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| | Nap1l2 | Nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 2; Acidic protein which may be involved in interactions with other proteins or DNA. (460 aa) |
| | Eif4g1 | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1; Component of the protein complex eIF4F, which is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome. (1600 aa) |
| | Tcf4 | Transcription factor 4; Transcription factor that binds to the immunoglobulin enhancer Mu-E5/KE5-motif. Involved in the initiation of neuronal differentiation. Activates transcription by binding to the E box (5'- CANNTG-3'). Isoform 2 inhibits MYOD1 activation of the cardiac alpha- actin promoter. Binds to the E-box present in the somatostatin receptor 2 initiator element (SSTR2-INR) to activate transcription. May have a regulatory function in developmental processes as well as during neuronal plasticity. (670 aa) |
| | Dmd | Dystrophin; Anchors the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton via F- actin. Ligand for dystroglycan. Component of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex which accumulates at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and at a variety of synapses in the peripheral and central nervous systems and has a structural function in stabilizing the sarcolemma. Also implicated in signaling events and synaptic transmission. (3678 aa) |
| | Hoxd3 | Homeobox protein Hox-D3; Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis; Belongs to the Antp homeobox family. (433 aa) |
| | Ccr5 | C-C chemokine receptor type 5; Receptor for a number of inflammatory CC-chemokines including MIP-1-alpha, MIP-1-beta and RANTES and subsequently transduces a signal by increasing the intracellular calcium ion level. May play a role in the control of granulocytic lineage proliferation or differentiation (By similarity). (354 aa) |
| | Epo | Erythropoietin; Hormone involved in the regulation of erythrocyte proliferation and differentiation and the maintenance of a physiological level of circulating erythrocyte mass. Binds to EPOR leading to EPOR dimerization and JAK2 activation thereby activating specific downstream effectors, including STAT1 and STAT3. (192 aa) |
| | Duoxa1 | Dual oxidase maturation factor 1; May be required for the maturation and the transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane of functional DUOX1. (341 aa) |
| | Foxa2 | Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta; Transcription factor that is involved in embryonic development, establishment of tissue-specific gene expression and regulation of gene expression in differentiated tissues. Is thought to act as a 'pioneer' factor opening the compacted chromatin for other proteins through interactions with nucleosomal core histones and thereby replacing linker histones at target enhancer and/or promoter sites. Binds DNA with the consensus sequence 5'- [AC]A[AT]T[AG]TT[GT][AG][CT]T[CT]-3' (By similarity). In embryonic development is required for notochord formation. Inv [...] (465 aa) |
| | Vwc2 | Brorin; BMP antagonist which may play a role in neural development. Promotes cell adhesion. (324 aa) |
| | Cpne1 | Copine-1; Calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein that plays a role in calcium-mediated intracellular processes. Involved in the TNF- alpha receptor signaling pathway in a calcium-dependent manner. Exhibits calcium-dependent phospholipid binding properties. Plays a role in neuronal progenitor cell differentiation; induces neurite outgrowth via a AKT-dependent signaling cascade and calcium-independent manner. May recruit target proteins to the cell membrane in a calcium- dependent manner. May function in membrane trafficking. Involved in TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappa-B transcription [...] (536 aa) |
| | Ect2 | Protein ECT2; Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that catalyzes the exchange of GDP for GTP. Promotes guanine nucleotide exchange on the Rho family members of small GTPases, like RHOA, RHOC, RAC1 and CDC42. Required for signal transduction pathways involved in the regulation of cytokinesis. Component of the centralspindlin complex that serves as a microtubule-dependent and Rho-mediated signaling required for the myosin contractile ring formation during the cell cycle cytokinesis. Regulates the translocation of RHOA from the central spindle to the equatorial region. Plays a role i [...] (913 aa) |
| | Ngf | Beta-nerve growth factor; Nerve growth factor is important for the development and maintenance of the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems. Extracellular ligand for the NTRK1 and NGFR receptors, activates cellular signaling cascades to regulate neuronal proliferation, differentiation and survival. The immature NGF precursor (proNGF) functions as ligand for the heterodimeric receptor formed by SORCS2 and NGFR, and activates cellular signaling cascades that lead to inactivation of RAC1 and/or RAC2, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and neuronal growth cone collapse. In contrast [...] (307 aa) |
| | Dab1 | Disabled homolog 1; Adapter molecule functioning in neural development. May regulate SIAH1 activity. (555 aa) |
| | Kdm4a | Lysine-specific demethylase 4A; Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-36' residues of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Does not demethylate histone H3 'Lys- 4', H3 'Lys-27' nor H4 'Lys-20'. Demethylates trimethylated H3 'Lys-9' and H3 'Lys-36' residue, while it has no activity on mono- and dimethylated residues. Demethylation of Lys residue generates formaldehyde and succinate. Participates in transcriptional repression of ASCL2 and E2F-responsive promoters via the recruitment of histone deacetylases and NCOR1, respectively (By s [...] (1064 aa) |
| | Tcf3 | Transcription factor E2-alpha; Transcriptional regulator. Involved in the initiation of neuronal differentiation. Heterodimers between TCF3 and tissue-specific basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins play major roles in determining tissue-specific cell fate during embryogenesis, like muscle or early B- cell differentiation. Dimers bind DNA on E-box motifs: 5'-CANNTG-3'. Binds to the kappa-E2 site in the kappa immunoglobulin gene enhancer. Binds to IEB1 and IEB2, which are short DNA sequences in the insulin gene transcription control region. (653 aa) |
| | Atoh1 | Protein atonal homolog 1; Transcriptional regulator. Activates E box-dependent transcription in collaboration with TCF3/E47, but the activity is completely antagonized by the negative regulator of neurogenesis HES1. Plays a role in the differentiation of subsets of neural cells by activating E box-dependent transcription. (351 aa) |
| | Sox2 | Transcription factor SOX-2; Transcription factor that forms a trimeric complex with POU5F1 (OCT3/4) on DNA and controls the expression of a number of genes involved in embryonic development such as YES1, FGF4, UTF1 and ZFP206. Binds to the proximal enhancer region of NANOG. Critical for early embryogenesis and for embryonic stem cell pluripotency (By similarity). Downstream SRRT target that mediates the promotion of neural stem cell self-renewal. Keeps neural cells undifferentiated by counteracting the activity of proneural proteins and suppresses neuronal differentiation (By similarit [...] (319 aa) |
| | Tgif2 | Homeobox protein TGIF2; Transcriptional repressor, which probably repress transcription by binding directly the 5'-CTGTCAA-3' DNA sequence or by interacting with TGF-beta activated SMAD proteins. Probably represses transcription via the recruitment of histone deacetylase proteins (By similarity); Belongs to the TALE/TGIF homeobox family. (237 aa) |
| | Irx3 | Iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-3; Transcription factor involved in SHH-dependent neural patterning. Together with NKX2-2 and NKX6-1 acts to restrict the generation of motor neurons to the appropriate region of the neural tube. Belongs to the class I proteins of neuronal progenitor factors, which are repressed by SHH signals. Involved in the transcriptional repression of MNX1 in non-motor neuron cells. Acts as a regulator of energy metabolism. (522 aa) |
| | Pax6 | Paired box protein Pax-6; Transcription factor with important functions in the development of the eye, nose, central nervous system and pancreas. Required for the differentiation of pancreatic islet alpha cells. Competes with PAX4 in binding to a common element in the glucagon, insulin and somatostatin promoters. Regulates specification of the ventral neuron subtypes by establishing the correct progenitor domains (By similarity). (436 aa) |
| | Itgb1 | Integrin beta-1; Integrins alpha-1/beta-1, alpha-2/beta-1, alpha-10/beta-1 and alpha-11/beta-1 are receptors for collagen. Integrins alpha-1/beta-1 and alpha-2/beta-2 recognize the proline-hydroxylated sequence G-F-P-G- E-R in collagen. Integrins alpha-2/beta-1, alpha-3/beta-1, alpha- 4/beta-1, alpha-5/beta-1, alpha-8/beta-1, alpha-10/beta-1, alpha- 11/beta-1 and alpha-V/beta-1 are receptors for fibronectin. Alpha- 4/beta-1 recognizes one or more domains within the alternatively spliced CS-1 and CS-5 regions of fibronectin. Integrin alpha-5/beta-1 is a receptor for fibrinogen. Integrin [...] (798 aa) |
| | Mapk8ip3 | C-Jun-amino-terminal kinase-interacting protein 3; The JNK-interacting protein (JIP) group of scaffold proteins selectively mediates JNK signaling by aggregating specific components of the MAPK cascade to form a functional JNK signaling module. May function as a regulator of vesicle transport, through interactions with the JNK-signaling components and motor proteins. Promotes neuronal axon elongation in a kinesin- and JNK-dependent manner. Activates cofilin at axon tips via local activation of JNK, thereby regulating filopodial dynamics and enhancing axon elongation. Its binding to kin [...] (1337 aa) |
| | Hspa1a | Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A; Molecular chaperone implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including protection of the proteome from stress, folding and transport of newly synthesized polypeptides, activation of proteolysis of misfolded proteins and the formation and dissociation of protein complexes. Plays a pivotal role in the protein quality control system, ensuring the correct folding of proteins, the re-folding of misfolded proteins and controlling the targeting of proteins for subsequent degradation. This is achieved through cycles of ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis and AD [...] (641 aa) |
| | Ncoa1 | Nuclear receptor coactivator 1; Nuclear receptor coactivator that directly binds nuclear receptors and stimulates the transcriptional activities in a hormone- dependent fashion. Involved in the coactivation of different nuclear receptors, such as for steroids (PGR, GR and ER), retinoids (RXRs), thyroid hormone (TRs) and prostanoids (PPARs). Also involved in coactivation mediated by STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6 transcription factors. Displays histone acetyltransferase activity toward H3 and H4; the relevance of such activity remains however unclear. Plays a central role in creating m [...] (1405 aa) |
| | Fgfr1 | Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1; Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as cell-surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors and plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Required for normal mesoderm patterning and correct axial organization during embryonic development, normal skeletogenesis and normal development of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal system. Phosphorylates PLCG1, FRS2, GAB1 and SHB. Ligand binding leads to the activation of several signaling cascades. Activation of PLCG1 lea [...] (822 aa) |
| | Rest | RE1-silencing transcription factor; Transcriptional repressor which binds neuron-restrictive silencer element (NRSE) and represses neuronal gene transcription in non-neuronal cells. Restricts the expression of neuronal genes by associating with two distinct corepressors, SIN3A and RCOR1, which in turn recruit histone deacetylase to the promoters of REST-regulated genes (By similarity). Mediates repression by recruiting the BHC complex at RE1/NRSE sites which acts by deacetylating and demethylating specific sites on histones, thereby acting as a chromatin modifier (By similarity). Trans [...] (1082 aa) |
| | Cyb5d2 | Neuferricin; Heme-binding protein which promotes neuronal but not astrocyte differentiation. (263 aa) |
| | Etv5 | ETS translocation variant 5; Binds to DNA sequences containing the consensus nucleotide core sequence 5'-GGAA.-3'; Belongs to the ETS family. (510 aa) |
| | Sox11 | Transcription factor SOX-11; Transcriptional factor involved in the embryonic neurogenesis. May also have a role in tissue modeling during development. (395 aa) |
| | Brinp3 | BMP/retinoic acid-inducible neural-specific protein 3; Inhibits neuronal cell proliferation by negative regulation of the cell cycle transition. Promotes pituitary gonadotrope cell proliferation, migration and invasion, when overexpressed. May play a role in cell pituitary tumor development. Belongs to the BRINP family. (766 aa) |
| | Bmp4 | Bone morphogenetic protein 4; Induces cartilage and bone formation. Acts in concert with PTHLH/PTHRP to stimulate ductal outgrowth during embryonic mammary development and to inhibit hair follicle induction. (408 aa) |
| | Cxcl12 | Stromal cell-derived factor 1; Chemoattractant active on T-lymphocytes and monocytes but not neutrophils. Activates the C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR4 to induce a rapid and transient rise in the level of intracellular calcium ions and chemotaxis. Also binds to atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3, which activates the beta-arrestin pathway and acts as a scavenger receptor for SDF-1. Binds to the allosteric site (site 2) of integrins and activates integrins ITGAV:ITGB3, ITGA4:ITGB1 and ITGA5:ITGB1 in a CXCR4-independent manner (By similarity). Acts as a positive regulator of monocyte migrat [...] (119 aa) |
| | Tle6 | Transducin-like enhancer protein 6; As a member of the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC), plays an essential role for zygotes to progress beyond the first embryonic cell divisions. (581 aa) |
| | Adra2b | Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor; Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Adrenergic receptor subfamily. ADRA2B sub-subfamily. (453 aa) |
| | Rara | Retinoic acid receptor alpha; Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RXR/RAR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. In the absence of ligand, the RXR-RAR heterodimers associate with a multiprotein complex containing transcription corepressors that induce histone deacetylation, chromatin condensation and transcri [...] (462 aa) |
| | Nkx2-2 | Homeobox protein Nkx-2.2; Transcriptional activator involved in the development of insulin-producting beta cells in the endocrine pancreas. May also be involved in specifying diencephalic neuromeric boundaries, and in controlling the expression of genes that play a role in axonal guidance. Binds to elements within the NEUROD1 promoter. (273 aa) |
| | Map1b | Microtubule-associated protein 1B; Phosphorylated MAP1B may play a role in the cytoskeletal changes that accompany neurite extension. Possibly MAP1B binds to at least two tubulin subunits in the polymer, and this bridging of subunits might be involved in nucleating microtubule polymerization and in stabilizing microtubules. Acts as a positive cofactor in DAPK1- mediated autophagic vesicle formation and membrane blebbing (By similarity). Facilitates tyrosination of alpha-tubulin in neuronal microtubules. Required for synaptic maturation. (2464 aa) |
| | Ifng | Interferon gamma; Produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens or mitogens. IFN-gamma, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions. It is a potent activator of macrophages, it has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I interferons. (155 aa) |
| | Gdf6 | Growth/differentiation factor 6; Growth factor that controls proliferation and cellular differentiation in the retina and bone formation. Plays a key role in regulating apoptosis during retinal development. Establishes dorsal- ventral positional information in the retina and controls the formation of the retinotectal map. Required for normal formation of bones and joints in the limbs, skull, digits and axial skeleton. Plays a key role in establishing boundaries between skeletal elements during development. Regulation of GDF6 expression seems to be a mechanism for evolving species-speci [...] (454 aa) |
| | Pcp4 | Calmodulin regulator protein PCP4; Functions as a modulator of calcium-binding by calmodulin. Thereby, regulates calmodulin activity and the different processes it controls. For instance, may play a role in neuronal differentiation through activation of calmodulin-dependent kinase signaling pathways. (62 aa) |
| | Trim32 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM32; Has an E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Ubiquitinates DTNBP1 (dysbindin). May ubiquitinate BBS2 (By similarity). Ubiquitinates PIAS4/PIASY and promotes its degradation in keratinocytes treated with UVB and TNF-alpha. (655 aa) |
| | Adra2c | Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor; Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Adrenergic receptor subfamily. ADRA2C sub-subfamily. (458 aa) |
| | Vwc2l | Von Willebrand factor C domain-containing protein 2-like; May play a role in neurogenesis. May promote matrix mineralization , but has been shown to weakly, but significantly inhibit BMP2 and BMP6 activity in a preosteoblastic cell line. (222 aa) |
| | Bdnf | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Important signaling molecule that activates signaling cascades downstream of NTRK2. During development, promotes the survival and differentiation of selected neuronal populations of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Participates in axonal growth, pathfinding and in the modulation of dendritic growth and morphology. Major regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity at adult synapses in many regions of the CNS. The versatility of BDNF is emphasized by its contribution to a range of adaptive neuronal responses including long-term potentia [...] (257 aa) |
| | Trpc6 | Short transient receptor potential channel 6; Thought to form a receptor-activated non-selective calcium permeant cation channel. Probably is operated by a phosphatidylinositol second messenger system activated by receptor tyrosine kinases or G- protein coupled receptors. Activated by diacylglycerol (DAG) in a membrane-delimited fashion, independently of protein kinase C. Seems not to be activated by intracellular calcium store depletion. (930 aa) |
| | Rnf112 | RING finger protein 112; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in neuronal differentiation, including neurogenesis and gliogenesis, during brain development. During embryonic development initiates neuronal differentiation by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase through up-regulation of cell-cycle regulatory proteins. Plays a role not only in the fetal period during the development of the nervous system, but also in the adult brain, where it is involved in the maintenance of neural functions and protection of the nervous tissue cells from oxidative stress-ind [...] (654 aa) |
| | Gli2 | Zinc finger protein GLI2; Functions as transcription regulator in the hedgehog (Hh) pathway. Functions as transcriptional activator. May also function as transcriptional repressor. Requires STK36 for full transcriptional activator activity. Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-GAACCACCCA-3' which is part of the TRE-2S regulatory element (By similarity). Is involved in the smoothened (SHH) signaling pathway. Required for normal skeleton development. Belongs to the GLI C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. (1544 aa) |
| | Neurog3 | Neurogenin-3; Acts as a transcriptional regulator. Together with NKX2-2, initiates transcriptional activation of NEUROD1. Involved in neurogenesis. Also required for the specification of a common precursor of the 4 pancreatic endocrine cell types. (214 aa) |
| | Bend6 | BEN domain-containing protein 6; Acts as a corepressor of recombining binding protein suppressor hairless (RBPJ) and inhibits Notch signaling in neural stem cells, thereby opposing their self-renewal and promoting neurogenesis. (281 aa) |
| | Dnmt3b | DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3B; Required for genome-wide de novo methylation and is essential for the establishment of DNA methylation patterns during development. DNA methylation is coordinated with methylation of histones. May preferentially methylates nucleosomal DNA within the nucleosome core region. May function as transcriptional co-repressor by associating with CBX4 and independently of DNA methylation. Seems to be involved in gene silencing. In association with DNMT1 and via the recruitment of CTCFL/BORIS, involved in activation of BAG1 gene expression by modulating dime [...] (860 aa) |
| | Lin28a | Protein lin-28 homolog A; RNA-binding protein that inhibits processing of pre-let-7 miRNAs and regulates translation of mRNAs that control developmental timing, pluripotency and metabolism. Seems to recognize a common structural G-quartet (G4) feature in its miRNA and mRNA targets. 'Translational enhancer' that drives specific mRNAs to polysomes and increases the efficiency of protein synthesis. Its association with the translational machinery and target mRNAs results in an increased number of initiation events per molecule of mRNA and, indirectly, in mRNA stabilization. Binds IGF2 mRN [...] (209 aa) |
| | Neurog1 | Neurogenin-1; Acts as a transcriptional regulator. Involved in the initiation of neuronal differentiation. Activates transcription by binding to the E box (5'-CANNTG-3'). Associates with chromatin to enhancer regulatory elements in genes encoding key transcriptional regulators of neurogenesis. (244 aa) |
| | Trpc5 | Short transient receptor potential channel 5; Thought to form a receptor-activated non-selective calcium permeant cation channel. Probably is operated by a phosphatidylinositol second messenger system activated by receptor tyrosine kinases or G- protein coupled receptors. Has also been shown to be calcium-selective. May also be activated by intracellular calcium store depletion. (975 aa) |
| | Gdf5 | Growth/differentiation factor 5; Growth factor involved in bone and cartilage formation. During cartilage development regulates differentiation of chondrogenic tissue through two pathways. Firstly, positively regulates differentiation of chondrogenic tissue through its binding of high affinity with BMPR1B and of less affinity with BMPR1A, leading to induction of SMAD1-SMAD5-SMAD8 complex phosphorylation and then SMAD protein signaling transduction (By similarity). Secondly, negatively regulates chondrogenic differentiation through its interaction with NOG (By similarity). Required to p [...] (495 aa) |
| | Nbl1 | Neuroblastoma suppressor of tumorigenicity 1; Possible candidate as a tumor suppressor gene of neuroblastoma. May play an important role in preventing cells from entering the final stage (G1/S) of the transformation process. (178 aa) |
| | Nkx6-1 | Homeobox protein Nkx-6.1; Transcription factor which binds to specific A/T-rich DNA sequences in the promoter regions of a number of genes. Required for the development of insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of Langerhans at the secondary transition. Involved in transcriptional regulation of the insulin gene. Together with NKX2-2 and IRX3, restricts the generation of motor neurons to the appropriate region of the neural tube. Belongs to the class II proteins of neuronal progenitor factors, which are induced by SHH signals. (365 aa) |
| | Dlx1 | Homeobox protein DLX-1; Plays a role as a transcriptional activator or repressor. Inhibits several cytokine signaling pathways, such as TGFB1, activin-A/INHBA and BMP4 by interfering with the transcriptional stimulatory activity of transcription factors, such as MSX2, FAST2, SMAD2 and SMAD3 during hematopoietic cell differentiation (By similarity). Plays a role in terminal differentiation of interneurons, such as amacrine and bipolar cells in the developing retina. Likely to play a regulatory role in the development of the ventral forebrain. May play a role in craniofacial patterning a [...] (255 aa) |
| | Spag9 | C-Jun-amino-terminal kinase-interacting protein 4; The JNK-interacting protein (JIP) group of scaffold proteins selectively mediates JNK signaling by aggregating specific components of the MAPK cascade to form a functional JNK signaling module. Regulates lysosomal positioning by acting as an adapter protein which links PIP4P1-positive lysosomes to the dynein-dynactin complex (By similarity). (1307 aa) |
| | Neurod2 | Neurogenic differentiation factor 2; Transcriptional regulator implicated in neuronal determination. Mediates calcium-dependent transcription activation by binding to E box-containing promoter. Critical factor essential for the repression of the genetic program for neuronal differentiation; prevents the formation of synaptic vesicle clustering at active zone to the presynaptic membrane in postmitotic neurons. Induces transcription of ZEB1, which in turn represses neuronal differentiation by down- regulating REST expression. Plays a role in the establishment and maturation of thalamocor [...] (383 aa) |
| | Zc4h2 | Zinc finger C4H2 domain-containing protein; Plays a role in interneurons differentiation. Involved in neuronal development and in neuromuscular junction formation. (224 aa) |
| | Foxa1 | Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-alpha; Transcription factor that is involved in embryonic development, establishment of tissue-specific gene expression and regulation of gene expression in differentiated tissues. Is thought to act as a 'pioneer' factor opening the compacted chromatin for other proteins through interactions with nucleosomal core histones and thereby replacing linker histones at target enhancer and/or promoter sites. Binds DNA with the consensus sequence 5'- [AC]A[AT]T[AG]TT[GT][AG][CT]T[CT]-3' (By similarity). Proposed to play a role in translating the epigenetic signatures [...] (468 aa) |
| | Heyl | Hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif-like protein; Transcriptional repressor which binds preferentially to the canonical E box sequence 5'-CACGTG-3' (By similarity). Downstream effector of Notch signaling required for cardiovascular development. Specifically required for the Notch-induced endocardial epithelial to mesenchymal transition, which is itself criticial for cardiac valve and septum development. Represses transcription by the cardiac transcriptional activators GATA4 and GATA6. (326 aa) |
| | Neurod1 | Neurogenic differentiation factor 1; Acts as a transcriptional activator: mediates transcriptional activation by binding to E box-containing promoter consensus core sequences 5'-CANNTG-3'. Associates with the p300/CBP transcription coactivator complex to stimulate transcription of the secretin gene as well as the gene encoding the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1A. Contributes to the regulation of several cell differentiation pathways, like those that promote the formation of early retinal ganglion cells, inner ear sensory neurons, granule cells forming either the cerebellum or [...] (357 aa) |
| | Ccl5 | C-C motif chemokine 5; Chemoattractant for blood monocytes, memory T-helper cells and eosinophils. Causes the release of histamine from basophils and activates eosinophils. May activate several chemokine receptors including CCR1, CCR3, CCR4 and CCR5. May also be an agonist of the G protein-coupled receptor GPR75. Together with GPR75, may play a role in neuron survival through activation of a downstream signaling pathway involving the PI3, Akt and MAP kinases. By activating GPR75 may also play a role in insulin secretion by islet cells. Belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family. (91 aa) |
| | Mmd2 | Monocyte to macrophage differentiation factor 2; Belongs to the ADIPOR family. (247 aa) |
| | Gdf7 | Growth/differentiation factor 7. (461 aa) |
| | Gdpd5 | Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain-containing protein 5; Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase that promotes neurite formation and drives spinal motor neuron differentiation. Mediates the cleavage of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor of target proteins: removes the GPI-anchor of RECK, leading to release RECK from the plasma membrane (By similarity). May contribute to the osmotic regulation of cellular glycerophosphocholine. (607 aa) |
| | Bnip2 | BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 2; Implicated in the suppression of cell death. Interacts with the BCL-2 and adenovirus E1B 19 kDa proteins (By similarity). (326 aa) |
| | Fez1 | Fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1; May be involved in axonal outgrowth as component of the network of molecules that regulate cellular morphology and axon guidance machinery. May participate in the transport of mitochondria and other cargos along microtubules (By similarity). (392 aa) |
| | Sall1 | Sal-like protein 1; Transcriptional repressor involved in organogenesis. Essential for ureteric bud invasion in kidney development. Homozygous deletion of SALL1 results in an incomplete ureteric bud outgrowth, a failure of tubule formation in the mesenchyme and an apoptosis of the mesenchyme; Belongs to the sal C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. (1323 aa) |
| | Sh3gl3 | Endophilin-A3; Implicated in endocytosis. May recruit other proteins to membranes with high curvature (By similarity); Belongs to the endophilin family. (347 aa) |
| | Fezf1 | Fez family zinc finger protein 1; Transcription repressor. Involved in the axonal projection and proper termination of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Plays a role in rostro-caudal patterning of the diencephalon and in prethalamic formation. Expression is required in OSN to cell-autonomously regulate OSN axon projections. Regulates non-cell-autonomously the layer formation of the olfactory bulb development and the interneurons. May be required for correct rostral migration of the interneuron progenitors; Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. (475 aa) |
| | Kdm4c | Lysine-specific demethylase 4C; Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-36' residues of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Does not demethylate histone H3 'Lys-4', H3 'Lys-27' nor H4 'Lys-20'. Demethylates trimethylated H3 'Lys-9' and H3 'Lys-36' residue, while it has no activity on mono- and dimethylated residues. Demethylation of Lys residue generates formaldehyde and succinate (By similarity). (1054 aa) |
| | Brinp1 | BMP/retinoic acid-inducible neural-specific protein 1; Inhibits cell proliferation by negative regulation of the G1/S transition. Mediates cell death which is not of the classical apoptotic type and regulates expression of components of the plasminogen pathway; Belongs to the BRINP family. (760 aa) |
| | Arhgef2 | Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2; Activates Rho-GTPases by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP. May be involved in epithelial barrier permeability, cell motility and polarization, dendritic spine morphology, antigen presentation, leukemic cell differentiation, cell cycle regulation, innate immune response, and cancer. Binds Rac-GTPases, but does not seem to promote nucleotide exchange activity toward Rac-GTPases. May stimulate instead the cortical activity of Rac. Inactive toward CDC42, TC10, or Ras- GTPases. Forms an intracellular sensing system along with NOD1 for the detec [...] (985 aa) |
| | Neurog2 | Neurogenin-2; Transcriptional regulator. Involved in neuronal differentiation. Activates transcription by binding to the E box (5'- CANNTG-3'). (263 aa) |
| | Bmp2 | Bone morphogenetic protein 2; Induces cartilage and bone formation. Stimulates the differentiation of myoblasts into osteoblasts via the EIF2AK3- EIF2A- ATF4 pathway. BMP2 activation of EIF2AK3 stimulates phosphorylation of EIF2A which leads to increased expression of ATF4 which plays a central role in osteoblast differentiation. In addition stimulates TMEM119, which upregulates the expression of ATF4. Belongs to the TGF-beta family. (394 aa) |
| | Lmx1a | LIM homeobox transcription factor 1-alpha; Acts as a transcriptional activator by binding to an A/T-rich sequence, the FLAT element, in the insulin gene promoter. Required for development of the roof plate and, in turn, for specification of dorsal cell fates in the CNS and developing vertebrae. (382 aa) |
| | Il6 | Interleukin-6; Cytokine with a wide variety of biological functions. It is a potent inducer of the acute phase response. Plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B-cells into Ig-secreting cells Involved in lymphocyte and monocyte differentiation. Acts on B-cells, T-cells, hepatocytes, hematopoietic progenitor cells and cells of the CNS. Required for the generation of T(H)17 cells. Also acts as a myokine. It is discharged into the bloodstream after muscle contraction and acts to increase the breakdown of fats and to improve insulin resistance. It induces myeloma and plasm [...] (211 aa) |
| | Dkk1 | Dickkopf-related protein 1; Antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling by inhibiting LRP5/6 interaction with Wnt and by forming a ternary complex with the transmembrane protein KREMEN that promotes internalization of LRP5/6. Inhibits the pro-apoptotic function of KREMEN1 in a Wnt-independent manner, and has anti-apoptotic activity. Plays a role in limb development; attenuates Wnt signaling in the developing limb to allow normal limb patterning ; Belongs to the dickkopf family. (272 aa) |
| | Impact | Protein IMPACT; Translational regulator that ensures constant high levels of translation upon a variety of stress conditions, such as amino acid starvation, UV-C irradiation, proteasome inhibitor treatment and glucose deprivation. Plays a role as a negative regulator of the EIF2AK4/GCN2 kinase activity; impairs GCN1-mediated EIF2AK4/GCN2 activation, and hence EIF2AK4/GCN2-mediated eIF-2-alpha phosphorylation and subsequent down-regulation of protein synthesis. May be required to regulate translation in specific neuronal cells under amino acid starvation conditions by preventing GCN2 ac [...] (318 aa) |
| | Zeb1 | Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1; Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Binds to E-box sequences in the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer as well as in the regulatory regions of many other tissue-specific genes. Represses E-cadherin promoter and induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by recruiting SMARCA4/BRG1. Represses BCL6 transcription in the presence of the corepressor CTBP1 (By similarity). Positively regulates neuronal differentiation. Represses RCOR1 transcription activation during neurogenesis. Represses transcription by binding to the E box (5'- CANNTG-3'). P [...] (1117 aa) |
| | Dlx2 | Homeobox protein DLX-2; Acts as a transcriptional activator. Plays a role in terminal differentiation of interneurons, such as amacrine and bipolar cells in the developing retina. Likely to play a regulatory role in the development of the ventral forebrain. May play a role in craniofacial patterning and morphogenesis ; Belongs to the distal-less homeobox family. (332 aa) |
| | Bcl6 | B-cell lymphoma 6 protein homolog; Transcriptional repressor mainly required for germinal center (GC) formation and antibody affinity maturation which has different mechanisms of action specific to the lineage and biological functions. Forms complexes with different corepressors and histone deacetylases to repress the transcriptional expression of different subsets of target genes. Represses its target genes by binding directly to the DNA sequence 5'-TTCCTAGAA-3' (BCL6-binding site) or indirectly by repressing the transcriptional activity of transcription factors. In GC B-cells, repres [...] (707 aa) |
| | Hmg20b | High mobility group 20B; Required for correct progression through G2 phase of the cell cycle and entry into mitosis. Required for RCOR1/CoREST mediated repression of neuronal specific gene promoters (By similarity). (317 aa) |
| | Ascl1 | Achaete-scute homolog 1; Transcription factor that plays a key role in neuronal differentiation: acts as a pioneer transcription factor, accessing closed chromatin to allow other factors to bind and activate neural pathways. Directly binds the E box motif (5'-CANNTG- 3') on promoters and promotes transcription of neuronal genes. The combination of three transcription factors, ASCL1, POU3F2/BRN2 and MYT1L, is sufficient to reprogram fibroblasts and other somatic cells into induced neuronal (iN) cells in vitro. Plays a role at early stages of development of specific neural lineages in mo [...] (231 aa) |
| | Socs2 | Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2; SOCS family proteins form part of a classical negative feedback system that regulates cytokine signal transduction. SOCS2 appears to be a negative regulator in the growth hormone/IGF1 signaling pathway. Probable substrate recognition component of a SCF-like ECS (Elongin BC-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). (198 aa) |
| | Csnk1d | Casein kinase I isoform delta; Essential serine/threonine-protein kinase that regulates diverse cellular growth and survival processes including Wnt signaling, DNA repair and circadian rhythms. It can phosphorylate a large number of proteins. Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. Phosphorylates connexin-43/GJA1, MAP1A, SNAPIN, MAPT/TAU, TOP2A, DCK, HIF1A, EIF6, p53/TP53, DVL2, DVL3, ESR1, AIB1/NCOA3, DNMT1, PKD2, YAP1, PER1 and PER2. Central component of the circadian clock. In balance with PP1, dete [...] (415 aa) |
| | Timp2 | Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2; Complexes with metalloproteinases (such as collagenases) and irreversibly inactivates them by binding to their catalytic zinc cofactor; Belongs to the protease inhibitor I35 (TIMP) family. (220 aa) |
| | Nkx2-5 | Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5; Implicated in commitment to and/or differentiation of the myocardial lineage. Acts as a transcriptional activator of ANF in cooperation with GATA4. Binds to the core DNA motif of NPPA promoter. It is transcriptionally controlled by PBX1 and acts as a transcriptional repressor of CDKN2B. Together with PBX1, it is required for spleen development through a mechanism that involves CDKN2B repression. (318 aa) |
| | Gata2 | Endothelial transcription factor GATA-2; Transcriptional activator which regulates endothelin-1 gene expression in endothelial cells. Binds to the consensus sequence 5'- AGATAG-3'. (480 aa) |
| | Pten | Phosphatase and tensin homolog; In motile cells, suppresses the formation of lateral pseudopods and thereby promotes cell polarization and directed movement (By similarity). Tumor suppressor. Acts as a dual-specificity protein phosphatase, dephosphorylating tyrosine-, serine- and threonine- phosphorylated proteins. Also acts as a lipid phosphatase, removing the phosphate in the D3 position of the inositol ring from phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3,4- diphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and inositol 1,3,4,5- tetrakisphosphate with order of subst [...] (403 aa) |
| | Phox2b | Paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2B; Belongs to the paired homeobox family. (314 aa) |
| | Bmp7 | Bone morphogenetic protein 7; Induces cartilage and bone formation. May be the osteoinductive factor responsible for the phenomenon of epithelial osteogenesis. Plays a role in calcium regulation and bone homeostasis. (430 aa) |
| | Rhoa | Transforming protein RhoA; Small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state. Mainly associated with cytoskeleton organization, in active state binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses such cytoskeletal dynamics, cell migration and cell cycle. Regulates a signal transduction pathway linking plasma membrane receptors to the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. Involved in a microtubule-dependent signal that is required for the myosin contractile ring formation during cell cycle cytokinesis (By similarity). [...] (193 aa) |
| | App | Gamma-secretase C-terminal fragment 50; Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Interaction between APP molecules on neighboring cells promotes synaptogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibit Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(O) and JIP. Inhibits G [...] (695 aa) |
| | Brinp2 | BMP/retinoic acid-inducible neural-specific protein 2; Inhibits neuronal cell proliferation by negative regulation of the cell cycle transition; Belongs to the BRINP family. (783 aa) |
| | Mmd | Monocyte to macrophage differentiation factor; Involved in the dynamics of lysosomal membranes associated with microglial activation following brain lesion; Belongs to the ADIPOR family. (238 aa) |
| | Shh | Sonic hedgehog protein N-product; [Sonic hedgehog protein]: The C-terminal part of the sonic hedgehog protein precursor displays an autoproteolysis and a cholesterol transferase activity. Both activities result in the cleavage of the full-length protein into two parts (ShhN and ShhC) followed by the covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated ShhN. Both activities occur in the reticulum endoplasmic. Once cleaved, ShhC is degraded in the endoplasmic reticulum. (437 aa) |
| | Ngfr | Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 16; Low affinity neurotrophin receptor which can bind to mature NGF, BDNF, NTF3, and NTF4. Forms a heterodimeric receptor with SORCS2 that binds the precursor forms of NGF (proNGF), BDNF (proBDNF) and NTF3 (proNT3) with high affinity, and has much lower affinity for mature NGF and BDNF. Plays an important role in differentiation and survival of specific neuronal populations during development. Can mediate cell survival as well as cell death of neural cells. The heterodimeric receptor formed with SORCS2 plays a role in proBDNF-dependent [...] (427 aa) |
| | Kctd11 | BTB/POZ domain-containing protein KCTD11; Plays a role as a marker and a regulator of neuronal differentiation; Up-regulated by a variety of neurogenic signals, such as retinoic acid, epidermal growth factor/EGF and NGFB/nerve growth factor. Induces apoptosis, growth arrest and the expression of cyclin- dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1B. Plays a role as a tumor repressor and inhibits cell growth and tumorigenicity of medulloblastoma (MDB). Acts as probable substrate-specific adapter for a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex towards HDAC1. Functions as antagonist of [...] (232 aa) |
| | Fezf2 | Fez family zinc finger protein 2; Transcription repressor. Required for the specification of corticospinal motor neurons and other subcerebral projection neurons. May play a role in layer and neuronal subtype-specific patterning of subcortical projections and axonal fasciculation. Controls the development of dendritic arborization and spines of large layer V pyramidal neurons. Plays a role in rostro-caudal patterning of the diencephalon and in prethalamic formation. (455 aa) |
| | Gprc5b | G-protein coupled receptor family C group 5 member B; Unknown. This retinoic acid-inducible G-protein coupled receptor provide evidence for a possible interaction between retinoid and G-protein signaling pathways (By similarity). (411 aa) |
| | Mef2c | Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C; Transcription activator which binds specifically to the MEF2 element present in the regulatory regions of many muscle-specific genes. Controls cardiac morphogenesis and myogenesis, and is also involved in vascular development. Enhances transcriptional activation mediated by SOX18. May also be involved in neurogenesis and in the development of cortical architecture. Isoforms that lack the repressor domain are more active than isoform 1 (By similarity). Plays an essential role in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory by suppressing the number of e [...] (474 aa) |
| | Fgf2 | Fibroblast growth factor 2; Acts as a ligand for FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 and FGFR4. Also acts as an integrin ligand which is required for FGF2 signaling. Binds to integrin ITGAV:ITGB3. Plays an important role in the regulation of cell survival, cell division, cell differentiation and cell migration. Functions as a potent mitogen in vitro. Can induce angiogenesis. Belongs to the heparin-binding growth factors family. (154 aa) |
| | Rgs6 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 6; Regulates G protein-coupled receptor signaling cascades. Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits, thereby driving them into their inactive GDP- bound form. The RGS6/GNB5 dimer enhances GNAO1 GTPase activity. (490 aa) |
| | Tcf12 | Transcription factor 12; Transcriptional regulator. Involved in the initiation of neuronal differentiation. Activates transcription by binding to the E box (5'-CANNTG-3'). (706 aa) |
| | Actr3 | Actin-related protein 3; ATP-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility. Seems to contact the pointed end of the daughter actin filament. In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA. The Arp2/3 complex promote [...] (418 aa) |
| | Prpf19 | Pre-mRNA-processing factor 19; [Isoform 1]: Ubiquitin-protein ligase which is a core component of several complexes mainly involved in pre-mRNA splicing and DNA repair. Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. Core component of the PRP19C/Prp19 complex/NTC/Nineteen complex which is part of the spliceosome and participates in its assembly, its remodeling and is required for its activity. During assembly of the spliceosome, mediates 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of the U4 spliceosomal protein PRPF3. Ubiquitination of PRPF3 allows its recognition by the U5 comp [...] (523 aa) |
| | Foxg1 | Forkhead box protein G1; Transcription repression factor which plays an important role in the establishment of the regional subdivision of the developing brain and in the development of the telencephalon. (481 aa) |
| | Prox1 | Prospero homeobox protein 1; Transcription factor involved in developmental processes such as cell fate determination, gene transcriptional regulation and progenitor cell regulation in a number of organs. Plays a critical role in embryonic development and functions as a key regulatory protein in neurogenesis and the development of the heart, eye lens, liver, pancreas and the lymphatic system. Involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm. Represses: transcription of the retinoid-related orphan receptor RORG, transcriptional activator activity of RORA and RORG and the expression of [...] (737 aa) |
| | Crx | Cone-rod homeobox protein; Transcription factor that binds and transactivates the sequence 5'-TAATC[CA]-3' which is found upstream of several photoreceptor-specific genes, including the opsin genes. Acts synergistically with other transcription factors, such as NRL, RORB and RAX, to regulate photoreceptor cell-specific gene transcription. Essential for the maintenance of mammalian photoreceptors. (323 aa) |
| | Hspa1b | Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1B; Molecular chaperone implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including protection of the proteome from stress, folding and transport of newly synthesized polypeptides, activation of proteolysis of misfolded proteins and the formation and dissociation of protein complexes. Plays a pivotal role in the protein quality control system, ensuring the correct folding of proteins, the re-folding of misfolded proteins and controlling the targeting of proteins for subsequent degradation. This is achieved through cycles of ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis and AD [...] (642 aa) |
| | Tgif1 | Homeobox protein TGIF1; Binds to a retinoid X receptor (RXR) responsive element from the cellular retinol-binding protein II promoter (CRBPII-RXRE). Inhibits the 9-cis-retinoic acid-dependent RXR alpha transcription activation of the retinoic acid responsive element. May participate in the transmission of nuclear signals during development and in the adult, as illustrated by the down-modulation of the RXR alpha activities (By similarity); Belongs to the TALE/TGIF homeobox family. (305 aa) |
| | Sin3a | Paired amphipathic helix protein Sin3a; Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Corepressor for REST. Interacts with MXI1 to repress MYC responsive genes and antagonize MYC oncogenic activities. Also interacts with MXD1-MAX heterodimers to repress transcription by tethering SIN3A to DNA. Acts cooperatively with OGT to repress transcription in parallel with histone deacetylation. Involved in the control of the circadian rhythms. Required for the transcriptional repression of circadian target genes, such as PER1, mediated by the large PER complex through histone deacetylation. Cooperates wi [...] (1277 aa) |
| | Bmp6 | Bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation; Belongs to the TGF-beta family. (510 aa) |
| | Cdon | Cell adhesion molecule-related/down-regulated by oncogenes; Component of a cell-surface receptor complex that mediates cell-cell interactions between muscle precursor cells. Promotes differentiation of myogenic cells. Required for response to NTN3 and activation of NFATC3. (1250 aa) |
