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| | Sri | Sorcin; Calcium-binding protein that modulates excitation-contraction coupling in the heart. Contributes to calcium homeostasis in the heart sarcoplasmic reticulum. Modulates the activity of RYR2 calcium channels. (198 aa) |
| | Gpld1 | Phosphatidylinositol-glycan-specific phospholipase D; This protein hydrolyzes the inositol phosphate linkage in proteins anchored by phosphatidylinositol glycans (GPI-anchor) thus releasing these proteins from the membrane. (842 aa) |
| | Glrx | Glutaredoxin-1; Has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. Reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins; Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. (107 aa) |
| | Pde4c | cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4C; Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes; Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE4 subfamily. (686 aa) |
| | Gpr68 | Ovarian cancer G-protein coupled receptor 1; Proton-sensing receptor involved in pH homeostasis. May represents an osteoblastic pH sensor regulating cell-mediated responses to acidosis in bone. Mediates its action by association with G proteins that stimulates inositol phosphate (IP) production or Ca(2+) mobilization. The receptor is almost silent at pH 7.8 but fully activated at pH 6.8. Also functions as a metastasis suppressor gene in prostate cancer; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (365 aa) |
| | Foxa2 | Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta; Transcription factor that is involved in embryonic development, establishment of tissue-specific gene expression and regulation of gene expression in differentiated tissues. Is thought to act as a 'pioneer' factor opening the compacted chromatin for other proteins through interactions with nucleosomal core histones and thereby replacing linker histones at target enhancer and/or promoter sites. Binds DNA with the consensus sequence 5'- [AC]A[AT]T[AG]TT[GT][AG][CT]T[CT]-3' (By similarity). In embryonic development is required for notochord formation. Inv [...] (465 aa) |
| | Ncoa6 | Nuclear receptor coactivator 6; Nuclear receptor coactivator that directly binds nuclear receptors and stimulates the transcriptional activities in a hormone- dependent fashion. Coactivates expression in an agonist- and AF2- dependent manner. Involved in the coactivation of different nuclear receptors, such as for steroids (GR and ERs), retinoids (RARs and RXRs), thyroid hormone (TRs), vitamin D3 (VDR) and prostanoids (PPARs). Probably functions as a general coactivator, rather than just a nuclear receptor coactivator. May also be involved in the coactivation of the NF-kappa-B pathway. [...] (2069 aa) |
| | Nlgn2 | Neuroligin-2; Transmembrane scaffolding protein involved in cell-cell interactions via its interactions with neurexin family members. Mediates cell-cell interactions both in neurons and in other types of cells, such as Langerhans beta cells. Mediates cell-cell interactions between Langerhans beta cells and modulates insulin secretion (By similarity). Plays a role in synapse function and synaptic signal transmission, especially via gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABA(A) receptors). Functions by recruiting and clustering synaptic proteins. Promotes clustering of postsynaptic GABRG2 a [...] (836 aa) |
| | Mup3 | Major urinary protein 3; Binds pheromones that are released from drying urine of males. These pheromones affect the sexual behavior of females; Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family. (184 aa) |
| | Mup16 | Major urinary protein 16. (180 aa) |
| | Nadk | NAD kinase; Belongs to the NAD kinase family. (439 aa) |
| | Trpm2 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2; Nonselective, voltage-independent cation channel that mediates Na(+) and Ca(2+) influx, leading to increased cytoplasmic Ca(2+) levels. Functions as ligand-gated ion channel. Binding of ADP-ribose to the cytoplasmic Nudix domain causes a conformation change; the channel is primed but still requires Ca(2+) binding to trigger channel opening. Extracellular calcium passes through the channel and increases channel activity (By similarity). Also contributes to Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores in response to ADP-ribose [...] (1506 aa) |
| | Nr1h4 | Bile acid receptor; Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor for bile acids (BAs) such as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA) and allocholic acid (ACA). Plays a essential role in BA homeostasis through the regulation of genes involved in BA synthesis, conjugation and enterohepatic circulation. Also regulates lipid and glucose homeostasis and is involved in innate immune response. The FXR-RXR heterodimer binds predominantly to farnesoid X receptor response elements (FXREs) containing two inverted repeats of the consensus sequence 5'-AGGTCA-3' in [...] (488 aa) |
| | Sox4 | Transcription factor SOX-4; Transcriptional activator that binds with high affinity to the T-cell enhancer motif 5'-AACAAAG-3' motif. (440 aa) |
| | Gck | Hexokinase-4; Catalyzes the phosphorylation of hexose, such as D-glucose, D-fructose and D-mannose, to hexose 6-phosphate (D-glucose 6-phosphate, D-fructose 6-phosphate and D-mannose 6-phosphate, respectively). Compared to other hexokinases, has a weak affinity for D-glucose, and is effective only when glucose is abundant (By similarity). Mainly expressed in pancreatic beta cells and the liver and constitutes a rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism in these tissues. Since insulin secretion parallels glucose metabolism and the low glucose affinity of GCK ensures that it can change it [...] (465 aa) |
| | Gcg | Glicentin-related polypeptide; Glucagon plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (By similarity). GLP-2 stimulates intestinal growth and up-regulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. The gastrointestinal tract, from the stomach to the colon is the principal target for GLP-2 action. Plays a [...] (180 aa) |
| | Cela2a | Chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2A; Acts upon elastin; Belongs to the peptidase S1 family. Elastase subfamily. (271 aa) |
| | Fbn1 | Fibrillin-1; [Fibrillin-1]: Structural component of the 10-12 nm diameter microfibrils of the extracellular matrix, which conveys both structural and regulatory properties to load-bearing connective tissues. Fibrillin-1-containing microfibrils provide long-term force bearing structural support. In tissues such as the lung, blood vessels and skin, microfibrils form the periphery of the elastic fiber, acting as a scaffold for the deposition of elastin. In addition, microfibrils can occur as elastin-independent networks in tissues such as the ciliary zonule, tendon, cornea and glomerulus [...] (2873 aa) |
| | Gip | Gastric inhibitory polypeptide; Potent stimulator of insulin secretion and relatively poor inhibitor of gastric acid secretion; Belongs to the glucagon family. (144 aa) |
| | Gpr27 | Probable G-protein coupled receptor 27; Orphan receptor. Possible candidate for amine-like G-protein coupled receptor (By similarity). (379 aa) |
| | Jagn1 | Protein jagunal homolog 1; Endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein involved in vesicle-mediated transport, which is required for neutrophil function. Required for vesicle-mediated transport; it is however unclear whether it is involved in early secretory pathway or intracellular protein transport. Acts as a regulator of neutrophil function, probably via its role in vesicle-mediated transport: required for defense against fungal pathogens and for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling pathway; possibly by regulating glycosylation and/or targeting of proteins contri [...] (183 aa) |
| | Psmd9 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9; Acts as a chaperone during the assembly of the 26S proteasome, specifically of the base subcomplex of the PA700/19S regulatory complex (RC). During the base subcomplex assembly is part of an intermediate PSMD9:PSMC6:PSMC3 module, also known as modulator trimer complex; PSMD9 is released during the further base assembly process (By similarity); Belongs to the proteasome subunit p27 family. (222 aa) |
| | Rac1 | Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1; Plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses such as secretory processes, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, epithelial cell polarization, neurons adhesion, migration and differentiation, and growth-factor induced formation of membrane ruffles. Rac1 p21/rho GDI heterodimer is the active component of the cytosolic factor sigma 1, which is involved in stimulation of the NADPH oxidase activity [...] (211 aa) |
| | Bglap2 | Osteocalcin-2; Constitutes 1-2% of the total bone protein. It binds strongly to apatite and calcium; Belongs to the osteocalcin/matrix Gla protein family. (95 aa) |
| | Arrb1 | Beta-arrestin-1; Functions in regulating agonist-mediated G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes. During homologous desensitization, beta- arrestins bind to the GPRK-phosphorylated receptor and sterically preclude its coupling to the cognate G-protein; the binding appears to require additional receptor determinants exposed only in the active receptor conformation. The beta-arrestins target many receptors for internalization by acting as endocytic adapters (CLASPs, clathrin- associated sorting proteins) and re [...] (418 aa) |
| | Mup10 | Major urinary protein 2; Binds pheromones that are released from drying urine of males. These pheromones affect the sexual behavior of females. (180 aa) |
| | Mup11 | Major urinary protein 11. (181 aa) |
| | Mup18 | Major urinary protein 11; Major urinary proteins (Mups) bind pheromones, and thus stabilize them to allow slow release into the air from urine marks. May protect pheromones from oxidation. May also act as pheromones themselves. In this context, they play a role in the regulation of social behaviors, such as aggression, mating, pup-suckling, territory establishment and dominance (Probable). Binds the pheromone analog 2- sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (SBT) in vitro. Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family. (181 aa) |
| | Prkce | Protein kinase C epsilon type; Calcium-independent, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)- dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays essential roles in the regulation of multiple cellular processes linked to cytoskeletal proteins, such as cell adhesion, motility, migration and cell cycle, functions in neuron growth and ion channel regulation, and is involved in immune response, cancer cell invasion and regulation of apoptosis. Mediates cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix via integrin- dependent signaling, by mediating angiotensin-2-induced activation of integrin beta- [...] (737 aa) |
| | Lrrc8a | Volume-regulated anion channel subunit LRRC8A; Essential component of the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC, also named VSOAC channel), an anion channel required to maintain a constant cell volume in response to extracellular or intracellular osmotic changes. The VRAC channel conducts iodide better than chloride and can also conduct organic osmolytes like taurine (By similarity). Mediates efflux of amino acids, such as aspartate and glutamate, in response to osmotic stress (By similarity). Required for channel activity, together with at least one other family member (LRRC8B, LRRC8C, [...] (810 aa) |
| | Gipr | Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor; This is a receptor for GIP. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase (By similarity). (460 aa) |
| | Sybu | Syntabulin; Part of a kinesin motor-adapter complex that is critical for the anterograde axonal transport of active zone components and contributes to activity-dependent presynaptic assembly during neuronal development. (793 aa) |
| | Nnat | Neuronatin; May participate in the maintenance of segment identity in the hindbrain and pituitary development, and maturation or maintenance of the overall structure of the nervous system; Belongs to the neuronatin family. (129 aa) |
| | Abca12 | ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 12. (2595 aa) |
| | Glul | Glutamine synthetase; Glutamine synthetase that catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine (By similarity). Its role depends on tissue localization: in the brain, it regulates the levels of toxic ammonia and converts neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine, whereas in the liver, it is one of the enzymes responsible for the removal of ammonia. Essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts (By similarity). Independently of its glutamine synthetase activity, required for endothelial cell migration during vascular development. Involved in angiog [...] (373 aa) |
| | Pdx1 | Pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1; Activates insulin and somatostatin gene transcription. Key regulator of islet peptide hormone expression but also responsible for the development of the pancreas, most probably by determining maturation and differentiation of common pancreatic precursor cells in the developing gut. As part of a PDX1:PBX1b:MEIS2b complex in pancreatic acinar cells is involved in the transcriptional activation of the ELA1 enhancer; the complex binds to the enhancer B element and cooperates with the transcription factor 1 complex (PTF1) bound to the enhancer A element [...] (284 aa) |
| | Tardbp | TAR DNA-binding protein 43; RNA-binding protein that is involved in various steps of RNA biogenesis and processing. Preferentially binds, via its two RNA recognition motifs RRM1 and RRM2, to GU-repeats on RNA molecules predominantly localized within long introns and in the 3'UTR of mRNAs. In turn, regulates the splicing of many non-coding and protein-coding RNAs including proteins involved in neuronal survival, as well as mRNAs that encode proteins relevant for neurodegenerative diseases. Plays a role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis by regulating the processing of mitochondria [...] (414 aa) |
| | Mup5 | Major urinary protein 5; Major urinary proteins (Mups) bind pheromones, and thus stabilize them to allow slow release into the air from urine marks. May protect pheromones from oxidation. May also act as pheromones themselves. In this context, they play a role in the regulation of social behaviors, such as aggression, mating, pup-suckling, territory establishment and dominance; Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family. (180 aa) |
| | Gper1 | G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1; G-protein coupled estrogen receptor that binds to 17-beta- estradiol (E2) with high affinity, leading to rapid and transient activation of numerous intracellular signaling pathways. Stimulates cAMP production, calcium mobilization and tyrosine kinase Src inducing the release of heparin-bound epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) and subsequent transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), activating downstream signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK. Mediates pleiotropic functions among others in the cardiovascular, endocrine [...] (375 aa) |
| | Myt1 | Myelin transcription factor 1; Binds to the promoter region of genes encoding proteolipid proteins of the central nervous system. May play a role in the development of neurons and oligodendroglia in the CNS. May regulate a critical transition point in oligodendrocyte lineage development by modulating oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation relative to terminal differentiation and up-regulation of myelin gene transcription (By similarity). (1169 aa) |
| | Mup19 | Major urinary protein 6; Binds pheromones that are released from drying urine of males. These pheromones affect the sexual behavior of females. (180 aa) |
| | Rest | RE1-silencing transcription factor; Transcriptional repressor which binds neuron-restrictive silencer element (NRSE) and represses neuronal gene transcription in non-neuronal cells. Restricts the expression of neuronal genes by associating with two distinct corepressors, SIN3A and RCOR1, which in turn recruit histone deacetylase to the promoters of REST-regulated genes (By similarity). Mediates repression by recruiting the BHC complex at RE1/NRSE sites which acts by deacetylating and demethylating specific sites on histones, thereby acting as a chromatin modifier (By similarity). Trans [...] (1082 aa) |
| | Birc5 | Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5; Multitasking protein that has dual roles in promoting cell proliferation and preventing apoptosis. Component of a chromosome passage protein complex (CPC) which is essential for chromosome alignment and segregation during mitosis and cytokinesis (By similarity). Acts as an important regulator of the localization of this complex; directs CPC movement to different locations from the inner centromere during prometaphase to midbody during cytokinesis and participates in the organization of the center spindle by associating with polymerized micro [...] (140 aa) |
| | BC048507 | Dynein light chain. (89 aa) |
| | Piwil4 | Piwi-like protein 4; Plays a central role during spermatogenesis by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Directly binds piRNAs, a class of 24 to 30 nucleotide RNAs that are generated by a Dicer-independent mechanism and are primarily derived from transposons and other repeated [...] (878 aa) |
| | Efna5 | Ephrin-A5; Cell surface GPI-bound ligand for Eph receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases which are crucial for migration, repulsion and adhesion during neuronal, vascular and epithelial development. Binds promiscuously Eph receptors residing on adjacent cells, leading to contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells. The signaling pathway downstream of the receptor is referred to as forward signaling while the signaling pathway downstream of the ephrin ligand is referred to as reverse signaling. Induces compartmentalized signaling within a caveolae-like memb [...] (228 aa) |
| | Mup4 | Major urinary protein 4; Binds pheromones, likely to displace pheromones complexed to urinary MUPs and transport them to the vomeronasal organ (VNO) where they associate with their neuronal receptor(s). MUP4 is highly specific for the male mouse pheromone 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (SBT). (178 aa) |
| | Drd2 | D(2) dopamine receptor; Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (444 aa) |
| | Brsk2 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase BRSK2; Serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays a key role in polarization of neurons and axonogenesis, cell cycle progress and insulin secretion. Phosphorylates CDK16, CDC25C, MAPT/TAU, PAK1 and WEE1. Following phosphorylation and activation by STK11/LKB1, acts as a key regulator of polarization of cortical neurons, probably by mediating phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins such as MAPT/TAU at 'Thr-504' and 'Ser-554'. Also regulates neuron polarization by mediating phosphorylation of WEE1 at 'Ser-642' in post-mitotic neurons, leading to [...] (719 aa) |
| | Syt9 | Synaptotagmin-9; May be involved in Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis of secretory vesicles through Ca(2+) and phospholipid binding to the C2 domain or may serve as Ca(2+) sensors in the process of vesicular trafficking and exocytosis; Belongs to the synaptotagmin family. (491 aa) |
| | Vsnl1 | Visinin-like protein 1; Regulates (in vitro) the inhibition of rhodopsin phosphorylation in a calcium-dependent manner; Belongs to the recoverin family. (191 aa) |
| | Mtnr1a | Melatonin receptor type 1A; High affinity receptor for melatonin. Likely to mediate the reproductive and circadian actions of melatonin. The activity of this receptor is mediated by pertussis toxin sensitive G proteins that inhibit adenylate cyclase activity (By similarity); Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (353 aa) |
| | Dynll1 | Dynein light chain 1, cytoplasmic; Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules. May play a role in changing or maintaining the spatial distribution of cytoskeletal structures (By similarity). Promotes transactivation functions of ESR1 and plays a role in the nuclear localization of ESR1; Belongs to th [...] (89 aa) |
| | Ptpmt1 | Phosphatidylglycerophosphatase and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1; Lipid phosphatase which dephosphorylates phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) to phosphatidylglycerol (PG). PGP is an essential intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of cardiolipin, a mitochondrial-specific phospholipid regulating the membrane integrity and activities of the organelle. Has also been shown to display phosphatase activity toward phosphoprotein substrates, specifically mediates dephosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins, thereby playing an essential role in ATP production (By similarity). Has probably a [...] (260 aa) |
| | Syt7 | Synaptotagmin-7. (567 aa) |
| | Eipr1 | EARP and GARP complex-interacting protein 1; Acts as a component of endosomal retrieval machinery that is involved in protein transport from early endosomes to either recycling endosomes or the trans-Golgi network. Mediates the recruitment of Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex to the trans-Golgi network and controls early endosome-to-Golgi transport of internalized protein. Promotes the recycling of internalized transferrin receptor (TFRC) to the plasma membrane through interaction with endosome- associated recycling protein (EARP) complex. (386 aa) |
| | Gja1 | Gap junction alpha-1 protein; Gap junction protein that acts as a regulator of bladder capacity. A gap junction consists of a cluster of closely packed pairs of transmembrane channels, the connexons, through which materials of low MW diffuse from one cell to a neighboring cell. Negative regulator of bladder functional capacity: acts by enhancing intercellular electrical and chemical transmission, thus sensitizing bladder muscles to cholinergic neural stimuli and causing them to contract. May play a role in cell growth inhibition through the regulation of NOV expression and localization [...] (382 aa) |
| | Crhr2 | Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2; G-protein coupled receptor for CRH (corticotropin-releasing factor), UCN (urocortin), UCN2 and UCN3. Has high affinity for UCN. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Promotes the activation of adenylate cyclase, leading to increased intracellular cAMP levels. (431 aa) |
| | Arntl | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1; Transcriptional activator which forms a core component of the circadian clock. The circadian clock, an internal time-keeping system, regulates various physiological processes through the generation of approximately 24 hour circadian rhythms in gene expression, which are translated into rhythms in metabolism and behavior. It is derived from the Latin roots 'circa' (about) and 'diem' (day) and acts as an important regulator of a wide array of physiological functions including metabolism, sleep, body temperature, blood pressur [...] (626 aa) |
| | Kcnj11 | ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11; This receptor is controlled by G proteins. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium. Can be blocked by extracellular barium. Can form cardiac and smo [...] (390 aa) |
| | Tunar | Tcl1 upstream neural differentiation-associated RNA. (48 aa) |
| | Kcnb1 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 1; Voltage-gated potassium channel that mediates transmembrane potassium transport in excitable membranes, primarily in the brain, but also in the pancreas and cardiovascular system. Contributes to the regulation of the action potential (AP) repolarization, duration and frequency of repetitive AP firing in neurons, muscle cells and endocrine cells and plays a role in homeostatic attenuation of electrical excitability throughout the brain. Plays also a role in the regulation of exocytosis independently of its electrical function (By sim [...] (857 aa) |
| | Ghrl | Appetite-regulating hormone; Ghrelin is the ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1 (GHSR). Induces the release of growth hormone from the pituitary. Has an appetite-stimulating effect, induces adiposity and stimulates gastric acid secretion. Involved in growth regulation; Belongs to the motilin family. (117 aa) |
| | Cartpt | Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript protein; Satiety factor closely associated with the actions of leptin and neuropeptide y; this anorectic peptide inhibits both normal and starvation-induced feeding and completely blocks the feeding response induced by neuropeptide Y and regulated by leptin in the hypothalamus. (129 aa) |
| | Hmgcr | 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase; Transmembrane glycoprotein that is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis as well as in the biosynthesis of nonsterol isoprenoids that are essential for normal cell function including ubiquinone and geranylgeranyl proteins; Belongs to the HMG-CoA reductase family. (887 aa) |
| | Oit1 | Protein FAM3D. (223 aa) |
| | Glud1 | Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial; Mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase that converts L- glutamate into alpha-ketoglutarate. Plays a key role in glutamine anaplerosis by producing alpha-ketoglutarate, an important intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. May be involved in learning and memory reactions by increasing the turnover of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate; Belongs to the Glu/Leu/Phe/Val dehydrogenases family. (558 aa) |
| | Adcy8 | Adenylate cyclase type 8; Catalyzes the formation of cAMP in response to calcium entry leadings to cAMP signaling activation that affect processes suche as synaptic plasticity and insulin secretion. Plays a role in many brain functions, such as learning, memory, drug addiction, and anxiety modulation through regulation of synaptic plasticity by modulating long-term memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) through CREB transcription factor activity modulation. Plays a central role in insulin secretion by controlling glucose homeostasis through glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucose signalin [...] (1249 aa) |
| | Npff | Pro-FMRFamide-related neuropeptide FF; Morphine modulating peptides. Have wide-ranging physiologic effects, including the modulation of morphine-induced analgesia, elevation of arterial blood pressure, and increased somatostatin secretion from the pancreas. Neuropeptide FF potentiates and sensitizes ASIC1 and ASIC3 channels; Belongs to the FARP (FMRFamide related peptide) family. (114 aa) |
| | C1qtnf12 | Adipolin fC1QTNF12; Insulin-sensitizing adipocyte-secreted protein (adipokine) that regulates glucose metabolism in liver and adipose tissue. Promotes glucose uptake in adipocytes and suppresses de novo glucose production in hepatocytes via the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Administration lead to reduction of blood glucose. Able to attenuate inflammation in fat tissue. [Adipolin gC1QTNF12]: Acts by activating the MAP kinase. Increases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes. (308 aa) |
| | Abcg1 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 1; Catalyzes the efflux of phospholipids such as sphingomyelin, cholesterol and its oxygenated derivatives like 7beta- hydroxycholesterol and this transport is coupled to hydrlysis of ATP. The lipid efflux is ALB-dependent. Is an active component of the macrophage lipid export complex. Could also be involved in intracellular lipid transport processes. The role in cellular lipid homeostasis may not be limited to macrophages. Prevents cell death by transporting cytotoxic 7beta-hydroxycholesterol (By similarity). (666 aa) |
| | Uqcc2 | Ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase complex assembly factor 2; Required for the assembly of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex). Plays a role in the modulation of respiratory chain activities such as oxygen consumption and ATP production and via its modulation of the respiratory chain activity can regulate skeletal muscle differentiation and insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells. Involved in cytochrome b translation and/or stability. (136 aa) |
| | Kif5b | Kinesin-1 heavy chain; Microtubule-dependent motor required for normal distribution of mitochondria and lysosomes. May be involved in the mechanisms of growth arrest induced by exposure to DNA-damaging drugs or by cellular senescence. Can induce formation of neurite-like membrane protrusions in non-neuronal cells in a ZFYVE27-dependent manner. Regulates centrosome and nuclear positioning during mitotic entry. During the G2 phase of the cell cycle in a BICD2- dependent manner, antagonizes dynein function and drives the separation of nuclei and centrosomes. Required for anterograde axona [...] (963 aa) |
| | Tnf | Tumor necrosis factor, membrane form; Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia, Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation (By similarity). Induces insulin resistance in adipocytes via inhibition of insulin-induced IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation and insulin-induced glucose uptake. Induces [...] (235 aa) |
| | Osbp | Oxysterol-binding protein 1; Lipid transporter involved in lipid countertransport between the Golgi complex and membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum: specifically exchanges sterol with phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), delivering sterol to the Golgi in exchange for PI4P, which is degraded by the SAC1/SACM1L phosphatase in the endoplasmic reticulum. Binds cholesterol and a range of oxysterols including 25- hydroxycholesterol. Cholesterol binding promotes the formation of a complex with PP2A and a tyrosine phosphatase which dephosphorylates ERK1/2, whereas 25-hydroxycholesterol [...] (805 aa) |
| | Cpt1a | Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform; Catalyzes the transfer of the acyl group of long-chain fatty acid-CoA conjugates onto carnitine, an essential step for the mitochondrial uptake of long-chain fatty acids and their subsequent beta-oxidation in the mitochondrion. Plays an important role in triglyceride metabolism; Belongs to the carnitine/choline acetyltransferase family. (773 aa) |
| | Lrp5 | Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5; Acts as a coreceptor with members of the frizzled family of seven-transmembrane spanning receptors to transduce signal by Wnt proteins. Activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway that controls cell fate determination and self-renewal during embryonic development and adult tissue regeneration. In particular, may play an important role in the development of the posterior patterning of the epiblast during gastrulation. During bone development, regulates osteoblast proliferation and differentiation thus determining bone mass. Mechanist [...] (1614 aa) |
| | Bad | Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death; Promotes cell death. Successfully competes for the binding to Bcl-X(L), Bcl-2 and Bcl-W, thereby affecting the level of heterodimerization of these proteins with BAX. Can reverse the death repressor activity of Bcl-X(L), but not that of Bcl-2. Appears to act as a link between growth factor receptor signaling and the apoptotic pathways. (204 aa) |
| | Rbp4 | Retinol-binding protein 4; Retinol-binding protein that mediates retinol transport in blood plasma. Delivers retinol from the liver stores to the peripheral tissues. Transfers the bound all-trans retinol to STRA6, that then facilitates retinol transport across the cell membrane. (245 aa) |
| | Oga | Protein O-GlcNAcase; Cleaves GlcNAc but not GalNAc from O-glycosylated proteins. Can use p-nitrophenyl-beta-GlcNAc and 4-methylumbelliferone-GlcNAc as substrates but not p-nitrophenyl-beta-GalNAc or p-nitrophenyl-alpha- GlcNAc (in vitro). Does not bind acetyl-CoA and does not have histone acetyltransferase activity. (916 aa) |
| | Rptor | Regulatory-associated protein of mTOR; Involved in the control of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity which regulates cell growth and survival, and autophagy in response to nutrient and hormonal signals; functions as a scaffold for recruiting mTORC1 substrates. mTORC1 is activated in response to growth factors or amino acids. Growth factor-stimulated mTORC1 activation involves a AKT1-mediated phosphorylation of TSC1- TSC2, which leads to the activation of the RHEB GTPase that potently activates the protein kinase activity of mTORC1. Amino acid-signaling to mTO [...] (1335 aa) |
| | Alox5 | Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase; Catalyzes the first step in leukotriene biosynthesis, and thereby plays a role in inflammatory processes. Belongs to the lipoxygenase family. (674 aa) |
| | Il6 | Interleukin-6; Cytokine with a wide variety of biological functions. It is a potent inducer of the acute phase response. Plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B-cells into Ig-secreting cells Involved in lymphocyte and monocyte differentiation. Acts on B-cells, T-cells, hepatocytes, hematopoietic progenitor cells and cells of the CNS. Required for the generation of T(H)17 cells. Also acts as a myokine. It is discharged into the bloodstream after muscle contraction and acts to increase the breakdown of fats and to improve insulin resistance. It induces myeloma and plasm [...] (211 aa) |
| | Nr1d1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1; Transcriptional repressor which coordinates circadian rhythm and metabolic pathways in a heme-dependent manner. Integral component of the complex transcription machinery that governs circadian rhythmicity and forms a critical negative limb of the circadian clock by directly repressing the expression of core clock components ARTNL/BMAL1, CLOCK and CRY1. Also regulates genes involved in metabolic functions, including lipid and bile acid metabolism, adipogenesis, gluconeogenesis and the macrophage inflammatory response. Acts as a receptor for [...] (615 aa) |
| | Casr | Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor; G-protein-coupled receptor that senses changes in the extracellular concentration of calcium ions and plays a key role in maintaining calcium homeostasis (By similarity). Senses fluctuations in the circulating calcium concentration and modulates the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in parathyroid glands. The activity of this receptor is mediated by a G-protein that activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system (By similarity). The G-protein-coupled receptor activity is activated by a co-agonist mechanism: aromatic amino [...] (1079 aa) |
| | Tfap2b | Transcription factor AP-2-beta; Sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that interacts with inducible viral and cellular enhancer elements to regulate transcription of selected genes. AP-2 factors bind to the consensus sequence 5'-GCCNNNGGC-3' and activate genes involved in a large spectrum of important biological functions including proper eye, face, body wall, limb and neural tube development. They also suppress a number of genes including MCAM/MUC18, C/EBP alpha and MYC. AP-2-beta appears to be required for normal face and limb development and for proper terminal differentiation and f [...] (459 aa) |
| | Capn10 | Calpain-10; Calcium-regulated non-lysosomal thiol-protease which catalyzes limited proteolysis of substrates involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and signal transduction. May play a role in insulin- stimulated glucose uptake (By similarity). (666 aa) |
| | Gpr39 | G-protein coupled receptor 39; Zn(2+) acts as an agonist (By similarity). This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated mainly through G(q)-alpha and G(12)/G(13) proteins. Involved in regulation of body weight, gastrointestinal mobility, hormone secretion and cell death; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (456 aa) |
| | Mpc2 | Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2; Mediates the uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria. (127 aa) |
| | Acvr1c | Activin receptor type-1C; Serine/threonine protein kinase which forms a receptor complex on ligand binding. The receptor complex consisting of 2 type II and 2 type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which autophosphorylate, then bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators, SMAD2 and SMAD3. Receptor for activin AB, activin B and NODAL. Plays a role in cell differentiation, growth arrest and apoptosis. (493 aa) |
| | Il1b | Interleukin-1 beta; Potent proinflammatory cytokine. Initially discovered as the major endogenous pyrogen, induces prostaglandin synthesis, neutrophil influx and activation, T-cell activation and cytokine production, B- cell activation and antibody production, and fibroblast proliferation and collagen production. Promotes Th17 differentiation of T-cells. Synergizes with IL12/interleukin-12 to induce IFNG synthesis from T- helper 1 (Th1) cells; Belongs to the IL-1 family. (269 aa) |
| | Serp1 | Stress-associated endoplasmic reticulum protein 1; Interacts with target proteins during their translocation into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Protects unfolded target proteins against degradation during ER stress. May facilitate glycosylation of target proteins after termination of ER stress. May modulate the use of N-glycosylation sites on target proteins (By similarity). (66 aa) |
| | Hadh | Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, mitochondrial; Plays an essential role in the mitochondrial beta-oxidation of short chain fatty acids. Exerts it highest activity toward 3- hydroxybutyryl-CoA; Belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. (314 aa) |
| | Uts2 | Urotensin-2; Highly potent vasoconstrictor. (123 aa) |
| | Cd38 | ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1; Synthesizes the second messengers cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinate-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the former a second messenger for glucose-induced insulin secretion. Also has cADPr hydrolase activity (By similarity). (304 aa) |
| | Aacs | Acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase; Activates acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA. May be involved in utilizing ketone body for the fatty acid-synthesis during adipose tissue development (By similarity). (672 aa) |
| | Hnf1a | Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha; Transcriptional activator that regulates the tissue specific expression of multiple genes, especially in pancreatic islet cells and in liver. Binds to the inverted palindrome 5'- GTTAATNATTAAC-3'. Activates the transcription of CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A11. Belongs to the HNF1 homeobox family. (628 aa) |
| | Pde3b | cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B; Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with a dual-specificity for the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, which are key regulators of many important physiological processes. May play a role in fat metabolism. Regulates cAMP binding of RAPGEF3. Through simultaneous binding to RAPGEF3 and PIK3R6 assembles a signaling complex in which the PI3K gamma complex is activated by RAPGEF3 and which is involved in angiogenesis (By similarity). (1099 aa) |
| | Stx4a | Syntaxin-4; Plasma membrane t-SNARE that mediates docking of transport vesicles. Necessary for the translocation of SLC2A4 from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane. Together with STXB3 and VAMP2, may also play a role in docking/fusion of intracellular GLUT4-containing vesicles with the cell surface in adipocytes and in docking of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic active zones; Belongs to the syntaxin family. (298 aa) |
| | Abcc8 | ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 8. (1588 aa) |
| | Cdk16 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 16; Protein kinase that plays a role in vesicle-mediated transport processes and exocytosis. Can phosphorylate CCNY at 'Ser-336' (in vitro) (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of insulin secretion in response to changes in blood glucose levels. Regulates GH1 release by brain neurons. Phosphorylates NSF, and thereby regulates NSF oligomerization. Required for normal spermatogenesis. Regulates neuron differentiation and dendrite development. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily. (496 aa) |
| | Sytl4 | Synaptotagmin-like protein 4; Modulates exocytosis of dense-core granules and secretion of hormones in the pancreas and the pituitary. Interacts with vesicles containing negatively charged phospholipids in a Ca(2+)-independent manner. (673 aa) |
| | Acsl4 | Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4; Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoA for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Preferentially activates arachidonate and eicosapentaenoate as substrates. Preferentially activates 8,9-EET > 14,15-EET > 5,6-EET > 11,12-EET. Modulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by regulating the levels of unesterified EETs (By similarity). Modulates prostaglandin E2 secretion (By similarity). Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. (711 aa) |
| | Hcfc1 | HCF C-terminal chain 1; Involved in control of the cell cycle. Also antagonizes transactivation by ZBTB17 and GABP2; represses ZBTB17 activation of the p15(INK4b) promoter and inhibits its ability to recruit p300 (By similarity). Coactivator for EGR2 and GABP2 (By similarity). Tethers the chromatin modifying Set1/Ash2 histone H3 'Lys-4' methyltransferase (H3K4me) and Sin3 histone deacetylase (HDAC) complexes (involved in the activation and repression of transcription respectively) together (By similarity). As part of the NSL complex it may be involved in acetylation of nucleosomal hist [...] (2045 aa) |
| | Trh | Pro-thyrotropin-releasing hormone; Functions as a regulator of the biosynthesis of TSH in the anterior pituitary gland and as a neurotransmitter/ neuromodulator in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (256 aa) |
| | G6pc2 | Glucose-6-phosphatase 2; May hydrolyze glucose-6-phosphate to glucose in the endoplasmic reticulum. May be responsible for glucose production through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (By similarity). (355 aa) |
| | Ppard | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Has a preference for poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma- linoleic acid and eicosapentanoic acid. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to promoter elements of target genes. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the acyl-CoA oxidase gene. Decreases expression of NPC1L1 once activated by a ligand (By similarity). Belongs to the [...] (440 aa) |
| | Lep | Leptin; Key player in the regulation of energy balance and body weight control. Once released into the circulation, has central and peripheral effects by binding LEPR, found in many tissues, which results in the activation of several major signaling pathways. In the hypothalamus, acts as an appetite-regulating factor that induces a decrease in food intake and an increase in energy consumption by inducing anorexinogenic factors and suppressing orexigenic neuropeptides, also regulates bone mass and secretion of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal hormones. In the periphery, increases basal met [...] (167 aa) |
| | Per2 | Period circadian protein homolog 2; Transcriptional repressor which forms a core component of the circadian clock. The circadian clock, an internal time-keeping system, regulates various physiological processes through the generation of approximately 24 hour circadian rhythms in gene expression, which are translated into rhythms in metabolism and behavior. It is derived from the Latin roots 'circa' (about) and 'diem' (day) and acts as an important regulator of a wide array of physiological functions including metabolism, sleep, body temperature, blood pressure, endocrine, immune, cardi [...] (1257 aa) |
| | Pfkfb2 | 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 2; Synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. (518 aa) |
| | C2cd2l | Phospholipid transfer protein C2CD2L; Lipid-binding protein that transports phosphatidylinositol, the precursor of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2), from its site of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell membrane (By similarity). It thereby maintains the pool of cell membrane phosphoinositides, which are degraded during phospholipase C (PLC) signaling (By similarity). Plays a key role in the coordination of Ca(2+) and phosphoinositide signaling: localizes to sites of contact between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell membrane, where it tethers the two [...] (706 aa) |
| | Slc8b1 | Mitochondrial sodium/calcium exchanger protein; Mitochondrial sodium/calcium antiporter that mediates sodium- dependent calcium efflux from mitochondrion, by mediating the exchange of 3 sodium ions per 1 calcium ion. Plays a central role in mitochondrial calcium homeostasis by mediating mitochondrial calcium extrusion: calcium efflux is essential for mitochondrial function and cell survival, notably in cardiomyocytes. Regulates rates of glucose- dependent insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells during the first phase of insulin secretion: acts by mediating efflux of calcium from mit [...] (585 aa) |
| | Jak2 | Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2; Non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in various processes such as cell growth, development, differentiation or histone modifications. Mediates essential signaling events in both innate and adaptive immunity. In the cytoplasm, plays a pivotal role in signal transduction via its association with type I receptors such as growth hormone (GHR), prolactin (PRLR), leptin (LEPR), erythropoietin (EPOR), thrombopoietin (THPO); or type II receptors including IFN-alpha, IFN- beta, IFN-gamma and multiple interleukins. Following ligand-binding to cell surface receptors [...] (1132 aa) |
| | Ifng | Interferon gamma; Produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens or mitogens. IFN-gamma, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions. It is a potent activator of macrophages, it has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I interferons. (155 aa) |
| | Irs1 | Insulin receptor substrate 1; May mediate the control of various cellular processes by insulin. When phosphorylated by the insulin receptor binds specifically to various cellular proteins containing SH2 domains such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85 subunit or GRB2. Activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase when bound to the regulatory p85 subunit (By similarity). (1231 aa) |
| | Abat | 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial; Catalyzes the conversion of gamma-aminobutyrate and L-beta- aminoisobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde and methylmalonate semialdehyde, respectively. Can also convert delta-aminovalerate and beta-alanine (By similarity). (500 aa) |
| | Crh | Corticoliberin; Hormone regulating the release of corticotropin from pituitary gland. Induces NLRP6 in intestinal epithelial cells, hence may influence gut microbiota profile. (187 aa) |
| | Ghsr | Growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1; Receptor for ghrelin, coupled to G-alpha-11 proteins. Stimulates growth hormone secretion. Binds also other growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRP) (e.g. Met-enkephalin and GHRP-6) as well as non-peptide, low molecular weight secretagogues (e.g. L-692,429, MK- 0677, adenosine) (By similarity). (364 aa) |
| | Epha5 | Ephrin type-A receptor 5; Receptor tyrosine kinase which binds promiscuously GPI- anchored ephrin-A family ligands residing on adjacent cells, leading to contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells. The signaling pathway downstream of the receptor is referred to as forward signaling while the signaling pathway downstream of the ephrin ligand is referred to as reverse signaling. Among GPI-anchored ephrin-A ligands, EFNA5 most probably constitutes the cognate/functional ligand for EPHA5. Functions as an axon guidance molecule during development and may be involved in [...] (876 aa) |
| | Slc9b2 | Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9B2; Na(+)/H(+) antiporter that extrudes Na(+) or Li(+) in exchange for external protons across the membrane. Contributes to the regulation of intracellular pH, sodium homeostasis, and cell volume. Plays an important role for insulin secretion and clathrin-mediated endocytosis in beta-cells. Involved in sperm motility and fertility. It is controversial whether SLC9B2 plays a role in osteoclast differentiation or not. Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) transporter (TC 2.A.36) family. (547 aa) |
| | Camk2n1 | Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitor 1; Potent and specific inhibitor of CaM-kinase II (CAMK2). (78 aa) |
| | Pfkm | ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type; Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis. (780 aa) |
| | Ptpn11 | Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11; Acts downstream of various receptor and cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases to participate in the signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Positively regulates MAPK signal transduction pathway. Dephosphorylates GAB1, ARHGAP35 and EGFR. Dephosphorylates ROCK2 at 'Tyr-722' resulting in stimulatation of its RhoA binding activity. Dephosphorylates CDC73. (597 aa) |
| | Cnr1 | Cannabinoid receptor 1; G-protein coupled receptor for cannabinoids, including endocannabinoids (eCBs), such as N-arachidonoylethanolamide (also called anandamide or AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Mediates many cannabinoid-induced effects, acting, among others, on food intake, memory loss, gastrointestinal motility, catalepsy, ambulatory activity, anxiety, chronic pain. Signaling typically involves reduction in cyclic AMP. Signaling typically involves reduction in cyclic AMP (By similarity). In the hypothalamus, may have a dual effect on mitochondrial respiration depending upo [...] (473 aa) |
| | Ffar1 | Free fatty acid receptor 1; G-protein coupled receptor for medium and long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids that plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. Fatty acid binding increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and may also enhance the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). May also play a role in bone homeostasis; receptor signaling activates pathways that inhibit osteoclast differentiation. Ligand binding leads to a conformation change that triggers signaling via G-proteins that activate phospholipase C, leading to an increase of the intracellular c [...] (300 aa) |
| | Foxo1 | Forkhead box protein O1; Transcription factor that is the main target of insulin signaling and regulates metabolic homeostasis in response to oxidative stress. Binds to the insulin response element (IRE) with consensus sequence 5'-TT[G/A]TTTTG-3' and the related Daf-16 family binding element (DBE) with consensus sequence 5'-TT[G/A]TTTAC-3'. Activity suppressed by insulin. Main regulator of redox balance and osteoblast numbers and controls bone mass. Orchestrates the endocrine function of the skeleton in regulating glucose metabolism. Acts synergistically with ATF4 to suppress osteocalc [...] (652 aa) |
| | Ccn3 | CCN family member 3; Immediate-early protein playing a role in various cellular processes including proliferation, adhesion, migration, differentiation and survival. Acts by binding to integrins or membrane receptors such as NOTCH1. Essential regulator of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell function. Inhibits myogenic differentiation through the activation of Notch-signaling pathway. Inhibits vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation by increasing expression of cell-cycle regulators such as CDKN2B or CDKN1A independently of TGFB1 signaling. Ligand of integrins ITGAV:ITGB3 and ITGA5 [...] (354 aa) |
| | Ppp3ca | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform; Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase which plays an essential role in the transduction of intracellular Ca(2+)-mediated signals. Many of the substrates contain a PxIxIT motif and/or a LxVP motif (By similarity). In response to increased Ca(2+) levels, dephosphorylates and activates phosphatase SSH1 which results in cofilin dephosphorylation (By similarity). In response to increased Ca(2+) levels following mitochondrial depolarization, dephosphorylates DNM1L inducing DNM1L translocation to t [...] (521 aa) |
| | Mtnr1b | Melatonin receptor type 1B; High affinity receptor for melatonin. The activity of this receptor is mediated by pertussis toxin sensitive G proteins that inhibits adenylate cyclase activity (By similarity); Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (364 aa) |
| | Eny2 | Transcription and mRNA export factor ENY2; Involved in mRNA export coupled transcription activation by association with both the TREX-2 and the SAGA complexes. The transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA is a multiprotein complex that activates transcription by remodeling chromatin and mediating histone acetylation and deubiquitination. Within the SAGA complex, participates in a subcomplex that specifically deubiquitinates both histones H2A and H2B. The SAGA complex is recruited to specific gene promoters by activators such as MYC, where it is required for trans [...] (101 aa) |
| | Ensa | Alpha-endosulfine; Protein phosphatase inhibitor that specifically inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) during mitosis. When phosphorylated at Ser-67 during mitosis, specifically interacts with PPP2R2D (PR55-delta) and inhibits its activity, leading to inactivation of PP2A, an essential condition to keep cyclin-B1-CDK1 activity high during M phase. Also acts as a stimulator of insulin secretion by interacting with sulfonylurea receptor (ABCC8), thereby preventing sulfonylurea from binding to its receptor and reducing K(ATP) channel currents (By similarity). (121 aa) |
| | Sstr5 | Somatostatin receptor type 5; Receptor for somatostatin-28. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Increases cell growth inhibition activity of SSTR2 following heterodimerization. (362 aa) |
| | Ucn3 | Urocortin-3; Suppresses food intake, delays gastric emptying and decreases heat-induced edema. Might represent an endogenous ligand for maintaining homeostasis after stress (By similarity); Belongs to the sauvagine/corticotropin-releasing factor/urotensin I family. (164 aa) |
| | Cftr | Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; Epithelial ion channel that plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial ion and water transport and fluid homeostasis. Mediates the transport of chloride ions across the cell membrane. Channel activity is coupled to ATP hydrolysis. The ion channel is also permeable to HCO(3-); selectivity depends on the extracellular chloride concentration. Exerts its function also by modulating the activity of other ion channels and transporters. Contributes to the regulation of the pH and the ion content of the epithelial fluid layer. M [...] (1476 aa) |
| | Sirt6 | NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-6; NAD-dependent protein deacetylase. Has deacetylase activity towards histone H3K9Ac and H3K56Ac. Modulates acetylation of histone H3 in telomeric chromatin during the S-phase of the cell cycle. Deacetylates histone H3K9Ac at NF-kappa-B target promoters and may down-regulate the expression of a subset of NF-kappa-B target genes. Deacetylation of nucleosomes interferes with RELA binding to target DNA. May be required for the association of WRN with telomeres during S-phase and for normal telomere maintenance. On DNA damage, promotes DNA end res [...] (334 aa) |
| | Midn | Midnolin; Facilitates ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation of polycomb protein CBX4. Plays a role in inhibiting the activity of glucokinase GCK and both glucose-induced and basal insulin secretion (By similarity). (508 aa) |
| | Myrip | Rab effector MyRIP; Rab effector protein involved in melanosome transport. Serves as link between melanosome-bound RAB27A and the motor proteins MYO5A and MYO7A. May link RAB27A-containing vesicles to actin filaments. Functions as a protein kinase A-anchoring protein (AKAP). May act as a scaffolding protein that links PKA to components of the exocytosis machinery, thus facilitating exocytosis, including insulin release. (856 aa) |
| | Pde1c | Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C; Calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with a dual-specificity for cAMP and cGMP, which are key regulators of many important physiological processes. Exhibits high affinity for both cAMP and cGMP (By similarity). Modulates the amplitude and duration of the cAMP signal in sensory cilia in response to odorant stimulation, hence contributing to the generation of action potentials. Regulates smooth muscle cell proliferation. Regulates the stability of growth factor receptors, including PDGFRB (Probable). (706 aa) |
| | Tm7sf3 | Transmembrane 7 superfamily member 3; Involved in the inhibition of cytokine-induced death of pancreatic beta cells. Involved in the promotion of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells (By similarity). Is a downstream transcriptional target of p53/TP53, and acts as a pro- survival homeostatic factor that attenuates the development of cellular stress. Maintains protein homeostasis and promotes cell survival through attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the subsequent induction of unfolded protein response (UPR). (565 aa) |
| | Slc16a1 | Monocarboxylate transporter 1; Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine, valine and isoleucine, and the ketone bodies acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetate. Depending on the tissue and on cicumstances, mediates the import or export of lactic acid and ketone bodies. Required for normal nutrient assimilation, increase of white adipose tissue and body weight gain when on a high-fat diet. Plays a role in cellular responses to [...] (493 aa) |
| | Inhbb | Inhibin beta B chain; Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. Inhibins appear to oppose the functions of activins; Belongs to the TGF-beta family. (411 aa) |
| | Isl1 | Insulin gene enhancer protein ISL-1; DNA-binding transcriptional activator. Recognizes and binds to the consensus octamer binding site 5'-ATAATTAA-3' in promoter of target genes. Plays a fundamental role in the gene regulatory network essential for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation. Cooperates with the transcription factor POU4F2 to achieve maximal levels of expression of RGC target genes and RGC fate specification in the developing retina. Involved in the specification of motor neurons in cooperation with LHX3 and LDB1. Binds to insulin gene enhancer sequences (By similarity [...] (349 aa) |
| | Pim3 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-3; Proto-oncogene with serine/threonine kinase activity that can prevent apoptosis and promote cell survival and protein translation. May contribute to tumorigenesis through: the delivery of survival signaling through phosphorylation of BAD which induces release of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-X(L), the regulation of cell cycle progression and protein synthesis and by regulation of MYC transcriptional activity. Additionally to this role on tumorigenesis, can also negatively regulate insulin secretion by inhibiting the activation of MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) [...] (326 aa) |
| | Tbc1d1 | TBC1 domain family member 1; May act as a GTPase-activating protein for Rab family protein(s). May play a role in the cell cycle and differentiation of various tissues. Involved in the trafficking and translocation of GLUT4-containing vesicles and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into cells. (1255 aa) |
| | Lrp1 | Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 intracellular domain; Endocytic receptor involved in endocytosis and in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Required for early embryonic development. Involved in cellular lipid homeostasis. Involved in the plasma clearance of chylomicron remnants and activated LRPAP1 (alpha 2-macroglobulin), as well as the local metabolism of complexes between plasminogen activators and their endogenous inhibitors. May modulate cellular events, such as APP metabolism, kinase-dependent intracellular signaling, neuronal calcium signaling as well as neurotra [...] (4545 aa) |
| | Trpa1 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1; Receptor-activated non-selective cation channel involved in pain detection and possibly also in cold perception, oxygen concentration perception, cough, itch, and inner ear function. Shows 8-fold preference for divalent over monovalent cations. Has a central role in the pain response to endogenous inflammatory mediators and to a diverse array of irritants, such as allylthiocyanate (AITC) found in mustard oil or wasabi, cinnamaldehyde, diallyl disulfide (DADS) from garlic, and acrolein, an irritant from tears gas and vehi [...] (1125 aa) |
| | Ptger3 | Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype; Receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Required for normal development of fever in response to pyrinogens, including IL1B, prostaglandin E2 and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Required for normal potentiation of platelet aggregation by prostaglandin E2, and thus plays a role in the regulation of blood coagulation. Required for increased HCO3(-) secretion in the duodenum in response to mucosal acidification, and thereby contributes to the protection of the mucosa against acid-induced ulceration. Not required for normal kidney function, normal ur [...] (362 aa) |
| | Nkx6-1 | Homeobox protein Nkx-6.1; Transcription factor which binds to specific A/T-rich DNA sequences in the promoter regions of a number of genes. Required for the development of insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of Langerhans at the secondary transition. Involved in transcriptional regulation of the insulin gene. Together with NKX2-2 and IRX3, restricts the generation of motor neurons to the appropriate region of the neural tube. Belongs to the class II proteins of neuronal progenitor factors, which are induced by SHH signals. (365 aa) |
| | Trpm4 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4; Calcium-activated non selective (CAN) cation channel that mediates membrane depolarization. While it is activated by increase in intracellular Ca(2+), it is impermeable to it. Mediates transport of monovalent cations (Na(+) > K(+) > Cs(+) > Li(+)), leading to depolarize the membrane. It thereby plays a central role in cadiomyocytes, neurons from entorhinal cortex, dorsal root and vomeronasal neurons, endocrine pancreas cells, kidney epithelial cells, cochlea hair cells etc. Participates in T-cell activation by modulating [...] (1213 aa) |
| | Ica1 | Islet cell autoantigen 1; May play a role in neurotransmitter secretion. (478 aa) |
| | Ccl5 | C-C motif chemokine 5; Chemoattractant for blood monocytes, memory T-helper cells and eosinophils. Causes the release of histamine from basophils and activates eosinophils. May activate several chemokine receptors including CCR1, CCR3, CCR4 and CCR5. May also be an agonist of the G protein-coupled receptor GPR75. Together with GPR75, may play a role in neuron survival through activation of a downstream signaling pathway involving the PI3, Akt and MAP kinases. By activating GPR75 may also play a role in insulin secretion by islet cells. Belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family. (91 aa) |
| | Nr0b2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 0 group B member 2; Transcriptional regulator that acts as a negative regulator of receptor-dependent signaling pathways. Specifically inhibits transactivation of the nuclear receptor with which it interacts. Inhibits transcriptional activity of NEUROD1 on E-box-containing promoter by interfering with the coactivation function of the p300/CBP-mediated transcription complex for NEUROD1 (By similarity). Essential component of the liver circadian clock which via its interaction with NR1D1 and RORG regulates NPAS2- mediated hepatic lipid metabolism. Regulates the [...] (260 aa) |
| | Pck2 | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [GTP], mitochondrial; Catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate (OAA) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the rate-limiting step in the metabolic pathway that produces glucose from lactate and other precursors derived from the citric acid cycle. (667 aa) |
| | Irs2 | Insulin receptor substrate 2; May mediate the control of various cellular processes by insulin. (1321 aa) |
| | Phpt1 | 14 kDa phosphohistidine phosphatase; Exhibits phosphohistidine phosphatase activity. (124 aa) |
| | Lepr | Leptin receptor; Receptor for hormone LEP/leptin (Probable). On ligand binding, mediates LEP central and peripheral effects through the activation of different signaling pathways such as JAK2/STAT3 and MAPK cascade/FOS. In the hypothalamus, LEP acts as an appetite- regulating factor that induces a decrease in food intake and an increase in energy consumption by inducing anorexinogenic factors and suppressing orexigenic neuropeptides, also regulates bone mass and secretion of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal hormones. In the periphery, increases basal metabolism, influences reproductive fu [...] (1162 aa) |
| | Adra2a | Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor; Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. (465 aa) |
| | Slc30a8 | Zinc transporter 8; Facilitates the accumulation of zinc from the cytoplasm into intracellular vesicles, being a zinc-efflux transporter. May be a major component for providing zinc to insulin maturation and/or storage processes in insulin-secreting pancreatic beta-cells (By similarity). (367 aa) |
| | Sfrp1 | Secreted frizzled-related protein 1; Soluble frizzled-related proteins (sFRPS) function as modulators of Wnt signaling through direct interaction with Wnts. They have a role in regulating cell growth and differentiation in specific cell types. SFRP1 decreases intracellular beta-catenin levels (By similarity). Has antiproliferative effects on vascular cells, in vitro and in vivo, and can induce, in vivo, an angiogenic response. In vascular cell cycle, delays the G1 phase and entry into the S phase. In kidney development, inhibits tubule formation and bud growth in metanephroi (By simila [...] (314 aa) |
| | Clock | Circadian locomoter output cycles protein kaput; Transcriptional activator which forms a core component of the circadian clock. The circadian clock, an internal time-keeping system, regulates various physiological processes through the generation of approximately 24 hour circadian rhythms in gene expression, which are translated into rhythms in metabolism and behavior. It is derived from the Latin roots 'circa' (about) and 'diem' (day) and acts as an important regulator of a wide array of physiological functions including metabolism, sleep, body temperature, blood pressure, endocrine, [...] (855 aa) |
| | Cacna1e | Voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1E; Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1E gives rise to R-type calcium currents. R-type calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group and are blocked by nickel. They are however insensitive to dihydropyridines (DHP). Calcium channels conta [...] (2273 aa) |
| | Prkn | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin; Functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins, such as BCL2, SYT11, CCNE1, GPR37, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1, MFN2, STUB1, SNCAIP, SEPTIN5, TOMM20, USP30, ZNF746 and AIMP2. Mediates monoubiquitination as well as 'Lys-6', 'Lys-11', 'Lys-48'-linked and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates depending on the context. Participates in the removal and/or detoxification of abnormally folded or damaged protein by mediating 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of mi [...] (464 aa) |
| | Baiap3 | BAI1-associated protein 3; Functions in endosome to Golgi retrograde transport. In response to calcium influx, may interact with SNARE fusion receptors and membrane phospholipids to mediate endosome fusion with the trans- Golgi network. By promoting the recycling of secretory vesicle transmembrane proteins, it indirectly controls dense-core secretory vesicle biogenesis, maturation and their ability to mediate the constitutive and regulated secretion of neurotransmitters and hormones. May regulate behavior and food intake by controlling calcium-stimulated exocytosis of neurotransmitters [...] (1150 aa) |
| | Gm38394 | Zinc finger BED domain-containing protein 6; Transcriptional repressor which binds to the consensus sequence 5'-GCTCGC-3' and represses transcription of IGF2. May also regulate expression of other target genes containing the binding site. (980 aa) |
| | Pla2g6 | 85/88 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2; Catalyzes the release of fatty acids from phospholipids. It has been implicated in normal phospholipid remodeling, nitric oxide- induced or vasopressin-induced arachidonic acid release and in leukotriene and prostaglandin production. May participate in fas mediated apoptosis and in regulating transmembrane ion flux in glucose- stimulated B-cells. Has a role in cardiolipin (CL) deacylation. Required for both speed and directionality of monocyte MCP1/CCL2- induced chemotaxis through regulation of F-actin polymerization at the pseudopods (By [...] (807 aa) |
| | Atg7 | Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7; E1-like activating enzyme involved in the 2 ubiquitin-like systems required for cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) and autophagy. Activates ATG12 for its conjugation with ATG5 as well as the ATG8 family proteins for their conjugation with phosphatidylethanolamine. Both systems are needed for the ATG8 association to Cvt vesicles and autophagosomes membranes. Required for autophagic death induced by caspase-8 inhibition. Required for mitophagy which contributes to regulate mitochondrial quantity and quality by eliminating the mitochondria [...] (741 aa) |
| | Ndufaf2 | NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 2; Acts as a molecular chaperone for mitochondrial complex I assembly. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. (168 aa) |
| | Pick1 | PRKCA-binding protein; Probable adapter protein that bind to and organize the subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins containing some PDZ recognition sequence. Involved in the clustering of various receptors, possibly by acting at the receptor internalization level. Plays a role in synaptic plasticity by regulating the trafficking and internalization of AMPA receptors. May be regulated upon PRKCA activation. May regulate ASIC1/ASIC3 channel. Regulates actin polymerization by inhibiting the actin-nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex; the function is competetive w [...] (416 aa) |
| | Rfx3 | Transcription factor RFX3; Transcription factor required for ciliogenesis and islet cell differentiation during endocrine pancreas development. Essential for the differentiation of nodal monocilia and left-right asymmetry specification during embryogenesis. Required for the biogenesis of motile cilia by governing growth and beating efficiency of motile cells. Also required for ciliated ependymal cell differentiation. Together with RFX6, participates in the differentiation of 4 of the 5 islet cell types during endocrine pancreas development, with the exception of pancreatic PP (polypept [...] (749 aa) |
| | Ppp3cb | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform; Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase which plays an essential role in the transduction of intracellular Ca(2+)-mediated signals. Dephosphorylates and activates transcription factor NFATC1. Dephosphorylates and inactivates transcription factor ELK1. Dephosphorylates DARPP32; Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-2B subfamily. (525 aa) |
| | Hmgn3 | High mobility group nucleosome-binding domain-containing protein 3; Binds to nucleosomes, regulating chromatin structure and consequently, chromatin-dependent processes such as transcription, DNA replication and DNA repair. Affects both insulin and glucagon levels and modulates the expression of pancreatic genes involved in insulin secretion. Regulates the expression of the glucose transporter SLC2A2 by binding specifically to its promoter region and recruiting PDX1 and additional transcription factors. Regulates the expression of SLC6A9, a glycine transporter which regulates the glyci [...] (99 aa) |
| | Pde8b | High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8B; Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes. May be involved in specific signaling in the thyroid gland (By similarity). (788 aa) |
| | Ucp2 | Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2; UCP are mitochondrial transporter proteins that create proton leaks across the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis. As a result, energy is dissipated in the form of heat (By similarity); Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family. (309 aa) |
| | Tcirg1 | V-type proton ATPase subunit a; Essential component of the vacuolar proton pump (V-ATPase), a multimeric enzyme that catalyzes the translocation of protons across the membranes. Required for assembly and activity of the V-ATPase. (834 aa) |
| | Nos1 | Nitric oxide synthase, brain; Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In the brain and peripheral nervous system, NO displays many properties of a neurotransmitter. Probably has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such SRR. Isoform NNOS Mu may be an effector enzyme for the dystrophin complex. (1429 aa) |
| | Stxbp4 | Syntaxin-binding protein 4; Plays a role in the translocation of transport vesicles from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. Inhibits the translocation of SLC2A4 from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane by STX4A binding and preventing the interaction between STX4A and VAMP2. Stimulation with insulin disrupts the interaction with STX4A, leading to increased levels of SLC2A4 at the plasma membrane. May also play a role in the regulation of insulin release by pancreatic beta cells after stimulation by glucose. (557 aa) |
| | Rfx6 | DNA-binding protein RFX6; Transcription factor required to direct islet cell differentiation during endocrine pancreas development. Specifically required for the differentiation of 4 of the 5 islet cell types and for the production of insulin. Not required for pancreatic PP (polypeptide- producing) cells differentiation. Acts downstream of NEUROG3 and regulates the transcription factors involved in beta-cell maturation and function, thereby restricting the expression of the beta-cell differentiation and specification genes, and thus the beta-cell fate choice. Activates transcription by [...] (927 aa) |
| | Rph3al | Rab effector Noc2; Rab GTPase effector involved in the late steps of regulated exocytosis, both in endocrine and exocrine cells. Regulates the exocytosis of dense-core vesicles in neuroendocrine cells through interaction with RAB27A. Acts as a potential RAB3B effector protein in epithelial cells. (302 aa) |
| | Mup9 | Major urinary protein 9. (180 aa) |
| | Mup12 | Major urinary protein 1; Binds pheromones that are released from drying urine of males. These pheromones affect the sexual behavior of females. (180 aa) |
| | Ano1 | Anoctamin-1; Calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) which plays an important role in transepithelial anion transport and smooth muscle contraction. Required for the normal functioning of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) which generate electrical pacemaker activity in gastrointestinal smooth muscles. Acts as a major contributor to basal and stimulated chloride conductance in airway epithelial cells and plays an important role in tracheal cartilage development. Belongs to the anoctamin family. (1017 aa) |
| | Sirt1 | NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1; NAD-dependent protein deacetylase that links transcriptional regulation directly to intracellular energetics and participates in the coordination of several separated cellular functions such as cell cycle, response to DNA damage, metabolism, apoptosis and autophagy. Can modulate chromatin function through deacetylation of histones and can promote alterations in the methylation of histones and DNA, leading to transcriptional repression (By similarity). Deacetylates a broad range of transcription factors and coregulators, thereby regulating ta [...] (737 aa) |
| | Cask | Peripheral plasma membrane protein CASK; Multidomain scaffolding protein with a role in synaptic transmembrane protein anchoring and ion channel trafficking. Contributes to neural development and regulation of gene expression via interaction with the transcription factor TBR1. Binds to cell-surface proteins, including amyloid precursor protein, neurexins, and syndecans. May mediate a link between the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton via its interaction with syndecan and with the actin/spectrin-binding protein 4.1; In the N-terminal section; belongs to the protein kinase [...] (920 aa) |
| | Adcy5 | Adenylate cyclase type 5; Catalyzes the formation of the signaling molecule cAMP in response to G-protein signaling. Mediates signaling downstream of ADRB1. Regulates the increase of free cytosolic Ca(2+) in response to increased blood glucose levels and contributes to the regulation of Ca(2+)-dependent insulin secretion. (1262 aa) |
| | Stxbp5l | Syntaxin-binding protein 5-like; Plays a role in vesicle trafficking and exocytosis inhibition. In pancreatic beta-cells, inhibits insulin secretion probably by interacting with and regulating STX1A and STX4, key t-SNARE proteins involved in the fusion of insulin granules to the plasma membrane. Plays also a role in neurotransmitter release by inhibiting basal acetylcholine release from axon terminals and by preventing synaptic fatigue upon repetitive stimulation. Promotes as well axonal outgrowth (By similarity). Belongs to the WD repeat L(2)GL family. (1185 aa) |
| | Glp1r | Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor; G-protein coupled receptor for glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP- 1). Ligand binding triggers activation of a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and increased intracellular cAMP levels (By similarity). Plays a role in regulating insulin secretion in response to GLP-1. (463 aa) |
| | Sidt2 | SID1 transmembrane family member 2; Mediates the translocation of RNA and DNA across the lysosomal membrane during RNA and DNA autophagy (RDA), a process in which RNA and DNA is directly imported into lysosomes in an ATP- dependent manner, and degraded. Involved in the uptake of single-stranded oligonucleotides by living cells, a process called gymnosis. In vitro, mediates the uptake of linear DNA more efficiently than that of circular DNA, but exhibits similar uptake efficacy toward RNA and DNA. Binds long double- stranded RNA (dsRNA) (500 - 700 base pairs), but not dsRNA shorter than [...] (853 aa) |
| | Klf7 | Krueppel-like factor 7; Transcriptional factor. Plays a critical role in neuronal morphogenesis. Represses the corneal epithelium differentiation (By similarity). Acts also as a metabolic regulator, by modulating insulin sensitivity in pancreatic beta cells and skeletal muscle cells. Inhibits transcriptional inducers of adipogenesis and has a repressive role in the expression of several adipokines, including leptin (By similarity). Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. (301 aa) |
| | Cacna1d | Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D; Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1D gives rise to L-type calcium currents. Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. They are blocked by dihydropyridines (DHP), phenylalkylamines, and by benzothiazepines. (2166 aa) |
| | Sirt4 | NAD-dependent protein lipoamidase sirtuin-4, mitochondrial; Acts as NAD-dependent protein lipoamidase, ADP-ribosyl transferase and deacetylase. Catalyzes more efficiently removal of lipoyl- and biotinyl- than acetyl-lysine modifications. Inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) activity via the enzymatic hydrolysis of the lipoamide cofactor from the E2 component, DLAT, in a phosphorylation-independent manner. Catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribosyl groups onto target proteins, including mitochondrial GLUD1, inhibiting GLUD1 enzyme activity. Acts as a negative regulator of mitoch [...] (333 aa) |
| | Tcf7l2 | Transcription factor 7-like 2; Participates in the Wnt signaling pathway and modulates MYC expression by binding to its promoter in a sequence-specific manner. Acts as repressor in the absence of CTNNB1, and as activator in its presence. Activates transcription from promoters with several copies of the Tcf motif CCTTTGATC in the presence of CTNNB1. TLE1, TLE2, TLE3 and TLE4 repress transactivation mediated by TCF7L2/TCF4 and CTNNB1. Expression of dominant-negative mutants results in cell-cycle arrest in G1 (By similarity). Necessary for the maintenance of the epithelial stem-cell compa [...] (598 aa) |
| | Oxct1 | Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase 1, mitochondrial; Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism. Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate. Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate (By similarity). (520 aa) |
| | Kcnq1 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1; Potassium channel that plays an important role in a number of tissues, including heart, inner ear, stomach and colon (By similarity). Associates with KCNE beta subunits that modulates current kinetics (By similarity). Induces a voltage-dependent by rapidly activating and slowly deactivating potassium-selective outward current (By similarity). Promotes also a delayed voltage activated potassium current showing outward rectification characteristic (By similarity). During beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation participates in cardiac r [...] (668 aa) |
| | Blk | Tyrosine-protein kinase Blk; Non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in B-lymphocyte development, differentiation and signaling. B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling requires a tight regulation of several protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, and associated coreceptors. Binding of antigen to the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) triggers signaling that ultimately leads to B-cell activation. Signaling through BLK plays an important role in transmitting signals through surface immunoglobulins and supports the pro-B to pre-B transition, as well as the signaling for growth arrest and apoptosis d [...] (499 aa) |
| | Hnf4a | Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha; Transcriptional regulator which controls the expression of hepatic genes during the transition of endodermal cells to hepatic progenitor cells, facilitatating the recruitment of RNA pol II to the promoters of target genes (By similarity). Activates the transcription of CYP2C38. Represses the CLOCK-ARNTL/BMAL1 transcriptional activity and is essential for circadian rhythm maintenance and period regulation in the liver and colon cells ; Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR2 subfamily. (474 aa) |
| | Nos2 | Nitric oxide synthase, inducible; Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In macrophages, NO mediates tumoricidal and bactericidal actions. Also has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such PTGS2/COX2. As component of the iNOS- S100A8/9 transnitrosylase complex involved in the selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of GAPDH implicated in regulation of the GAIT complex activity and probably multiple targets including ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM (By similarity [...] (1144 aa) |
| | Slc25a22 | Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 1; Involved in the transport of glutamate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Glutamate is cotransported with H(+) (By similarity); Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family. (323 aa) |
| | Mcu | Calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial; Mitochondrial inner membrane calcium uniporter that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria. Constitutes the pore-forming and calcium-conducting subunit of the uniporter complex (uniplex) (By similarity). Activity is regulated by MICU1 and MICU2 (By similarity). At low Ca(2+) levels MCU activity is down-regulated by MICU1 and MICU2; at higher Ca(2+) levels MICU1 increases MCU activity (By similarity). Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis plays key roles in cellular physiology and regulates cell bioenergetics, cytoplasmic calcium signals and acti [...] (350 aa) |
| | Pfkl | ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, liver type; Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis (By similarity). Negatively regulates the phagocyte oxidative burst in response to bacterial infection by controlling cellular NADPH biosynthesis and NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species. Upon macrophage activation, drives the metabolic switch toward glycolysis, thus preventing glucose turnover that produces NADPH via pentose phosphate pathway ; Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) fami [...] (780 aa) |
| | Srebf1 | Processed sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; Transcriptional activator required for lipid homeostasis. Regulates transcription of the LDL receptor gene as well as the fatty acid and to a lesser degree the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Binds to the sterol regulatory element 1 (SRE-1) (5'-ATCACCCCAC-3'). Has dual sequence specificity binding to both an E-box motif (5'-ATCACGTGA-3') and to SRE-1 (5'-ATCACCCCAC-3'). Isoform SREBP-1A is much more active than isoform SREBP-1C in stimulating transcription from SRE-1- containing promoters. (1134 aa) |
| | Fkbp1b | Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1B; Has the potential to contribute to the immunosuppressive and toxic effects of FK506 and rapamycin. PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (By similarity); Belongs to the FKBP-type PPIase family. FKBP1 subfamily. (108 aa) |
| | Doc2b | Double C2-like domain-containing protein beta; Calcium sensor which positively regulates SNARE-dependent fusion of vesicles with membranes. Binds phospholipids in a calcium- dependent manner and may act at the priming stage of fusion by modifying membrane curvature to stimulate fusion. Involved in calcium- triggered exocytosis in chromaffin cells and calcium-dependent spontaneous release of neurotransmitter in absence of action potentials in neuronal cells. Involved both in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic cells and insulin-dependent GLUT4 transport to the plasma memb [...] (412 aa) |
| | Hif1a | Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; Functions as a master transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions, activates the transcription of over 40 genes, including erythropoietin, glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, vascular endothelial growth factor, HILPDA, and other genes whose protein products increase oxygen delivery or facilitate metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. Plays an essential role in embryonic vascularization, tumor angiogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic disease. Heterodimerizes with ARNT; heterodimer binds to core DNA sequenc [...] (836 aa) |
| | Chga | p-Glu serpinin precursor; [Pancreastatin]: Strongly inhibits glucose induced insulin release from the pancreas. [Serpinin]: Regulates granule biogenesis in endocrine cells by up-regulating the transcription of protease nexin 1 (SERPINE2) via a cAMP-PKA-SP1 pathway. This leads to inhibition of granule protein degradation in the Golgi complex which in turn promotes granule formation. Pyroglutaminated (pGlu)-serpinin exerts an antiapoptotic effect on cells exposed to oxidative stress. (463 aa) |
