, as in HMGXB3, ICOS, IER3, NFKBID, NFKBIZ, PPP1R10, TNF, TNFRSF4 and in many more mRNAs. Cleaves translationally inactive mRNAs harboring a stem-loop (SL), often located in their 3'-UTRs, during the early phase of inflammation in a helicase UPF1-independent manner. Binds to CDE and promotes mRNA deadenylation and degradation. This process does not involve miRNAs. In follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, represses of ICOS and [...] (1130 aa)
Pde8bHigh affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8B; Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes. May be involved in specific signaling in the thyroid gland (By similarity). (788 aa)
FhitBis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase; Cleaves P(1)-P(3)-bis(5'-adenosyl) triphosphate (Ap3A) to yield AMP and ADP. Can also hydrolyze P(1)-P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate (Ap4A), but has extremely low activity with ATP. Modulates transcriptional activation by CTNNB1 and thereby contributes to regulate the expression of genes essential for cell proliferation and survival, such as CCND1 and BIRC5. Plays a role in the induction of apoptosis via SRC and AKT1 signaling pathways. Inhibits MDM2-mediated proteasomal degradation of p53/TP53 and thereby plays a role in p53/TP53-mediated apoptosi [...] (213 aa)
Cnot6CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 6; Poly(A) nuclease with 3'-5' RNase activity. Catalytic component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression. Involved in mRNA decay mediated by the major-protein-coding determinant of instability (mCRD) of the FOS gene in the cytopl [...] (557 aa)
Ythdf2YTH domain-containing family protein 2; Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)- containing RNAs, and regulates mRNA stability. M6A is a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs and plays a role in mRNA stability and processing. Acts as a regulator of mRNA stability by promoting degradation of m6A-containing mRNAs via interaction with the CCR4-NOT and ribonuclease P/MRP complexes, depending on the context. M6A- containing mRNAs containing a binding site for RIDA/HRSP12 (5'-GGUUC- 3') are preferentially degraded by endoribonucleolytic c [...] (579 aa)
Lsm6U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm6; Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA. Component of LSm protein complexes, which are involved in RNA processing and may function in a chaperone-like manner, facilitating the efficient association of RNA processing factors with their substrates. Component of the cytoplasmic LSM1-LSM7 complex, which is tho [...] (80 aa)
Zpr1Zinc finger protein ZPR1; Acts as a signaling molecule that communicates proliferative growth signals from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Plays a role for the localization and accumulation of the survival motor neuron protein SMN1 in sub-nuclear bodies, including gems and Cajal bodies. Induces neuron differentiation and stimulates axonal growth and formation of growth cone in spinal cord motor neurons. Plays a role in the splicing of cellular pre-mRNAs. May be involved in H(2)O(2)-induced neuronal cell death; Belongs to the ZPR1 family. (459 aa)
Cnot7CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 7; Has 3'-5' poly(A) exoribonuclease activity for synthetic poly(A) RNA substrate. Its function seems to be partially redundant with that of CNOT8. Catalytic component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. During miRNA-mediated repression the complex seems also to act as translational repressor during translationa [...] (285 aa)
Fen1Flap endonuclease 1; Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease and 5'- 3' exonuclease activities involved in DNA replication and repair. During DNA replication, cleaves the 5'-overhanging flap structure that is generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. It enters the flap from the 5'-end and then tracks to cleave the flap base, leaving a nick for ligation. Also involved in the long patch base excision repair (LP-BER) pathway, by cleaving within the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site- terminated flap. Acts as [...] (380 aa)
Entpd1Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1; In the nervous system, could hydrolyze ATP and other nucleotides to regulate purinergic neurotransmission. Could also be implicated in the prevention of platelet aggregation by hydrolyzing platelet-activating ADP to AMP. Hydrolyzes ATP and ADP equally well. (539 aa)
Dna2DNA replication ATP-dependent helicase/nuclease DNA2; Key enzyme involved in DNA replication and DNA repair in nucleus and mitochondrion. Involved in Okazaki fragments processing by cleaving long flaps that escape FEN1: flaps that are longer than 27 nucleotides are coated by replication protein A complex (RPA), leading to recruit DNA2 which cleaves the flap until it is too short to bind RPA and becomes a substrate for FEN1. Also involved in 5'-end resection of DNA during double-strand break (DSB) repair: recruited by BLM and mediates the cleavage of 5'-ssDNA, while the 3'-ssDNA cleavag [...] (1062 aa)
Mus81Crossover junction endonuclease MUS81; Interacts with EME1 and EME2 to form a DNA structure-specific endonuclease with substrate preference for branched DNA structures with a 5'-end at the branch nick. Typical substrates include 3'-flap structures, replication forks and nicked Holliday junctions. May be required in mitosis for the processing of stalled or collapsed replication forks. (551 aa)
Mettl16RNA N6-adenosine-methyltransferase METTL16; RNA N6-methyltransferase that methylates adenosine residues at the N(6) position of a subset of RNAs and is involved in S-adenosyl- L-methionine homeostasis by regulating expression of MAT2A transcripts. Able to N6-methylate a subset of mRNAs and U6 small nuclear RNAs (U6 snRNAs) (By similarity). In contrast to the METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer, only able to methylate a limited number of RNAs: requires both a 5'UACAGAGAA-3' nonamer sequence and a specific RNA structure (By similarity). Plays a key role in S- adenosyl-L-methionine homeostasis by [...] (553 aa)
Enpp1Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1, secreted form; Nucleotide pyrophosphatase that generates diphosphate (PPi) and functions in bone mineralization and soft tissue calcification by regulating pyrophosphate levels. PPi inhibits bone mineralization and soft tissue calcification by binding to nascent hydroxyapatite crystals, thereby preventing further growth of these crystals. Preferentially hydrolyzes ATP, but can also hydrolyze other nucleoside 5' triphosphates such as GTP, CTP, TTP and UTP to their corresponding monophosphates with release of pyrophosphate [...] (906 aa)
Pde4dcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D; Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes; Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE4 subfamily. (747 aa)
AdalAdenosine deaminase-like protein; Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the free cytosolic methylated adenosine nucleotide N(6)-methyl-AMP (N6-mAMP) to produce inositol monophosphate (IMP) and methylamine. Is required for the catabolism of cytosolic N6-mAMP, which is derived from the degradation of mRNA containing N6-methylated adenine (m6A). (360 aa)
Tent4bTerminal nucleotidyltransferase 4B; Terminal nucleotidyltransferase that catalyzes preferentially the transfert of ATP and GTP on RNA 3' poly(A) tail creating a heterogeneous 3' poly(A) tail leading to mRNAs stabilization by protecting mRNAs from active deadenylation (By similarity). Also functions as a catalytic subunit of a TRAMP-like complex which has a poly(A) RNA polymerase activity and is involved in a post- transcriptional quality control mechanism. Polyadenylation with short oligo(A) tails is required for the degradative activity of the exosome on several of its nuclear RNA sub [...] (680 aa)
Isg20Interferon-stimulated gene 20 kDa protein; Interferon-induced antiviral exoribonuclease that acts on single-stranded RNA and also has minor activity towards single-stranded DNA. Exhibits antiviral activity against RNA viruses in an exonuclease- dependent manner. May also play additional roles in the maturation of snRNAs and rRNAs, and in ribosome biogenesis (By similarity). (300 aa)
Sidt2SID1 transmembrane family member 2; Mediates the translocation of RNA and DNA across the lysosomal membrane during RNA and DNA autophagy (RDA), a process in which RNA and DNA is directly imported into lysosomes in an ATP- dependent manner, and degraded. Involved in the uptake of single-stranded oligonucleotides by living cells, a process called gymnosis. In vitro, mediates the uptake of linear DNA more efficiently than that of circular DNA, but exhibits similar uptake efficacy toward RNA and DNA. Binds long double- stranded RNA (dsRNA) (500 - 700 base pairs), but not dsRNA shorter than [...] (853 aa)
Entpd8Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 8; Canalicular ectonucleoside NTPDase responsible for the main hepatic NTPDase activity. Ectonucleoside NTPDases catalyze the hydrolysis of gamma- and beta-phosphate residues of nucleotides, playing a central role in concentration of extracellular nucleotides. Has activity toward ATP, ADP, UTP and UDP, but not toward AMP. (497 aa)
Rexo4RNA exonuclease 4; May function as an exonuclease. (432 aa)
Gspt2Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor GTP-binding subunit ERF3B; Involved in translation termination in response to the termination codons UAA, UAG and UGA. May play a role as a potent stimulator of the release factor activity of ETF1. Exhibits GTPase activity, which is ribosome- and ETF1-dependent. May play a role in cell cycle progression. Component of the transient SURF complex which recruits UPF1 to stalled ribosomes in the context of nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons (By similarity). (632 aa)
Cnot6lCCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 6-like; Poly(A) nuclease with 3'-5' RNase activity. Catalytic component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression. Involved in mRNA decay mediated by the major-protein-coding determinant of instability (mCRD) of the FOS gene in the c [...] (555 aa)
Dcp1bmRNA-decapping enzyme 1B; May play a role in the degradation of mRNAs, both in normal mRNA turnover and in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. May remove the 7- methyl guanine cap structure from mRNA molecules, yielding a 5'- phosphorylated mRNA fragment and 7m-GDP (By similarity); Belongs to the DCP1 family. (578 aa)
Apobec1C->U-editing enzyme APOBEC-1; Catalytic component of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme complex which is responsible for the postranscriptional editing of a CAA codon for Gln to a UAA codon for stop in the APOB mRNA. May also play a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by participating in DNA demethylation; Belongs to the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase family. (229 aa)
LrpprcLeucine-rich PPR motif-containing protein, mitochondrial; May play a role in RNA metabolism in both nuclei and mitochondria. In the nucleus binds to HNRPA1-associated poly(A) mRNAs and is part of nmRNP complexes at late stages of mRNA maturation which are possibly associated with nuclear mRNA export. May bind mature mRNA in the nucleus outer membrane. In mitochondria binds to poly(A) mRNA. Plays a role in translation or stability of mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunits. May be involved in transcription regulation. Cooperates with PPARGC1A to regulate certain mito [...] (1392 aa)
Pde4ccAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4C; Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes; Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE4 subfamily. (686 aa)
Rnaseh2aRibonuclease H2 subunit A; Catalytic subunit of RNase HII, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes. (301 aa)
Apobec3DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3; DNA deaminase (cytidine deaminase) which acts as an inhibitor of retrovirus replication and retrotransposon mobility via deaminase- dependent and -independent mechanisms. Selectively targets single- stranded DNA and does not deaminate double-stranded DNA or single- or double-stranded RNA. Exhibits antiviral activity against HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs), mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) and friend murine leukemia virus (FrMLV) and may inhibit the mobility of LTR retrotransposons. (429 aa)
Fitm2Fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2; Plays an important role in lipid droplet accumulation. Plays a role in the regulation of cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization. (262 aa)
PeloProtein pelota homolog; Required for normal chromosome segregation during cell division and genomic stability. May function in recognizing stalled ribosomes and triggering endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA, a mechanism to release non-functional ribosomes and degrade damaged mRNAs. May have ribonuclease activity (Potential). (385 aa)
Nudt7Peroxisomal coenzyme A diphosphatase NUDT7; Coenzyme A diphosphatase which mediates the cleavage of CoA, CoA esters and oxidized CoA with similar efficiencies, yielding 3',5'- ADP and the corresponding 4'-phosphopantetheine derivative as products. CoA into 3',5'-ADP and 4'-phosphopantetheine. Has no activity toward NDP-sugars, CDP-alcohols, (deoxy)nucleoside 5'-triphosphates, nucleoside 5'-di or monophosphates, diadenosine polyphosphates, NAD, NADH, NADP, NADPH or thymidine-5'-monophospho-p-nitrophenyl ester. May be required to eliminate oxidized CoA from peroxisomes, or regulate CoA a [...] (260 aa)
Cnot8CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 8; Has 3'-5' poly(A) exoribonuclease activity for synthetic poly(A) RNA substrate. Its function seems to be partially redundant with that of CNOT7. Catalytic component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. During miRNA-mediated repression the complex seems also to act as translational repressor during translational initiation. Additional complex functions may be a [...] (292 aa)
Helz2Helicase with zinc finger domain 2; Helicase that acts as a transcriptional coactivator for a number of nuclear receptors including PPARA, PPARG, THRA, THRB and RXRA. (2947 aa)
Sarm1NAD(+) hydrolase SARM1; NAD(+) hydrolase, which plays a key role in axonal degeneration following injury by regulating NAD(+) metabolism. Acts as a negative regulator of MYD88- and TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway by promoting Wallerian degeneration, an injury-induced form of programmed subcellular death which involves degeneration of an axon distal to the injury site. Wallerian degeneration is triggered by NAD(+) depletion: in response to injury, SARM1 is activated and catalyzes cleavage of NAD(+) into ADP-D-ribose (ADPR), cyclic ADPR (cADPR) and nicotinamide; NAD(+ [...] (764 aa)
Zcchc7Zinc finger CCHC domain-containing protein 7. (541 aa)
Pde4bPhosphodiesterase. (721 aa)
Cant1Soluble calcium-activated nucleotidase 1; Calcium-dependent nucleotidase with a preference for UDP. The order of activity with different substrates is UDP > GDP > IDP >> UTP > CDP = GTP = ITP. Has very low activity towards ADP and even lower activity towards ATP. Does not hydrolyze AMP and GMP. Involved in proteoglycan synthesis; Belongs to the apyrase family. (440 aa)
Urah5-hydroxyisourate hydrolase; Catalyzes the hydrolysis of 5-hydroxyisourate (HIU) to 2-oxo- 4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline (OHCU); Belongs to the transthyretin family. 5-hydroxyisourate hydrolase subfamily. (141 aa)
Exosc9Exosome complex component RRP45; Non-catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. In the nucleus, the RNA exosome complex is involved in proper maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, in the elimination of RNA processing by-products and non-coding 'pervasive' transcripts, such as antisense RNA species and promoter-upstream transcripts (PROMPTs), and of mRNAs with processing defects, thereby limiting or excluding their export to the cyto [...] (438 aa)
Exosc8Exosome complex component RRP43; Non-catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. In the nucleus, the RNA exosome complex is involved in proper maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, in the elimination of RNA processing by-products and non-coding 'pervasive' transcripts, such as antisense RNA species and promoter-upstream transcripts (PROMPTs), and of mRNAs with processing defects, thereby limiting or excluding their export to the cyto [...] (276 aa)
Csde1Cold shock domain-containing protein E1; RNA-binding protein. May be involved in translationally coupled mRNA turnover. Implicated with other RNA-binding proteins in the cytoplasmic deadenylation/translational and decay interplay of the FOS mRNA mediated by the major coding-region determinant of instability (mCRD) domain (By similarity). (798 aa)
Nudt17Nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 17; Probably mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. (313 aa)
Mettl14N6-adenosine-methyltransferase non-catalytic subunit; The METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer forms a N6-methyltransferase complex that methylates adenosine residues at the N(6) position of some mRNAs and regulates the circadian clock, differentiation of embryonic stem cells and cortical neurogenesis. In the heterodimer formed with METTL3, METTL14 constitutes the RNA-binding scaffold that recognizes the substrate rather than the catalytic core (By similarity). N6-methyladenosine (m6A), which takes place at the 5'-[AG]GAC-3' consensus sites of some mRNAs, plays a role in mRNA stability and proce [...] (456 aa)
UoxUricase; Catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate, which is further processed to form (S)-allantoin. (303 aa)
Exosc3Exosome complex component RRP40; Non-catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. In the nucleus, the RNA exosome complex is involved in proper maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, in the elimination of RNA processing by-products and non-coding 'pervasive' transcripts, such as antisense RNA species and promoter-upstream transcripts (PROMPTs), and of mRNAs with processing defects, thereby limiting or excluding their export to the cyto [...] (274 aa)
Ncbp1Nuclear cap-binding protein subunit 1; Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds cotranscriptionally to the 5'-cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing, translation regulation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNA export. The CBC complex is involved in mRNA export from the nucleus via its interaction with ALYREF/THOC4/ALY, leading to the recruitment of the mRNA export machinery to the 5'-end of mRNA and to mRNA export in a 5' to 3' direction through the nuclear pore. The CBC [...] (790 aa)
VcpTransitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase; Necessary for the fragmentation of Golgi stacks during mitosis and for their reassembly after mitosis. Involved in the formation of the transitional endoplasmic reticulum (tER). The transfer of membranes from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus occurs via 50-70 nm transition vesicles which derive from part-rough, part-smooth transitional elements of the endoplasmic reticulum (tER). Vesicle budding from the tER is an ATP-dependent process. The ternary complex containing UFD1, VCP and NPLOC4 binds ubiquitinated proteins and is neces [...] (806 aa)
MagohProtein mago nashi homolog; Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. Plays a redundant role with MAGOHB as core component of the exon junction complex (EJC) and in the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. The EJC marks the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA for the gene expression machinery and the core components rem [...] (146 aa)
Pnrc2Proline-rich nuclear receptor coactivator 2; Involved in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) by acting as a bridge between the mRNA decapping complex and the NMD machinery (By similarity). May act by targeting the NMD machinery to the P-body and recruiting the decapping machinery to aberrant mRNAs (By similarity). Required for UPF1/RENT1 localization to the P-body (By similarity). Plays a role in glucocorticoid receptor-mediated mRNA degradation by interacting with the glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 in a ligand- dependent manner when it is bound to the 5' UTR of target mRNAs and recruiti [...] (140 aa)
CdaCytidine deaminase; This enzyme scavenges exogenous and endogenous cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine for UMP synthesis. (146 aa)
DffaDNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha; Inhibitor of the caspase-activated DNase (DFF40). (331 aa)
DffbDNA fragmentation factor subunit beta; Nuclease that induces DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis. Degrades naked DNA and induces apoptotic morphology. (344 aa)
Nudt9ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase, mitochondrial; Hydrolyzes ADP-ribose (ADPR) to AMP and ribose 5'-phosphate; Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. NudF subfamily. (350 aa)
Pan3PAN2-PAN3 deadenylation complex subunit Pan3; Regulatory subunit of the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex, one of two cytoplasmic mRNA deadenylases involved in general and miRNA-mediated mRNA turnover. PAN specifically shortens poly(A) tails of RNA and the activity is stimulated by poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). PAN deadenylation is followed by rapid degradation of the shortened mRNA tails by the CCR4-NOT complex. Deadenylated mRNAs are then degraded by two alternative mechanisms, namely exosome-mediated 3'-5' exonucleolytic degradation, or deadenlyation-dependent mRNA deca [...] (837 aa)
Nt5c3Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 3A; Nucleotidase which shows specific activity towards cytidine monophosphate (CMP) and 7-methylguanosine monophosphate (m(7)GMP). CMP seems to be the preferred substrate; Belongs to the pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase family. (331 aa)
MagohbProtein mago nashi homolog 2; Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. Plays a redundant role with MAGOH in the exon junction complex and in the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway. (148 aa)
Smg1Serine/threonine-protein kinase SMG1; Serine/threonine protein kinase involved in both mRNA surveillance and genotoxic stress response pathways. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q. Plays a central role in nonsense- mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons by phosphorylating UPF1/RENT1. Recruited by release factors to stalled ribosomes together with SMG8 and SMG9 (forming the SMG1C protein kinase complex), and UPF1 to form the transient SURF (SMG1-UPF1-eRF1-eRF3) complex. In EJC-dependent NMD, the SURF complex associates with the exon junction compl [...] (3658 aa)
Ern2Serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE2; Role in expression of the DDIT3 transcription factor, required for the unfolded-protein response, growth arrest and apoptosis. Has no effect on 28S ribosomal RNA cleavage, unlike the corresponding human protein. (911 aa)
Trex2Three prime repair exonuclease 2; Exonuclease with a preference for double-stranded DNA with mismatched 3' termini. May play a role in DNA repair. (236 aa)
Lsm4U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm4; Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA. (138 aa)
Dcpsm7GpppX diphosphatase; Decapping scavenger enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of a residual cap structure following the degradation of mRNAs by the 3'->5' exosome-mediated mRNA decay pathway. Hydrolyzes cap analog structures like 7-methylguanosine nucleoside triphosphate (m7GpppG) with up to 10 nucleotide substrates (small capped oligoribonucleotides) and specifically releases 5'-phosphorylated RNA fragments and 7- methylguanosine monophosphate (m7GMP). Cleaves cap analog structures like tri-methyl guanosine nucleoside triphosphate (m3(2,2,7)GpppG) with very poor efficiency. Does not h [...] (338 aa)
Acat1Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial; This is one of the enzymes that catalyzes the last step of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway, an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Using free coenzyme A/CoA, catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of medium- to long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbon atoms. The activity of the enzyme is reversible and it can also catalyze the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules into acetoacetyl-CoA. Thereby, it plays a major role in ketone body metabolism. Belongs to the thiolase-l [...] (424 aa)
Xrn15'-3' exoribonuclease 1; Major 5'-3' exoribonuclease involved in mRNA decay. Required for the 5'-3'-processing of the G4 tetraplex-containing DNA and RNA substrates. The kinetic of hydrolysis is faster for G4 RNA tetraplex than for G4 DNA tetraplex and monomeric RNA tetraplex. Binds to RNA and DNA. Plays a role in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation (By similarity). (1723 aa)
Nt5e5'-nucleotidase; Hydrolyzes extracellular nucleotides into membrane permeable nucleosides. (576 aa)
Mlh1DNA mismatch repair protein Mlh1; Heterodimerizes with Pms2 to form MutL alpha, a component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR). DNA repair is initiated by MutS alpha (Msh2-Msh6) or MutS beta (MSH2-MSH3) binding to a dsDNA mismatch, then MutL alpha is recruited to the heteroduplex. Assembly of the MutL-MutS-heteroduplex ternary complex in presence of RFC and PCNA is sufficient to activate endonuclease activity of Pms2. It introduces single-strand breaks near the mismatch and thus generates new entry points for the exonuclease EXO1 to degrade the strand containing t [...] (760 aa)
ExogNuclease EXOG, mitochondrial; Endo/exonuclease with nicking activity towards supercoiled DNA, a preference for single-stranded DNA and 5'-3' exonuclease activity. (368 aa)
Nudt16U8 snoRNA-decapping enzyme; RNA-binding and decapping enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of the cap structure of snoRNAs and mRNAs in a metal-dependent manner. Part of the U8 snoRNP complex that is required for the accumulation of mature 5.8S and 28S rRNA. Has diphosphatase activity and removes m7G and/or m227G caps from U8 snoRNA and leaves a 5'monophosphate on the RNA. Catalyzes also the cleavage of the cap structure on mRNAs. Does not hydrolyze cap analog structures like 7-methylguanosine nucleoside triphosphate (m7GpppG). Also hydrolysis m7G- and m227G U3-capped RNAs but with less [...] (195 aa)
Nudt16l2Nudix (nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X)-type motif 16-like 2. (206 aa)
NbasNeuroblastoma-amplified sequence. (2356 aa)
Skiv2lSuperkiller viralicidic activity 2-like (S. cerevisiae). (1244 aa)
Entpd3Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3; Belongs to the GDA1/CD39 NTPase family. (529 aa)
Pde4acAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A; Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes; Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE4 subfamily. (844 aa)
Zc3h12aEndoribonuclease ZC3H12A; Endoribonuclease involved in various biological functions such as cellular inflammatory response and immune homeostasis, glial differentiation of neuroprogenitor cells, cell death of cardiomyocytes, adipogenesis and angiogenesis. Functions as an endoribonuclease involved in mRNA decay. Modulates the inflammatory response by promoting the degradation of a set of translationally active cytokine-induced inflammation-related mRNAs, such as IL6 and IL12B, during the early phase of inflammation. Prevents aberrant T-cell-mediated immune reaction by degradation of mul [...] (596 aa)
Upf3aUPF3 regulator of nonsense transcripts homolog A (Yeast). (422 aa)
Smg5Protein SMG5; Plays a role in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Does not have RNase activity by itself. Promotes dephosphorylation of UPF1. Together with SMG7 is thought provide a link to the mRNA degradation machinery involving exonucleolytic pathways, and to serve as an adapter for UPF1 to protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), thereby triggering UPF1 dephosphorylation. Necessary for TERT activity (By similarity). (1017 aa)
Snd1Staphylococcal nuclease domain-containing protein 1; Endonuclease that mediates miRNA decay of both protein-free and AGO2-loaded miRNAs (By similarity). As part of its function in miRNA decay, regulates mRNAs involved in G1-to-S phase transition (By similarity). Functions as a bridging factor between STAT6 and the basal transcription factor (By similarity). Plays a role in PIM1 regulation of MYB activity (By similarity). Functions as a transcriptional coactivator for STAT5. (910 aa)
Pabpc1Polyadenylate-binding protein 1; Binds the poly(A) tail of mRNA, including that of its own transcript, and regulates processes of mRNA metabolism such as pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA stability. Its function in translational initiation regulation can either be enhanced by PAIP1 or repressed by PAIP2. Can probably bind to cytoplasmic RNA sequences other than poly(A) in vivo. Involved in translationally coupled mRNA turnover. Implicated with other RNA-binding proteins in the cytoplasmic deadenylation/translational and decay interplay of the FOS mRNA mediated by the major coding-region deter [...] (636 aa)
Abcd1ATP-binding cassette sub-family D member 1; Plays a role in the transport of free very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) as well as their CoA-esters across the peroxisomal membrane by acting as an ATP-specific binding subunit releasing ADP after ATP hydrolysis (By similarity). Thus, plays a role in regulation of VLCFAs and energy metabolism namely, in the degradation and biosynthesis of fatty acids by beta-oxidation, mitochondrial function and microsomal fatty acid elongation. Involved in several processes; namely, controls the active myelination phase by negatively regulating the micros [...] (736 aa)
Smg9Protein SMG9; Involved in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons. Is recruited by release factors to stalled ribosomes together with SMG1 and SMG8 (forming the SMG1C protein kinase complex) and, in the SMG1C complex, is required for the efficient association between SMG1 and SMG8 (By similarity). Plays a role in brain, heart, and eye development. (520 aa)
Gmpr2GMP reductase 2; Catalyzes the irreversible NADPH-dependent deamination of GMP to IMP. It functions in the conversion of nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives of G to A nucleotides, and in maintaining the intracellular balance of A and G nucleotides (Probable). Plays a role in modulating cellular differentiation (By similarity). (348 aa)
Nt5c1bCytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 1B; Dephosphorylates the 5' and 2'(3')-phosphates of deoxyribonucleotides. Helps to regulate adenosine levels. (573 aa)
Dnase2aDeoxyribonuclease-2-alpha; Hydrolyzes DNA under acidic conditions with a preference for double-stranded DNA. Plays a major role in the degradation of nuclear DNA in cellular apoptosis during development. Necessary for proper fetal development and for definitive erythropoiesis in fetal liver, where it degrades nuclear DNA expelled from erythroid precursor cells. Belongs to the DNase II family. (353 aa)
Pan2PAN2-PAN3 deadenylation complex catalytic subunit Pan2; Catalytic subunit of the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex, one of two cytoplasmic mRNA deadenylases involved in general and miRNA-mediated mRNA turnover. PAN specifically shortens poly(A) tails of RNA and the activity is stimulated by poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). PAN deadenylation is followed by rapid degradation of the shortened mRNA tails by the CCR4-NOT complex. Deadenylated mRNAs are then degraded by two alternative mechanisms, namely exosome-mediated 3'-5' exonucleolytic degradation, or deadenlyation-dependent [...] (1200 aa)
Ampd3AMP deaminase 3; AMP deaminase plays a critical role in energy metabolism; Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family. (766 aa)
Dnase1Deoxyribonuclease-1; Serum endocuclease secreted into body fluids by a wide variety of exocrine and endocrine organs. Expressed by non-hematopoietic tissues and preferentially cleaves protein-free DNA. Among other functions, seems to be involved in cell death by apoptosis. Binds specifically to G-actin and blocks actin polymerization (By similarity). Together with DNASE1L3, plays a key role in degrading neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are mainly composed of DNA fibers and are released by neutrophils to bind pathogens during inflammation. Degradation of intravascular NETs by [...] (284 aa)
Lsm2U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm2; Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA. (131 aa)
KhsrpFar upstream element-binding protein 2; Binds to the dendritic targeting element and may play a role in mRNA trafficking. Part of a ternary complex that binds to the downstream control sequence (DCS) of the pre-mRNA. Mediates exon inclusion in transcripts that are subject to tissue-specific alternative splicing. May interact with single-stranded DNA from the far-upstream element (FUSE). May activate gene expression. Also involved in degradation of inherently unstable mRNAs that contain AU- rich elements (AREs) in their 3'-UTR, possibly by recruiting degradation machinery to ARE-contain [...] (748 aa)
EndogEndonuclease G, mitochondrial; Cleaves DNA at double-stranded (DG)n.(DC)n and at single- stranded (DC)n tracts. In addition to deoxyribonuclease activities, also has ribonuclease (RNase) and RNase H activities. Capable of generating the RNA primers required by DNA polymerase gamma to initiate replication of mitochondrial DNA (By similarity). (294 aa)
Ncf1Neutrophil cytosol factor 1; NCF2, NCF1, and a membrane bound cytochrome b558 are required for activation of the latent NADPH oxidase (necessary for superoxide production). (404 aa)
Casc3Protein CASC3; Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. The EJC marks the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA for the gene expression machinery and the core components remain bound to spliced mRNAs th [...] (698 aa)
Exosc10Exosome component 10; Putative catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. In the nucleus, the RNA exosome complex is involved in proper maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, in the elimination of RNA processing by-products and non-coding 'pervasive' transcripts, such as antisense RNA species and promoter-upstream transcripts (PROMPTs), and of mRNAs with processing defects, thereby limiting or excluding their export to the cytoplasm. [...] (887 aa)
AdaAdenosine deaminase; Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine and 2- deoxyadenosine. Plays an important role in purine metabolism and in adenosine homeostasis. Modulates signaling by extracellular adenosine, and so contributes indirectly to cellular signaling events. Acts as a positive regulator of T-cell coactivation, by binding DPP4. Its interaction with DPP4 regulates lymphocyte- epithelial cell adhesion (By similarity). Enhances dendritic cell immunogenicity by affecting dendritic cell costimulatory molecule expression and cytokines and chemokines secretion (By similarity) [...] (352 aa)
Dnase1l1Deoxyribonuclease-1-like 1; Belongs to the DNase I family. (314 aa)
Smpdl3aAcid sphingomyelinase-like phosphodiesterase 3a; Has in vitro nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity with nucleoside triphosphates, such as ATP. Has in vitro activity with p-nitrophenyl-TMP. Has lower activity with nucleoside diphosphates, and no activity with nucleoside monophosphates. Has in vitro activity with CDP-choline, giving rise to CMP and phosphocholine. Has in vitro activity with CDP-ethanolamine. Does not have sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase activity (By similarity). (445 aa)
Enpp3Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 3; Hydrolase that metabolizes extracellular nucleotides, including ATP, GTP, UTP and CTP (By similarity). Limits mast cell and basophil responses during inflammation and during the chronic phases of allergic responses by eliminating the extracellular ATP that functions as signaling molecule and activates basophils and mast cells and induces the release of inflammatory cytokines. Metabolizes extracellular ATP in the lumen of the small intestine, and thereby prevents ATP-induced apoptosis of intestinal plasmacytoid dendritic [...] (874 aa)
Nudt4Diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase 2; Cleaves a beta-phosphate from the diphosphate groups in PP- InsP5 (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate), PP-InsP4 and [PP]2-InsP4 (bisdiphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate), suggesting that it may play a role in signal transduction. Also able to catalyze the hydrolysis of dinucleoside oligophosphate Ap6A, but not Ap5A. The major reaction products are ADP and p4a from Ap6A. Also able to hydrolyze 5- phosphoribose 1-diphosphate (By similarity). Does not play a role in U8 snoRNA decapping activity. Binds U8 snoRNA. Belongs to the Nudix hyd [...] (179 aa)
Supv3l1ATP-dependent RNA helicase SUPV3L1, mitochondrial; Major helicase player in mitochondrial RNA metabolism. Component of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO) complex, that degrades 3' overhang double-stranded RNA with a 3'-to-5' directionality in an ATP-dependent manner. Involved in the degradation of non-coding mitochondrial transcripts (MT-ncRNA) and tRNA-like molecules (By similarity). ATPase and ATP-dependent multisubstrate helicase, able to unwind double-stranded (ds) DNA and RNA, and RNA/DNA heteroduplexes in the 5'-to-3' direction. Plays a role in the RNA surveillance system in m [...] (779 aa)
Wdr82WD repeat-containing protein 82; Regulatory component of the SET1 complex implicated in the tethering of this complex to transcriptional start sites of active genes. Facilitates histone H3 'Lys-4' methylation via recruitment of the SETD1A or SETD1B to the 'Ser-5' phosphorylated C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II large subunit (POLR2A). Component of PTW/PP1 phosphatase complex, which plays a role in the control of chromatin structure and cell cycle progression during the transition from mitosis into interphase. Possible role in telomere length maintenance and in mRNA processin [...] (313 aa)
Hint1Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1; Hydrolyzes purine nucleotide phosphoramidates with a single phosphate group, including adenosine 5'monophosphoramidate (AMP-NH2), adenosine 5'monophosphomorpholidate (AMP-morpholidate) and guanosine 5'monophosphomorpholidate (GMP-morpholidate). Hydrolyzes lysyl-AMP (AMP-N-epsilon-(N-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester)) generated by lysine tRNA ligase, as well as Met-AMP, His-AMP and Asp-AMP, lysyl-GMP (GMP-N-epsilon-(N-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester)) and AMP-N-alanine methyl ester. Can also convert adenosine 5'-O-phosphorothioate and guano [...] (126 aa)
Upp1Uridine phosphorylase 1; Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylytic cleavage of uridine and deoxyuridine to uracil and ribose- or deoxyribose-1-phosphate. The produced molecules are then utilized as carbon and energy sources or in the rescue of pyrimidine bases for nucleotide synthesis; Belongs to the PNP/UDP phosphorylase family. (311 aa)
Pnpt1Polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase 1, mitochondrial; RNA-binding protein implicated in numerous RNA metabolic processes. Catalyzes the phosphorolysis of single-stranded polyribonucleotides processively in the 3'-to-5' direction. Mitochondrial intermembrane factor with RNA-processing exoribonulease activity. Component of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO) complex, that degrades 3' overhang double-stranded RNA with a 3'-to-5' directionality in an ATP-dependent manner. Involved in the degradation of non-coding mitochondrial transcripts (MT-ncRNA) and tRNA-like molecules (By simi [...] (783 aa)
Smg8Protein SMG8; Involved in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons. Is recruited by release factors to stalled ribosomes together with SMG1 and SMG9 (forming the SMG1C protein kinase complex) and, in the SMG1C complex, is required to mediate the recruitment of SMG1 to the ribosome:SURF complex and to suppress SMG1 kinase activity until the ribosome:SURF complex locates the exon junction complex (EJC). Acts as a regulator of kinase activity (By similarity). (991 aa)
Rnaseh1Ribonuclease H1; Endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA-DNA hybrids. Plays a role in RNA polymerase II (RNAp II) transcription termination by degrading R-loop RNA-DNA hybrid formation at G-rich pause sites located downstream of the poly(A) site and behind the elongating RNAp II; Belongs to the RNase H family. (285 aa)
Ddx5Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX5; Involved in the alternative regulation of pre-mRNA splicing; its RNA helicase activity is necessary for increasing tau exon 10 inclusion and occurs in a RBM4-dependent manner. Binds to the tau pre- mRNA in the stem-loop region downstream of exon 10. The rate of ATP hydrolysis is highly stimulated by single-stranded RNA. Involved in transcriptional regulation; the function is independent of the RNA helicase activity. Transcriptional coactivator for androgen receptor AR but probably not ESR1. Synergizes with DDX17 and SRA1 RNA to activate MYOD1 t [...] (615 aa)
Nt5c5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase, cytosolic type; Dephosphorylates the 5' and 2'(3')-phosphates of deoxyribonucleotides, with a preference for dUMP and dTMP, intermediate activity towards dGMP, and low activity towards dCMP and dAMP. (200 aa)
Zfp36l1mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36L1; Zinc-finger RNA-binding protein that destabilizes several cytoplasmic AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA transcripts by promoting their poly(A) tail removal or deadenylation, and hence provide a mechanism for attenuating protein synthesis. Acts as a 3'- untranslated region (UTR) ARE mRNA-binding adapter protein to communicate signaling events to the mRNA decay machinery (By similarity). Functions by recruiting the CCR4-NOT deadenylating complex and components of the cytoplasmic RNA decay machinery to the bound ARE- containing mRNAs, and hence pr [...] (338 aa)
Nt5el5' nucleotidase, ecto-like; Belongs to the 5'-nucleotidase family. (585 aa)
MtrexExosome RNA helicase MTR4; Catalyzes the ATP-dependent unwinding of RNA duplexes with a single-stranded 3' RNA extension. Central subunit of many protein complexes, namely TRAMP-like, nuclear exosome targeting (NEXT) and poly(A) tail exosome targeting (PAXT). NEXT functions as an RNA exosome cofactor that directs a subset of non-coding short-lived RNAs for exosomal degradation. NEXT is involved in surveillance and turnover of aberrant transcripts and non-coding RNAs. PAXT directs a subset of long and polyadenylated poly(A) RNAs for exosomal degradation. The RNA exosome is fundamental f [...] (1040 aa)
Nudt13Nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 13. (352 aa)
Samd4Protein Smaug homolog 1; Acts as a translational repressor of SRE-containing messengers; Belongs to the SMAUG family. (711 aa)
Rnaseh2bRibonuclease H2 subunit B; Non catalytic subunit of RNase H2, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes. (308 aa)
Dcp1amRNA-decapping enzyme 1A; Necessary for the degradation of mRNAs, both in normal mRNA turnover and in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Removes the 7-methyl guanine cap structure from mRNA molecules, yielding a 5'-phosphorylated mRNA fragment and 7m-GDP. Contributes to the transactivation of target genes after stimulation by TGFB1 (By similarity). (602 aa)
Mettl3N6-adenosine-methyltransferase subunit METTL3; The METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer forms a N6-methyltransferase complex that methylates adenosine residues at the N(6) position of some RNAs and regulates various processes such as the circadian clock, differentiation of embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells, cortical neurogenesis, response to DNA damage, differentiation of T-cells and primary miRNA processing. In the heterodimer formed with METTL14, METTL3 constitutes the catalytic core (By similarity). N6-methyladenosine (m6A), which takes place at the 5'-[AG]GAC-3' consensus sites of some [...] (580 aa)
DpysDihydropyrimidinase; Catalyzes the second step of the reductive pyrimidine degradation, the reversible hydrolytic ring opening of dihydropyrimidines. Can catalyze the ring opening of 5,6-dihydrouracil to N-carbamyl-alanine and of 5,6-dihydrothymine to N-carbamyl-amino isobutyrate (By similarity). (519 aa)
Rida2-iminobutanoate/2-iminopropanoate deaminase; Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of enamine/imine intermediates that form during the course of normal metabolism. May facilitate the release of ammonia from these potentially toxic reactive metabolites, reducing their impact on cellular components. It may act on enamine/imine intermediates formed by several types of pyridoxal-5'- phosphate-dependent dehydratases including L-threonine dehydratase. (135 aa)
Eif3eEukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit E; Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is required for several steps in the initiation of protein synthesis. The eIF-3 complex associates with the 40S ribosome and facilitates the recruitment of eIF-1, eIF-1A, eIF- 2:GTP:methionyl-tRNAi and eIF-5 to form the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC). The eIF-3 complex stimulates mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning of the mRNA for AUG recognition. The eIF-3 complex is also required for disassembly and recycling of post-termination ribos [...] (445 aa)
TympThymidine phosphorylase; Catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of thymidine. The produced molecules are then utilized as carbon and energy sources or in the rescue of pyrimidine bases for nucleotide synthesis (By similarity); Belongs to the thymidine/pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase family. (471 aa)
Ncbp2Nuclear cap-binding protein subunit 2; Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds co- transcriptionally to the 5' cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing, translation regulation, nonsense- mediated mRNA decay, RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNA export. The CBC complex is involved in mRNA export from the nucleus via its interaction with ALYREF/THOC4/ALY, leading to the recruitment of the mRNA export machinery to the 5' end of mRNA and to mRNA export in a 5' to 3' direction through the nuclear pore. The C [...] (156 aa)
NoctNocturnin; Phosphatase which catalyzes the conversion of NADP(+) to NAD(+) and of NADPH to NADH (By similarity). Shows a small preference for NADPH over NADP(+) (By similarity). Represses translation and promotes degradation of target mRNA molecules (By similarity). Plays an important role in post-transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes under circadian control. Exerts a rhythmic post-transcriptional control of genes necessary for metabolic functions including nutrient absorption, glucose/insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, inflammation and osteogenesis. Plays an [...] (429 aa)
Enpp5Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 5; Can hydrolyze NAD but cannot hydrolyze nucleotide di- and triphosphates. Lacks lysopholipase D activity. May play a role in neuronal cell communication (By similarity). (477 aa)
Enpp4Bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase enpp4; Hydrolyzes extracellular Ap3A into AMP and ADP, and Ap4A into AMP and ATP. Ap3A and Ap4A are diadenosine polyphosphates thought to induce proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Acts as a procoagulant, mediating platelet aggregation at the site of nascent thrombus via release of ADP from Ap3A and activation of ADP receptors (By similarity). (456 aa)
XdhXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase; Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species. (1335 aa)
Nudt3Diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase 1; Cleaves a beta-phosphate from the diphosphate groups in PP- InsP5 (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate) and [PP]2-InsP4 (bisdiphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate), suggesting that it may play a role in signal transduction. InsP6 (inositol hexakisphosphate) is not a substrate. Also able to catalyze the hydrolysis of dinucleoside oligophosphates, with Ap6A and Ap5A being the preferred substrates. The major reaction products are ADP and p4a from Ap6A and ADP and ATP from Ap5A. Also able to hydrolyze 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate (By simila [...] (168 aa)
Nudt12Peroxisomal NADH pyrophosphatase NUDT12; Hydrolyzes NAD(P)H to NMNH and AMP (2',5'-ADP), and diadenosine diphosphate to AMP. Has also activity towards NAD(P)(+), ADP-ribose and diadenosine triphosphate. May act to regulate the concentration of peroxisomal nicotinamide nucleotide cofactors required for oxidative metabolism in this organelle. Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. NudC subfamily. (462 aa)
MtpapPoly(A) RNA polymerase, mitochondrial; Polymerase that creates the 3' poly(A) tail of mitochondrial transcripts. Can use all four nucleotides, but has higher activity with ATP and UTP (in vitro). Plays a role in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation. May be involved in the terminal uridylation of mature histone mRNAs before their degradation is initiated. Might be responsible for the creation of some UAA stop codons which are not encoded in mtDNA (By similarity). (585 aa)
Polr2dDNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB4; DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB4 is part of a subcomplex with RPB7 that binds to a pocket formed by RPB1, RPB2 and RPB6 at the base of the clamp element. The RBP4-RPB7 subcomplex seems [...] (142 aa)
Etf1Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor subunit 1; Directs the termination of nascent peptide synthesis (translation) in response to the termination codons UAA, UAG and UGA (By similarity). Component of the transient SURF complex which recruits UPF1 to stalled ribosomes in the context of nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons (By similarity). Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family. (437 aa)
Dcp2m7GpppN-mRNA hydrolase; Decapping metalloenzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of the cap structure on mRNAs. Removes the 7-methyl guanine cap structure from mRNA molecules, yielding a 5'-phosphorylated mRNA fragment and 7m-GDP. Necessary for the degradation of mRNAs, both in normal mRNA turnover and in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (By similarity). Plays a role in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation (By similarity). Has higher activity towards mRNAs that lack a poly(A) tail. Has no activity towards a cap structure lacking an RNA moiety. (422 aa)
Nudt8Nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 8; Probably mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives; Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. (210 aa)
Rnaseh2cRibonuclease H2 subunit C; Non catalytic subunit of RNase H2, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes. (166 aa)
Dnase1l3Deoxyribonuclease gamma; Has DNA hydrolytic activity. Is capable of both single- and double-stranded DNA cleavage, producing DNA fragments with 3'-OH ends (By similarity). Can cleave chromatin to nucleosomal units and cleaves nucleosomal and liposome-coated DNA. Acts in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation (INDF) during apoptosis and necrosis. The role in apoptosis includes myogenic and neuronal differentiation, and BCR-mediated clonal deletion of self- reactive B cells. Is active on chromatin in apoptotic cell-derived membrane-coated microparticles and thus suppresses anti-DNA autoimmun [...] (310 aa)
Eif4a3Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-III, N-terminally processed; ATP-dependent RNA helicase. Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. The EJC marks the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA for the gene expr [...] (411 aa)
Pde8aHigh affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8A; Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes. May be involved in maintaining basal levels of the cyclic nucleotide and/or in the cAMP regulation of germ cell development. Binding to RAF1 reduces RAF1 'Ser- 259' inhibitory-phosphorylation and stimulates RAF1-dependent EGF- activated ERK-signaling. Protects against cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide and staurosporine. (823 aa)
HprtHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase; Converts guanine to guanosine monophosphate, and hypoxanthine to inosine monophosphate. Transfers the 5-phosphoribosyl group from 5- phosphoribosylpyrophosphate onto the purine. Plays a central role in the generation of purine nucleotides through the purine salvage pathway (By similarity). (218 aa)
Exosc7Exosome complex exonuclease RRP42; Non-catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. In the nucleus, the RNA exosome complex is involved in proper maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, in the elimination of RNA processing by-products and non-coding 'pervasive' transcripts, such as antisense RNA species and promoter-upstream transcripts (PROMPTs), and of mRNAs with processing defects, thereby limiting or excluding their export to the cy [...] (291 aa)
Nudt5ADP-sugar pyrophosphatase; Enzyme that can either act as an ADP-sugar pyrophosphatase in absence of diphosphate or catalyze the synthesis of ATP in presence of diphosphate (By similarity). In absence of diphosphate, hydrolyzes with similar activities various modified nucleoside diphosphates such as ADP-ribose, ADP-mannose, ADP-glucose, 8-oxo-GDP and 8-oxo-dGDP. Can also hydrolyze other nucleotide sugars with low activity. In presence of diphosphate, mediates the synthesis of ATP in the nucleus by catalyzing the conversion of ADP- ribose to ATP and ribose 5-phosphate (By similarity). Nu [...] (218 aa)
Entpd2Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2; In the nervous system, could hydrolyze ATP and other nucleotides to regulate purinergic neurotransmission. Hydrolyzes ADP only to a marginal extent (By similarity). (495 aa)
Patl2Protein PAT1 homolog 2; RNA-binding protein that acts as a translational repressor. (529 aa)
Xrn25'-3' exoribonuclease 2; Possesses 5'->3' exoribonuclease activity. May promote the termination of transcription by RNA polymerase II. During transcription termination, cleavage at the polyadenylation site liberates a 5' fragment which is subsequently processed to form the mature mRNA and a 3' fragment which remains attached to the elongating polymerase. The processive degradation of this 3' fragment by this protein may promote termination of transcription. Binds to RNA polymerase II (RNAp II) transcription termination R-loops formed by G-rich pause sites (By similarity); Belongs to th [...] (951 aa)
Pde9aHigh affinity cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 9A; Specifically hydrolyzes the second messenger cGMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes. Highly specific: compared to other members of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family, has the highest affinity and selectivity for cGMP. Specifically regulates natriuretic-peptide- dependent cGMP signaling in heart, acting as a regulator of cardiac hypertrophy in myocytes and muscle. Does not regulate nitric oxide- dependent cGMP in heart. Additional experiments are required to confirm whether its a [...] (534 aa)
Cnot3CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 3; Component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression. May be involved in metabolic regulation; may be involved in recruitment of the CCR4-NOT complex to deadenylation target mRNAs involved in energy metabolism. Involved in mitotic [...] (751 aa)
Edc4Enhancer of mRNA-decapping protein 4; In the process of mRNA degradation, seems to play a role in mRNA decapping. Component of a complex containing DCP2 and DCP1A which functions in decapping of ARE-containing mRNAs. Promotes complex formation between DCP1A and DCP2. Enhances the catalytic activity of DCP2 (in vitro). (1406 aa)
DpydDihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP(+)]; Involved in pyrimidine base degradation. Catalyzes the reduction of uracil and thymine (By similarity). (1025 aa)
Nudt15Nucleotide triphosphate diphosphatase NUDT15; May catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates including dGTP, dTTP, dCTP, their oxidized forms like 8-oxo-dGTP and the prodrug thiopurine derivatives 6-thio-dGTP and 6-thio-GTP. Could also catalyze the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives (By similarity). Hydrolyzes oxidized nucleosides triphosphates like 8-oxo-dGTP in vitro, but the specificity and efficiency towards these substrates are low. Therefore, the potential in vivo sanitizing role of this enzyme, that would consist in removing oxidatively damaged forms [...] (170 aa)
Slfn8Schlafen family member 8; Endoribonuclease that cleaves tRNAs and rRNAs. Cleaves tRNAs 11 nucleotides from the 3'-terminus at the acceptor stem. May be involved in immune system via regulation of inflammation. (910 aa)
Zc3h12dProbable ribonuclease ZC3H12D; May regulate cell growth likely by suppressing RB1 phosphorylation (By similarity). May function as RNase and regulate the levels of target RNA species (Potential). In association with ZC3H12A enhances the degradation of interleukin IL-6 mRNA level in activated macrophages. Serve as a tumor suppressor in certain leukemia cells (By similarity). Overexpression inhibits the G1 to S phase progression through suppression of RB1 phosphorylation (By similarity). (533 aa)
AicdaSingle-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase; Single-stranded DNA-specific cytidine deaminase. Involved in somatic hypermutation (SHM), gene conversion, and class-switch recombination (CSR) in B-lymphocytes by deaminating C to U during transcription of Ig-variable (V) and Ig-switch (S) region DNA. Required for several crucial steps of B-cell terminal differentiation necessary for efficient antibody responses. May also play a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by participating in DNA demethylation. (198 aa)
Lsm1U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm1; Plays a role in the degradation of histone mRNAs, the only eukaryotic mRNAs that are not polyadenylated (By similarity). Probably also part of an LSm subunits-containing complex involved in the general process of mRNA degradation (By similarity). Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family. (133 aa)
Smg7Protein SMG7; Plays a role in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Recruits UPF1 to cytoplasmic mRNA decay bodies. Together with SMG5 is thought to provide a link to the mRNA degradation machinery involving exonucleolytic pathways, and to serve as an adapter for UPF1 to protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), thereby triggering UPF1 dephosphorylation (By similarity). (1146 aa)
Dis3Exosome complex exonuclease RRP44; Putative catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. In the nucleus, the RNA exosome complex is involved in proper maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, in the elimination of RNA processing by-products and non-coding 'pervasive' transcripts, such as antisense RNA species and promoter-upstream transcripts (PROMPTs), and of mRNAs with processing defects, thereby limiting or excluding their export to t [...] (958 aa)
Apex1DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase, mitochondrial; Multifunctional protein that plays a central role in the cellular response to oxidative stress. The two major activities of APEX1 are DNA repair and redox regulation of transcriptional factors. Functions as a apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions induced by oxidative and alkylating agents. Initiates repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break w [...] (317 aa)
Exosc2Exosome complex component RRP4; Non-catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. In the nucleus, the RNA exosome complex is involved in proper maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, in the elimination of RNA processing by-products and non-coding 'pervasive' transcripts, such as antisense RNA species and promoter-upstream transcripts (PROMPTs), and of mRNAs with processing defects, thereby limiting or excluding their export to the cytop [...] (293 aa)
Smg6Telomerase-binding protein EST1A; Component of the telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex that is essential for the replication of chromosome termini. May have a general role in telomere regulation. Promotes in vitro the ability of TERT to elongate telomeres. Overexpression induces telomere uncapping, chromosomal end-to-end fusions (telomeric DNA persists at the fusion points) and did not perturb TRF2 telomeric localization. Binds to the single-stranded 5'-(GTGTGG)(4)GTGT-3' telomeric DNA, but not to a telomerase RNA template component (TER). (1418 aa)
Dicer1Endoribonuclease Dicer; Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) endoribonuclease playing a central role in short dsRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Cleaves naturally occurring long dsRNAs and short hairpin pre-microRNAs (miRNA) into fragments of twenty-one to twenty-three nucleotides with 3' overhang of two nucleotides, producing respectively short interfering RNAs (siRNA) and mature microRNAs. SiRNAs and miRNAs serve as guide to direct the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to complementary RNAs to degrade them or prevent their translation. Gene silencing mediated by siRNAs, al [...] (1906 aa)
PnpPurine nucleoside phosphorylase; The purine nucleoside phosphorylases catalyze the phosphorolytic breakdown of the N-glycosidic bond in the beta- (deoxy)ribonucleoside molecules, with the formation of the corresponding free purine bases and pentose-1-phosphate. (289 aa)
TrirTelomerase RNA component interacting RNase; Exoribonuclease that is part of the telomerase RNA 3' end processing complex and which has the ability to all four unpaired RNA nucleotides from 5' end or 3' end with higher efficiency for purine bases (By similarity). (173 aa)
Slfn9Schlafen family member 9; Endoribonuclease that cleaves tRNAs and rRNAs. Belongs to the Schlafen family. Subgroup III subfamily. (910 aa)
Tut4Terminal uridylyltransferase 4; Uridylyltransferase that mediates the terminal uridylation of mRNAs with short (less than 25 nucleotides) poly(A) tails, hence facilitating global mRNA decay. Essential for both oocyte maturation and fertility. Through 3' terminal uridylation of mRNA, sculpts, with TUT7, the maternal transcriptome by eliminating transcripts during oocyte growth. Involved in microRNA (miRNA)-induced gene silencing through uridylation of deadenylated miRNA targets. Also functions as an integral regulator of microRNA biogenesiS using 3 different uridylation mechanisms (By s [...] (1644 aa)
Lsm7U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm7; Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA. (103 aa)
Dnph12'-deoxynucleoside 5'-phosphate N-hydrolase 1; Catalyzes the cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond of deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates to yield deoxyribose 5-phosphate and a purine or pyrimidine base. Deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates containing purine bases are preferred to those containing pyrimidine bases. (173 aa)
DxoDecapping and exoribonuclease protein; Ribonuclease that specifically degrades pre-mRNAs with a defective 5' end cap and is part of a pre-mRNA capping quality control. Has decapping, pyrophosphohydrolase and 5'-3' exonuclease activities. Has decapping activity toward incomplete 5' end cap mRNAs such as unmethylated 5' end-capped RNA to release GpppN and 5' end monophosphate RNA. The 5' end monophosphate RNA is then degraded by the 5'-3' exoribonuclease activity, enabling this enzyme to decap and degrade incompletely capped mRNAs. Also possesses RNA 5'- pyrophosphohydrolase activity by [...] (397 aa)
Apobec2C->U-editing enzyme APOBEC-2; Probable C to U editing enzyme whose physiological substrate is not yet known. Does not display detectable apoB mRNA editing. Has a low intrinsic cytidine deaminase activity. May play a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression through the process of active DNA demethylation. (224 aa)
Nudt19Nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 19; Acyl-CoA diphosphatase that mediates the hydrolysis of a wide range of CoA esters, including choloyl-CoA and branched-chain fatty- acyl-CoA esters. At low substrate concentrations medium and long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA esters are the primary substrates. (357 aa)
Dctpp1dCTP pyrophosphatase 1; Hydrolyzes deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) to the corresponding nucleoside monophosphates. Has a strong preference for dCTP and its analogs including 5-iodo-dCTP and 5-methyl-dCTP for which it may even have a higher efficiency. May protect DNA or RNA against the incorporation of these genotoxic nucleotide analogs through their catabolism. (170 aa)
Tent2Poly(A) RNA polymerase GLD2; Cytoplasmic poly(A) RNA polymerase that adds successive AMP monomers to the 3'-end of specific RNAs, forming a poly(A) tail. In contrast to the canonical nuclear poly(A) RNA polymerase, it only adds poly(A) to selected cytoplasmic mRNAs. Does not play a role in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation (By similarity). (484 aa)
SetmarHistone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETMAR; Histone methyltransferase that methylates 'Lys-4' and 'Lys- 36' of histone H3, 2 specific tags for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Specifically mediates dimethylation of H3 'Lys-36'. Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. (309 aa)
Edc3Enhancer of mRNA-decapping protein 3; Binds single-stranded RNA. Involved in the process of mRNA degradation and in the positive regulation of mRNA decapping (By similarity); Belongs to the EDC3 family. (508 aa)
Upb1Beta-ureidopropionase; Catalyzes a late step in pyrimidine degradation. Converts N- carbamoyl-beta-alanine (3-ureidopropanoate) into beta-alanine, ammonia and carbon dioxide. Likewise, converts N-carbamoyl-beta- aminoisobutyrate (3-ureidoisobutyrate) into beta-aminoisobutyrate, ammonia and carbon dioxide; Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. BUP family. (393 aa)
PycrlPyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 3; Enzyme that catalyzes the last step in proline biosynthesis. Proline is synthesized from either glutamate or ornithine; both are converted to pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), and then to proline via pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductases (PYCRs). PYCRL is exclusively linked to the conversion of ornithine to proline. (274 aa)
Lin28aProtein lin-28 homolog A; RNA-binding protein that inhibits processing of pre-let-7 miRNAs and regulates translation of mRNAs that control developmental timing, pluripotency and metabolism. Seems to recognize a common structural G-quartet (G4) feature in its miRNA and mRNA targets. 'Translational enhancer' that drives specific mRNAs to polysomes and increases the efficiency of protein synthesis. Its association with the translational machinery and target mRNAs results in an increased number of initiation events per molecule of mRNA and, indirectly, in mRNA stabilization. Binds IGF2 mRN [...] (209 aa)
Zfp36l2mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36L2; Zinc-finger RNA-binding protein that destabilizes several cytoplasmic AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA transcripts by promoting their poly(A) tail removal or deadenylation, and hence provide a mechanism for attenuating protein synthesis. Acts as a 3'-untranslated region (UTR) ARE mRNA-binding adapter protein to communicate signaling events to the mRNA decay machinery (By similarity). Functions by recruiting the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex and probably other components of the cytoplasmic RNA decay machinery to the bound ARE-containing mRNAs, a [...] (484 aa)
Exosc4Exosome complex component RRP41; Non-catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. In the nucleus, the RNA exosome complex is involved in proper maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, in the elimination of RNA processing by-products and non-coding 'pervasive' transcripts, such as antisense RNA species and promoter-upstream transcripts (PROMPTs), and of mRNAs with processing defects, thereby limiting or excluding their export to the cyto [...] (245 aa)
Trex1Three-prime repair exonuclease 1; Major cellular 3'-to-5' DNA exonuclease which digests single- stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with mismatched 3' termini. Prevents cell-intrinsic initiation of autoimmunity. Acts by metabolizing DNA fragments from endogenous retroelements, including L1, LTR and SINE elements. Unless degraded, these DNA fragments accumulate in the cytosol and activate the IFN-stimulatory DNA (ISD) response and innate immune signaling. Prevents chronic ATM-dependent checkpoint activation, by processing ssDNA polynucleotide species arising from the pr [...] (314 aa)
Pop1Processing of precursor 1, ribonuclease P/MRP family, (S. cerevisiae). (1045 aa)
Foxl2Forkhead box protein L2; Transcriptional regulator. Critical factor essential for ovary differentiation and maintenance, and repression of the genetic program for somatic testis determination. Prevents trans- differentiation of ovary to testis through transcriptional repression of the Sertoli cell-promoting gene SOX9. Has apoptotic activity in ovarian cells. Suppresses ESR1-mediated transcription of PTGS2/COX2 stimulated by tamoxifen. Activates SIRT1 transcription under cellular stress conditions. Activates transcription of OSR2. Is a regulator of CYP19 expression. Is a transcriptional [...] (375 aa)
ParnPoly(A)-specific ribonuclease PARN; 3'-exoribonuclease that has a preference for poly(A) tails of mRNAs, thereby efficiently degrading poly(A) tails. Exonucleolytic degradation of the poly(A) tail is often the first step in the decay of eukaryotic mRNAs and is also used to silence certain maternal mRNAs translationally during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. Interacts with both the 3'-end poly(A) tail and the 5'-end cap structure during degradation, the interaction with the cap structure being required for an efficient degradation of poly(A) tails. Involved in nonsens [...] (624 aa)
Zfp36mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36; Zinc-finger RNA-binding protein that destabilizes numerous cytoplasmic AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA transcripts by promoting their poly(A) tail removal or deadenylation, and hence provide a mechanism for attenuating protein synthesis. Acts as an 3'- untranslated region (UTR) ARE mRNA-binding adapter protein to communicate signaling events to the mRNA decay machinery. Recruits deadenylase CNOT7 (and probably the CCR4- NOT complex) via association with CNOT1, and hence promotes ARE- mediated mRNA deadenylation. Functions also by recruiting com [...] (319 aa)
Upf2Regulator of nonsense transcripts 2; Involved in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons by associating with the nuclear exon junction complex (EJC). Recruited by UPF3B associated with the EJC core at the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope and the subsequent formation of an UPF1-UPF2-UPF3 surveillance complex (including UPF1 bound to release factors at the stalled ribosome) is believed to activate NMD. In cooperation with UPF3B stimulates both ATPase and RNA helicase activities of UPF1. Binds spliced mRNA. (1269 aa)
Pde122',5'-phosphodiesterase 12; Enzyme that cleaves 2',5'-phosphodiester bond linking adenosines of the 5'-triphosphorylated oligoadenylates, triphosphorylated oligoadenylates referred as 2-5A modulates the 2-5A system. Degrades triphosphorylated 2-5A to produce AMP and ATP. Also cleaves 3',5'-phosphodiester bond of oligoadenylates. Plays a role as a negative regulator of the 2-5A system that is one of the major pathways for antiviral and antitumor functions induced by interferons (IFNs). Suppression of this enzyme increases cellular 2-5A levels and decreases viral replication in cultured [...] (608 aa)
Samhd1Deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1; [Isoform 1]: Protein that acts both as a host restriction factor involved in defense response to virus and as a regulator of DNA end resection at stalled replication forks (By similarity). Has deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTPase) activity, which is required to restrict infection by viruses: dNTPase activity reduces cellular dNTP levels to levels too low for retroviral reverse transcription to occur, blocking early-stage virus replication in dendritic and other myeloid cells. Likewise, suppresses LINE-1 retrotransposon activity. [...] (658 aa)
Nudt17,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine triphosphatase; Antimutagenic. Plays a redundant role in sanitizing oxidized nucleotide pools, such as 8-oxo-dGTP pools. Acts as a sanitizing enzyme for oxidized nucleotide pools, thus suppressing cell dysfunction and death induced by oxidative stress. Hydrolyzes 8-oxo-dGTP, 8-oxo-dATP and 2-OH-dATP, thus preventing misincorporation of oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphates into DNA and subsequently preventing A:T to C:G and G:C to T:A transversions. Able to hydrolyze also the corresponding ribonucleotides, 2-OH-ATP, 8-oxo-GTP and 8-oxo-ATP (By similarity). D [...] (156 aa)
Patl1Protein PAT1 homolog 1; RNA-binding protein involved in deadenylation-dependent decapping of mRNAs, leading to the degradation of mRNAs. Acts as a scaffold protein that connects deadenylation and decapping machinery. Required for cytoplasmic mRNA processing body (P-body) assembly (By similarity); Belongs to the PAT1 family. (770 aa)
Upp2Uridine phosphorylase 2; Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylytic cleavage of uridine and deoxyuridine to uracil and ribose- or deoxyribose-1-phosphate. The produced molecules are then utilized as carbon and energy sources or in the rescue of pyrimidine bases for nucleotide synthesis (By similarity). (338 aa)
AhcyAdenosylhomocysteinase; Adenosylhomocysteine is a competitive inhibitor of S- adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyl transferase reactions; therefore adenosylhomocysteinase may play a key role in the control of methylations via regulation of the intracellular concentration of adenosylhomocysteine. (432 aa)
Cnot10CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 10; Component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression. Is not required for association of CNOT7 to the CCR4-NOT complex (By similarity). Belongs to the CNOT10 family. (744 aa)
Art2bT-cell ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 2; Has both NAD(+) glycohydrolase and ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. (289 aa)
Ago3Protein argonaute-3; Required for RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi). Binds to short RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and represses the translation of mRNAs which are complementary to them. Proposed to be involved in stabilization of small RNA derivates (riRNA) derived from processed RNA polymerase III-transcribed Alu repeats containing a DR2 retinoic acid response element (RARE) in stem cells and in the subsequent riRNA- dependent degradation of a subset of RNA polymerase II-transcribed coding mRNAs by recruiting a mRNA decapping complex involving EDC4. Possesses RNA slicer activity bu [...] (860 aa)
Pde5acGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase; Plays a role in signal transduction by regulating the intracellular concentration of cyclic nucleotides. This phosphodiesterase catalyzes the specific hydrolysis of cGMP to 5'-GMP. Specifically regulates nitric-oxide-generated cGMP. (865 aa)
Nt5c1aCytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 1A; Dephosphorylates the 5' and 2'(3')-phosphates of deoxyribonucleotides and has a broad substrate specificity. Helps to regulate adenosine levels in heart during ischemia and hypoxia (By similarity). (365 aa)
Nanos2Nanos homolog 2; Plays a key role in the sexual differentiation of germ cells by promoting the male fate but suppressing the female fate. Represses the female fate pathways by suppressing meiosis, which in turn results in the promotion of the male fate. Maintains the suppression of meiosis by preventing STRA8 expression, which is required for premeiotic DNA replication, after CYP26B1 is decreased. Regulates the localization of the CCR4-NOT deadenylation complex to P-bodies and plays a role in recruiting the complex to trigger the degradation of mRNAs involved in meiosis. Required for t [...] (136 aa)
Fbh1F-box DNA helicase 1; 3'-5' DNA helicase and substrate-recognition component of the SCF(FBH1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that plays a key role in response to stalled/damaged replication forks (By similarity). Involved in genome maintenance by acting as an anti-recombinogenic helicase and preventing extensive strand exchange during homologous recombination: promotes RAD51 filament dissolution from stalled forks, thereby inhibiting homologous recombination and preventing excessive recombination. Also promotes cell death and DNA double-strand breakage in response to replication stress: t [...] (1042 aa)
Tut7Terminal uridylyltransferase 7; Uridylyltransferase that mediates the terminal uridylation of mRNAs with short (less than 25 nucleotides) poly(A) tails, hence facilitating global mRNA decay. Essential for both oocyte maturation and fertility. Through 3' terminal uridylation of mRNA, sculpts, with TUT7, the maternal transcriptome by eliminating transcripts during oocyte growth. Involved in microRNA (miRNA)-induced gene silencing through uridylation of deadenylated miRNA targets. Also acts as a suppressor of miRNA biogenesis by mediating the terminal uridylation of miRNA precursors, incl [...] (1474 aa)
Zfp36l3mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36L3; Placenta-specific zinc-finger RNA-binding protein that destabilizes cytoplasmic AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA transcripts by promoting their poly(A) tail removal or deadenylation, and hence provide a mechanism for attenuating protein synthesis. Binds to the 3'-UTR ARE of placental target mRNAs, such as TNF, HBEGF and LIPG. Involved in placental expression of many genes important for normal placental physiology. (725 aa)
Entpd5Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 5; Uridine diphosphatase (UDPase) that promotes protein N- glycosylation and ATP level regulation. UDP hydrolysis promotes protein N-glycosylation and folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as elevated ATP consumption in the cytosol via an ATP hydrolysis cycle. Together with CMPK1 and AK1, constitutes an ATP hydrolysis cycle that converts ATP to AMP and results in a compensatory increase in aerobic glycolysis. The nucleotide hydrolyzing preference is GDP > IDP > UDP, but not any other nucleoside di-, mono- or triphosphates, nor thia [...] (452 aa)
Ang4Angiogenin-4; Has bactericidal activity against E.faecalis and L.monocytogenes, but not against L.innocua and E.coli. Promotes angiogenesis (in vitro). Has low ribonuclease activity (in vitro). Promotes proliferation of melanoma cells, but not of endothelial cells or fibroblasts (in vitro). (144 aa)
Exosc1Exosome complex component CSL4; Non-catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. In the nucleus, the RNA exosome complex is involved in proper maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, in the elimination of RNA processing by-products and non-coding 'pervasive' transcripts, such as antisense RNA species and promoter-upstream transcripts (PROMPTs), and of mRNAs with processing defects, thereby limiting or excluding their export to the cytop [...] (195 aa)
Upf1Regulator of nonsense transcripts 1; RNA-dependent helicase and ATPase required for nonsense- mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons. Is recruited to mRNAs upon translation termination and undergoes a cycle of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation; its phosphorylation appears to be a key step in NMD. Recruited by release factors to stalled ribosomes together with the SMG1C protein kinase complex to form the transient SURF (SMG1-UPF1-eRF1-eRF3) complex. In EJC-dependent NMD, the SURF complex associates with the exon junction complex (EJC) (located 50-55 or more n [...] (1124 aa)
Upf3bUPF3 regulator of nonsense transcripts homolog B (yeast). (472 aa)
Lin28bProtein lin-28 homolog B; Suppressor of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis, including that of let-7 and possibly of miR107, miR-143 and miR-200c. Binds primary let-7 transcripts (pri-let-7), including pri-let-7g and pri-let-7a-1, and sequester them in the nucleolus, away from the microprocessor complex, hence preventing their processing into mature miRNA. Does not act on pri-miR21. The repression of let-7 expression is required for normal development and contributes to maintain the pluripotent state of embryonic stem cells by preventing let-7-mediated differentiation. When overexpressed, recr [...] (271 aa)
Gspt1Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor GTP-binding subunit ERF3A; Involved in translation termination in response to the termination codons UAA, UAG and UGA (By similarity). Stimulates the activity of ETF1 (By similarity). Involved in regulation of mammalian cell growth. Component of the transient SURF complex which recruits UPF1 to stalled ribosomes in the context of nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons (By similarity). Required for SHFL-mediated translation termination which inhibits programmed ribosomal frameshifting (-1PRF) of mRNA from viruses a [...] (636 aa)
Thrap3Thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 3; Involved in pre-mRNA splicing. Remains associated with spliced mRNA after splicing which probably involves interactions with the exon junction complex (EJC). Can trigger mRNA decay which seems to be independent of nonsense-mediated decay involving premature stop codons (PTC) recognition. May be involved in nuclear mRNA decay. Involved in regulation of signal-induced alternative splicing. During splicing of PTPRC/CD45 is proposed to sequester phosphorylated SFPQ from PTPRC/CD45 pre-mRNA in resting T-cells. Involved in cyclin- D1/CCND1 mRNA [...] (951 aa)
Entpd7Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 7; Preferentially hydrolyzes nucleoside 5'-triphosphates. The order of activity with respect to possible substrates is UTP > GTP > CTP (By similarity). (606 aa)
Oas22'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2; Interferon-induced, dsRNA-activated antiviral enzyme which plays a critical role in cellular innate antiviral response. Activated by detection of double stranded RNA (dsRNA): polymerizes higher oligomers of 2'-5'- oligoadenylates (2-5A) from ATP which then bind to the inactive monomeric form of ribonuclease L (RNASEL) leading to its dimerization and subsequent activation. Activation of RNASEL leads to degradation of cellular as well as viral RNA, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis, thus terminating viral replication. Can mediate the antivi [...] (751 aa)
DutDeoxyuridine triphosphatase. (200 aa)
Ago4Protein argonaute-4; Required for RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi). Binds to short RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and represses the translation of mRNAs which are complementary to them. Lacks endonuclease activity and does not appear to cleave target mRNAs; Belongs to the argonaute family. Ago subfamily. (861 aa)
GaltGalactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase; Plays an important role in galactose metabolism. (360 aa)
Gm45837Phosphodiesterase. (961 aa)
Cnot9CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 9; Component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression. Involved in down- regulation of MYB- and JUN-dependent transcription. May play a role in cell differentiation. Required for retinoic acid-induced differentiation of F9 teratocar [...] (299 aa)
Hspa1aHeat shock 70 kDa protein 1A; Molecular chaperone implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including protection of the proteome from stress, folding and transport of newly synthesized polypeptides, activation of proteolysis of misfolded proteins and the formation and dissociation of protein complexes. Plays a pivotal role in the protein quality control system, ensuring the correct folding of proteins, the re-folding of misfolded proteins and controlling the targeting of proteins for subsequent degradation. This is achieved through cycles of ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis and AD [...] (641 aa)
GdaGuanine deaminase; Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of guanine, producing xanthine and ammonia; Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. ATZ/TRZ family. (454 aa)
DeraDeoxyribose-phosphate aldolase; Catalyzes a reversible aldol reaction between acetaldehyde and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to generate 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5- phosphate. Participates in stress granule (SG) assembly. May allow ATP production from extracellular deoxyinosine in conditions of energy deprivation. (318 aa)
Dnase1l2Deoxyribonuclease-1-like 2; Divalent cation-dependent acid DNA endonuclease involved in the breakdown of the nucleus during corneocyte formation of epidermal keratinocytes. May play an immune role by eliminating harmful DNA released into the extracellular environment by damaged epidermal cells (By similarity). (278 aa)
Nudt188-oxo-dGDP phosphatase NUDT18; Mediates the hydrolysis of oxidized nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. Hydrolyzes 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxo-Gua)-containing deoxyribo- and ribonucleoside diphosphates to the monophosphates. Hydrolyzes 8-oxo-dGDP and 8-oxo-GDP with the same efficiencies. Hydrolyzes also 8-OH-dADP and 2-OH-dADP. Exhibited no or minimal hydrolysis activity against 8-oxo-dGTP, 8-oxo-GTP, dGTP, GTP, dGDP and GDP. Probably removes oxidized guanine nucleotides from both the DNA and RNA precursor pools (By similarity); Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. (323 aa)
Pde10acAMP and cAMP-inhibited cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 10A; Plays a role in signal transduction by regulating the intracellular concentration of cyclic nucleotides. Can hydrolyze both cAMP and cGMP, but has higher affinity for cAMP and is more efficient with cAMP as substrate. May play a critical role in regulating cAMP and cGMP levels in the striatum, a region of the brain that contributes to the control of movement and cognition. (796 aa)
Pabpn1lEmbryonic polyadenylate-binding protein 2; Binds the poly(A) tail of mRNA. (273 aa)
Entpd6Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 6; Belongs to the GDA1/CD39 NTPase family. (455 aa)
Dhx34Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX34; Probable ATP-binding RNA helicase; Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. (1145 aa)
Pnp2Purine nucleoside phosphorylase; The purine nucleoside phosphorylases catalyze the phosphorolytic breakdown of the N-glycosidic bond in the beta- (deoxy)ribonucleoside molecules, with the formation of the corresponding free purine bases and pentose-1-phosphate. (305 aa)
Polr2gDNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB7; DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB7 is part of a subcomplex with RPB4 that binds to a pocket formed by RPB1, RPB2 and RPB6 at the base of the clamp element. The RBP4-RPB7 subcomplex seems [...] (172 aa)
Zhx2Zinc fingers and homeoboxes protein 2; Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Represses the promoter activity of the CDC25C gene stimulated by NFYA (By similarity). May play a role in retinal development where it regulates the composition of bipolar cell populations, by promoting differentiation of bipolar OFF-type cells. In the brain, may promote maintenance and suppress differentiation of neural progenitor cells in the developing cortex. Belongs to the ZHX family. (836 aa)
Ago1Protein argonaute-1; Required for RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi). Binds to short RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) or short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and represses the translation of mRNAs which are complementary to them. Lacks endonuclease activity and does not appear to cleave target mRNAs. May also be required for transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of promoter regions which are complementary to bound short antigene RNAs (agRNAs); Belongs to the argonaute family. Ago subfamily. (857 aa)
MlycdMalonyl-CoA decarboxylase, mitochondrial; Catalyzes the conversion of malonyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA. In the fatty acid biosynthesis MCD selectively removes malonyl-CoA and thus assures that methyl-malonyl-CoA is the only chain elongating substrate for fatty acid synthase and that fatty acids with multiple methyl side chains are produced. In peroxisomes it may be involved in degrading intraperoxisomal malonyl-CoA, which is generated by the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of odd chain-length dicarboxylic fatty acids. Plays a role in the metabolic balance between glucose and lipid oxidation in mus [...] (492 aa)
Zc3h4Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 4. (1255 aa)
Pde7aHigh affinity cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7A; Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes. May have a role in muscle signal transduction (By similarity). (482 aa)
Rc3h2Roquin-2; Post-transcriptional repressor of mRNAs containing a conserved stem loop motif, called constitutive decay element (CDE), which is often located in the 3'-UTR, as in HMGXB3, ICOS, IER3, NFKBID, NFKBIZ, PPP1R10, TNF and in many more mRNAs. Binds to CDE and promotes mRNA deadenylation and degradation. This process does not involve miRNAs. In follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, represses of ICOS and TNFRSF4 expression, thus preventing spontaneous Tfh cell differentiation, germinal center B-cell differentiation in the absence of immunization and autoimmunity. In resting or LPS-stimul [...] (1187 aa)
Urad2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline decarboxylase; Catalyzes the stereoselective decarboxylation of 2-oxo-4- hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline (OHCU) to (S)-allantoin. (178 aa)
Cnp2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase; May participate in RNA metabolism in the myelinating cell, CNP is the third most abundant protein in central nervous system myelin. (420 aa)
ItpaInosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase; Pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes the non-canonical purine nucleotides inosine triphosphate (ITP), deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) as well as 2'-deoxy-N-6-hydroxylaminopurine triposphate (dHAPTP) and xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) to their respective monophosphate derivatives. The enzyme does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. Probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions. Belongs to the HAM1 NTPase family. (198 aa)
Mrto4mRNA turnover protein 4 homolog; Component of the ribosome assembly machinery. Nuclear paralog of the ribosomal protein P0, it binds pre-60S subunits at an early stage of assembly in the nucleolus, and is replaced by P0 in cytoplasmic pre-60S subunits and mature 80S ribosomes. (239 aa)
Nt5m5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase, mitochondrial; Dephosphorylates specifically the 5' and 2'(3')-phosphates of uracil and thymine deoxyribonucleotides, and so protects mitochondrial DNA replication from excess dTTP. Has only marginal activity towards dIMP and dGMP; Belongs to the 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase family. (220 aa)
Nudt10Diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase 3-alpha; Cleaves a beta-phosphate from the diphosphate groups in PP- InsP5 (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate), suggesting that it may play a role in signal transduction. Also able to catalyze the hydrolysis of dinucleoside oligophosphates, with Ap6A and Ap5A being the preferred substrates. The major reaction products are ADP and p4a from Ap6A and ADP and ATP from Ap5A. Also able to hydrolyze 5- phosphoribose 1-diphosphate; however, the relevance of such activity in vivo remains unclear; Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. DIPP subfamily. (164 aa)
Nudt11Nudix (nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X)-type motif 11. (164 aa)
Rbm8a2RNA-binding protein 8A; Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs. (174 aa)
Cnot2CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 2; Component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression. Required for the CCR4- NOT complex structural integrity. Can repress transcription and may link the CCR4-NOT complex to transcriptional regulation; the repressive function may s [...] (540 aa)
Mex3dRNA-binding protein MEX3D; RNA binding protein, may be involved in post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. (718 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Mus musculus
NCBI taxonomy Id: 10090
Other names: LK3 transgenic mice, M. musculus, Mus sp. 129SV, house mouse, mouse, nude mice, transgenic mice
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