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| | Srxn1 | Sulfiredoxin-1; Contributes to oxidative stress resistance by reducing cysteine-sulfinic acid formed under exposure to oxidants in the peroxiredoxins PRDX1, PRDX2, PRDX3 and PRDX4. Does not act on PRDX5 or PRDX6. May catalyze the reduction in a multi-step process by acting both as a specific phosphotransferase and a thioltransferase. Belongs to the sulfiredoxin family. (155 aa) |
| | Trex1 | Three-prime repair exonuclease 1; Major cellular 3'-to-5' DNA exonuclease which digests single- stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with mismatched 3' termini. Prevents cell-intrinsic initiation of autoimmunity. Acts by metabolizing DNA fragments from endogenous retroelements, including L1, LTR and SINE elements. Unless degraded, these DNA fragments accumulate in the cytosol and activate the IFN-stimulatory DNA (ISD) response and innate immune signaling. Prevents chronic ATM-dependent checkpoint activation, by processing ssDNA polynucleotide species arising from the pr [...] (314 aa) |
| | Setx | Probable helicase senataxin; Probable RNA/DNA helicase involved in diverse aspects of RNA metabolism and genomic integrity. Plays a role in transcription regulation by its ability to modulate RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) binding to chromatin and through its interaction with proteins involved in transcription. Contributes to the mRNA splicing efficiency and splice site selection. Required for the resolution of R-loop RNA-DNA hybrid formation at G-rich pause sites located downstream of the poly(A) site, allowing XRN2 recruitment and XRN2-mediated degradation of the downstream cleaved RNA a [...] (2646 aa) |
| | Mapk3 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK1/ERK2 and MAPK3/ERK1 are the 2 MAPKs which play an important role in the MAPK/ERK cascade. They participate also in a signaling cascade initiated by activated KIT and KITLG/SCF. Depending on the cellular context, the MAPK/ERK cascade mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation through the regulation of transcription, translation, cytoskeletal rearrangements. The MAPK/ERK cascade plays a [...] (380 aa) |
| | Dnmt3b | DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3B; Required for genome-wide de novo methylation and is essential for the establishment of DNA methylation patterns during development. DNA methylation is coordinated with methylation of histones. May preferentially methylates nucleosomal DNA within the nucleosome core region. May function as transcriptional co-repressor by associating with CBX4 and independently of DNA methylation. Seems to be involved in gene silencing. In association with DNMT1 and via the recruitment of CTCFL/BORIS, involved in activation of BAG1 gene expression by modulating dime [...] (860 aa) |
| | Lrrc8e | Volume-regulated anion channel subunit LRRC8E; Non-essential component of the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC, also named VSOAC channel), an anion channel required to maintain a constant cell volume in response to extracellular or intracellular osmotic changes. The VRAC channel conducts iodide better than chloride and can also conduct organic osmolytes like taurine. Mediates efflux of amino acids, such as aspartate, in response to osmotic stress. Channel activity requires LRRC8A plus at least one other family member (LRRC8B, LRRC8C, LRRC8D or LRRC8E); channel characteristics depen [...] (795 aa) |
| | Lrrk2 | Leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2; Serine/threonine-protein kinase which phosphorylates a broad range of proteins involved in multiple processes such as neuronal plasticity, autophagy, and vesicle trafficking. Is a key regulator of RAB GTPases by regulating the GTP/GDP exchange and interaction partners of RABs through phosphorylation. Phosphorylates RAB3A, RAB3B, RAB3C, RAB3D, RAB8A, RAB8B, RAB10, RAB12, RAB35, and RAB43. Regulates the RAB3IP-catalyzed GDP/GTP exchange for RAB8A through the phosphorylation of 'Thr-72' on RAB8A (By similarity). Inhibits the interacti [...] (2527 aa) |
| | Rnf7 | RING-box protein 2; Probable component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction and transcription (By similarity). CRLs complexes and ARIH1 collaborate in tandem to mediate ubiquitination of target proteins, ARIH1 mediating addition of the first ubiquitin on CRLs targets (By similarity). Through the RING-type zinc finger, seems to recruit the E2 ubiquitination enzyme to the complex and brings it into close proximity [...] (113 aa) |
| | Lcn2 | Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; Iron-trafficking protein involved in multiple processes such as apoptosis, innate immunity and renal development. Binds iron through association with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5- DHBA), a siderophore that shares structural similarities with bacterial enterobactin, and delivers or removes iron from the cell, depending on the context. Iron-bound form (holo-24p3) is internalized following binding to the SLC22A17 (24p3R) receptor, leading to release of iron and subsequent increase of intracellular iron concentration. In contrast, association o [...] (200 aa) |
| | Gjb2 | Gap junction beta-2 protein; Structural component of gap junctions. Gap junctions are dodecameric channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining cells. They are formed by the docking of two hexameric hemichannels, one from each cell membrane (By similarity). Small molecules and ions diffuse from one cell to a neighboring cell via the central pore. (226 aa) |
| | Xbp1 | X-box-binding protein 1, cytoplasmic form; Functions as a transcription factor during endoplasmic reticulum stress by regulating the unfolded protein response (UPR). Required for cardiac myogenesis and hepatogenesis during embryonic development and the development of secretory tissues such as exocrine pancreas and salivary gland. Involved in differentiation of B lymphocytes to plasma cells and production of immunoglobulins. Modulates the cellular response to ER stress in a PIK3R-dependent manner. Binds to the cis-acting X box present in the promoter regions of major histocompatibility [...] (267 aa) |
| | Txndc2 | Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 2; Probably plays a regulatory role in sperm development. May participate in regulation of fibrous sheath (FS) assembly by supporting the formation of disulfide bonds during sperm tail morphogenesis. May also be required to rectify incorrect disulfide pairing and generate suitable pairs between the FS constituents. Can reduce disulfide bonds in vitro in the presence of NADP and thioredoxin reductase. (550 aa) |
| | Sigmar1 | Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1; Functions in lipid transport from the endoplasmic reticulum and is involved in a wide array of cellular functions probably through regulation of the biogenesis of lipid microdomains at the plasma membrane. Involved in the regulation of different receptors it plays a role in BDNF signaling and EGF signaling. Also regulates ion channels like the potassium channel and could modulate neurotransmitter release. Plays a role in calcium signaling through modulation together with ANK2 of the ITP3R-dependent calcium efflux at the endoplasmic reticulum. [...] (223 aa) |
| | Foxo1 | Forkhead box protein O1; Transcription factor that is the main target of insulin signaling and regulates metabolic homeostasis in response to oxidative stress. Binds to the insulin response element (IRE) with consensus sequence 5'-TT[G/A]TTTTG-3' and the related Daf-16 family binding element (DBE) with consensus sequence 5'-TT[G/A]TTTAC-3'. Activity suppressed by insulin. Main regulator of redox balance and osteoblast numbers and controls bone mass. Orchestrates the endocrine function of the skeleton in regulating glucose metabolism. Acts synergistically with ATF4 to suppress osteocalc [...] (652 aa) |
| | Cdkn2a | Tumor suppressor ARF; Capable of inducing cell cycle arrest in G1 and G2 phases. Acts as a tumor suppressor. Binds to MDM2 and blocks its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling by sequestering it in the nucleolus. This inhibits the oncogenic action of MDM2 by blocking MDM2-induced degradation of p53 and enhancing p53-dependent transactivation and apoptosis. Also induces G2 arrest and apoptosis in a p53-independent manner by preventing the activation of cyclin B1/CDC2 complexes. Binds to BCL6 and down-regulates BCL6-induced transcriptional repression. Binds to E2F1 and MYC and blocks their transcr [...] (169 aa) |
| | Hmox1 | Heme oxygenase 1; Heme oxygenase cleaves the heme ring at the alpha methene bridge to form biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Under physiological conditions, the activity of heme oxygenase is highest in the spleen, where senescent erythrocytes are sequestrated and destroyed. Exhibits cytoprotective effects since excess of free heme sensitizes cells to undergo apoptosis. (289 aa) |
| | Anxa1 | Annexin A1; Plays important roles in the innate immune response as effector of glucocorticoid-mediated responses and regulator of the inflammatory process. Has anti-inflammatory activity. Plays a role in glucocorticoid-mediated down-regulation of the early phase of the inflammatory response. Promotes resolution of inflammation and wound healing. Functions at least in part by activating the formyl peptide receptors and downstream signaling cascades. Promotes chemotaxis of granulocytes and monocytes via activation of the formyl peptide receptors (By similarity). Contributes to the adapti [...] (346 aa) |
| | Pdgfrb | Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta; Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as cell-surface receptor for homodimeric PDGFB and PDGFD and for heterodimers formed by PDGFA and PDGFB, and plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, chemotaxis and migration. Plays an essential role in blood vessel development by promoting proliferation, migration and recruitment of pericytes and smooth muscle cells to endothelial cells. Plays a role in the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and the formation of neointima at v [...] (1099 aa) |
| | Impact | Protein IMPACT; Translational regulator that ensures constant high levels of translation upon a variety of stress conditions, such as amino acid starvation, UV-C irradiation, proteasome inhibitor treatment and glucose deprivation. Plays a role as a negative regulator of the EIF2AK4/GCN2 kinase activity; impairs GCN1-mediated EIF2AK4/GCN2 activation, and hence EIF2AK4/GCN2-mediated eIF-2-alpha phosphorylation and subsequent down-regulation of protein synthesis. May be required to regulate translation in specific neuronal cells under amino acid starvation conditions by preventing GCN2 ac [...] (318 aa) |
| | Epas1 | Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1; Transcription factor involved in the induction of oxygen regulated genes. Heterodimerizes with ARNT; heterodimer binds to core DNA sequence 5'-TACGTG-3' within the hypoxia response element (HRE) of target gene promoters. Regulates the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and seems to be implicated in the development of blood vessels and the tubular system of lung. May also play a role in the formation of the endothelium that gives rise to the blood brain barrier. Potent activator of the Tie-2 tyrosine kinase expression. Activ [...] (874 aa) |
| | Aldh3b1 | Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 member B1; Oxidizes medium and long chain saturated and unsaturated aldehydes. Metabolizes also benzaldehyde (By similarity). Low activity towards acetaldehyde and 3,4- dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (By similarity). May not metabolize short chain aldehydes. Can use both NADP(+) and NAD(+) as electron acceptor (By similarity). May have a protective role against the cytotoxicity induced by lipid peroxidation (By similarity). (468 aa) |
| | Rnf112 | RING finger protein 112; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in neuronal differentiation, including neurogenesis and gliogenesis, during brain development. During embryonic development initiates neuronal differentiation by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase through up-regulation of cell-cycle regulatory proteins. Plays a role not only in the fetal period during the development of the nervous system, but also in the adult brain, where it is involved in the maintenance of neural functions and protection of the nervous tissue cells from oxidative stress-ind [...] (654 aa) |
| | Gskip | GSK3B-interacting protein; A-kinase anchoring protein for GSK3B and PKA that regulates or facilitates their kinase activity towards their targets. The ternary complex enhances Wnt-induced signaling by facilitating the GSK3B- and PKA-induced phosphorylation of beta-catenin leading to beta-catenin degradation and stabilization respectively. Upon cAMP activation, the ternary complex contributes to neuroprotection against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by facilitating the PKA-induced phosphorylation of DML1 and PKA-induced inactivation of GSK3B. During neurite outgrowth promotes neuron [...] (144 aa) |
| | Cyp1b1 | Cytochrome P450 1B1; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (By similarity). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (By similarity). Exhibits catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2- and 4-hydroxy E2. Metabolizes testosterone and progesterone [...] (543 aa) |
| | Agap3 | Arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3; GTPase-activating protein for the ADP ribosylation factor family (Potential). GTPase which may be involved in the degradation of expanded polyglutamine proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. (910 aa) |
| | Slc11a2 | Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2; May serve to import iron into the mitochondria (By similarity). Important in metal transport, in particular iron. Involved in apical iron uptake into duodenal enterocytes. Involved in iron transport from acidified endosomes into the cytoplasm of erythroid precursor cells. May play an important role in hepatic iron accumulation and tissue iron distribution. (568 aa) |
| | Trpc6 | Short transient receptor potential channel 6; Thought to form a receptor-activated non-selective calcium permeant cation channel. Probably is operated by a phosphatidylinositol second messenger system activated by receptor tyrosine kinases or G- protein coupled receptors. Activated by diacylglycerol (DAG) in a membrane-delimited fashion, independently of protein kinase C. Seems not to be activated by intracellular calcium store depletion. (930 aa) |
| | Atf2 | Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2; Transcriptional activator which regulates the transcription of various genes, including those involved in anti-apoptosis, cell growth, and DNA damage response. Dependent on its binding partner, binds to CRE (cAMP response element) consensus sequences (5'-TGACGTCA- 3') or to AP-1 (activator protein 1) consensus sequences (5'-TGACTCA- 3'). In the nucleus, contributes to global transcription and the DNA damage response, in addition to specific transcriptional activities that are related to cell development, proliferation and death. In the c [...] (487 aa) |
| | Atp7a | Copper-transporting ATPase 1; May supply copper to copper-requiring proteins within the secretory pathway, when localized in the trans-Golgi network. Under conditions of elevated extracellular copper, it relocalized to the plasma membrane where it functions in the efflux of copper from cells (By similarity); Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily. (1492 aa) |
| | Sod1 | Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]; Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems; Belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family. (154 aa) |
| | Wnk3 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK3; Serine/threonine kinase which plays an important role in the regulation of electrolyte homeostasis, cell signaling, survival and proliferation. Acts as an activator and inhibitor of sodium-coupled chloride cotransporters and potassium-coupled chloride cotransporters respectively. Activates SLC12A1, SLC12A2, SLC12A3, SCNN1A, SCNN1B, SCNN1D and SGK1. Inhibits SLC12A4, SLC12A5, SLC12A6 and SLC12A7. Phosphorylates WNK4. Increases Ca(2+) influx mediated by TRPV5 and TRPV6 by enhancing their membrane expression level via a kinase- dependent pathway. Inhi [...] (1757 aa) |
| | Mpv17 | Protein Mpv17; Non-selective channel that modulates the membrane potential under normal conditions and oxidative stress, and is involved in mitochondrial homeostasis (By similarity). Involved in mitochondrial deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTP) pool homeostasis and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance. May be involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolism and the control of oxidative phosphorylation (Probable); Belongs to the peroxisomal membrane protein PXMP2/4 family. (178 aa) |
| | Cfl1 | Cofilin-1; Binds to F-actin and exhibits pH-sensitive F-actin depolymerizing activity. Regulates actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Important for normal progress through mitosis and normal cytokinesis. Plays a role in the regulation of cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization. Required for the up-regulation of atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2 from endosomal compartment to cell membrane, increasing its efficiency in chemokine uptake and degradation (By similarity). Required for neural tube morphogenesis and neural crest cell migration ; Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family. (166 aa) |
| | Casp3 | Caspase-3 subunit p12; Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. At the onset of apoptosis it proteolytically cleaves poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) at a '216-Asp-|-Gly-217' bond. Cleaves and activates sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) between the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper domain and the membrane attachment domain. Cleaves and activates caspase-6, -7 and -9. Triggers cell adhesion in sympathetic neurons through RET cleavage (By similarity). Cleaves IL-1 beta between an Asp and an Ala, releasing the mature cytok [...] (277 aa) |
| | Arntl | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1; Transcriptional activator which forms a core component of the circadian clock. The circadian clock, an internal time-keeping system, regulates various physiological processes through the generation of approximately 24 hour circadian rhythms in gene expression, which are translated into rhythms in metabolism and behavior. It is derived from the Latin roots 'circa' (about) and 'diem' (day) and acts as an important regulator of a wide array of physiological functions including metabolism, sleep, body temperature, blood pressur [...] (626 aa) |
| | Ggt1 | Glutathione hydrolase 1 heavy chain; Cleaves the gamma-glutamyl bond of extracellular glutathione (gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly), glutathione conjugates, and other gamma-glutamyl compounds. The metabolism of glutathione releases free glutamate and the dipeptide cysteinyl-glycine, which is hydrolyzed to cysteine and glycine by dipeptidases. In the presence of high concentrations of dipeptides and some amino acids, can also catalyze a transpeptidation reaction, transferring the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid to form a new gamma-glutamyl compound. Initiates extracellular glutathione [...] (568 aa) |
| | Pdk1 | [Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 1, mitochondrial; Kinase that plays a key role in regulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism and homeostasis via phosphorylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase subunits PDHA1 and PDHA2. This inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, and thereby regulates metabolite flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, down-regulates aerobic respiration and inhibits the formation of acetyl-coenzyme A from pyruvate. Plays an important role in cellular responses to hypoxia and is important for cell proliferation under hypoxia. Protect [...] (434 aa) |
| | Sod2 | Superoxide dismutase [Mn], mitochondrial; Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems; Belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. (222 aa) |
| | Cav1 | Caveolin-1; May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes (By similarity). Forms a stable heterooligomeric complex with CAV2 that targets to lipid rafts and drives caveolae formation. Mediates the recruitment of CAVIN proteins (CAVIN1/2/3/4) to the caveolae. Interacts directly with G-protein alpha subunits and can functionally regulate their activity (By similarity). Involved in the costimulatory signal essential for T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T-cell activation. Its binding to DPP4 induces T-cell proliferation and NF-kappa-B activation in a T-cell receptor/CD3-dependen [...] (178 aa) |
| | Pla2r1 | Soluble secretory phospholipase A2 receptor; Receptor for secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). Acts as a receptor for phospholipases sPLA2-IB/PLA2G1B, sPLA2-X/PLA2G10 and, with lower affinity, sPLA2-IIA/PLA2G2A. Also able to bind to snake PA2-like toxins. Although its precise function remains unclear, binding of sPLA2 to its receptor participates in both positive and negative regulation of sPLA2 functions as well as clearance of sPLA2. Binding of sPLA2- IB/PLA2G1B induces various effects depending on the cell type, such as activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascad [...] (1487 aa) |
| | Prkcd | Protein kinase C delta type regulatory subunit; Calcium-independent, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)- dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays contrasting roles in cell death and cell survival by functioning as a pro-apoptotic protein during DNA damage-induced apoptosis, but acting as an anti- apoptotic protein during cytokine receptor-initiated cell death, is involved in tumor suppression, is required for oxygen radical production by NADPH oxidase and acts as positive or negative regulator in platelet functional responses. Negatively regulates B cell proliferation a [...] (700 aa) |
| | Diablo | Diablo homolog, mitochondrial; Promotes apoptosis by activating caspases in the cytochrome c/Apaf-1/caspase-9 pathway. Acts by opposing the inhibitory activity of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP). Inhibits the activity of BIRC6/bruce by inhibiting its binding to caspases (By similarity). (237 aa) |
| | Epo | Erythropoietin; Hormone involved in the regulation of erythrocyte proliferation and differentiation and the maintenance of a physiological level of circulating erythrocyte mass. Binds to EPOR leading to EPOR dimerization and JAK2 activation thereby activating specific downstream effectors, including STAT1 and STAT3. (192 aa) |
| | Gpx5 | Epididymal secretory glutathione peroxidase; Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione. May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against peroxide damage in sperm membrane lipids. (221 aa) |
| | Oxr1 | Oxidation resistance protein 1; May be involved in protection from oxidative damage; Belongs to the OXR1 family. (866 aa) |
| | Serpinb6b | Serine (Or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 6B; Belongs to the serpin family. (377 aa) |
| | Vkorc1l1 | Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 1; Involved in vitamin K metabolism. Can reduce inactive vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to active vitamin K (in vitro), and may contribute to vitamin K-mediated protection against oxidative stress. Plays a role in vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation of Glu residues in target proteins; Belongs to the VKOR family. (176 aa) |
| | Zfp622 | Zinc finger protein 622; May behave as an activator of the bound transcription factor, MYBL2, and be involved in embryonic development. (476 aa) |
| | Selenon | Selenoprotein N; Plays an important role in cell protection against oxidative stress and in the regulation of redox-related calcium homeostasis. Regulates the calcium level of the ER by protecting the calcium pump ATP2A2 against the oxidoreductase ERO1A-mediated oxidative damage. Within the ER, ERO1A activity increases the concentration of H(2)O(2), which attacks the luminal thiols in ATP2A2 and thus leads to cysteinyl sulfenic acid formation (-SOH) and SEPN1 reduces the SOH back to free thiol (-SH), thus restoring ATP2A2 activity. Acts as a modulator of ryanodine receptor (RyR) activi [...] (557 aa) |
| | Uaca | Uveal autoantigen with coiled-coil domains and ankyrin repeats; Regulates APAF1 expression and plays an important role in the regulation of stress-induced apoptosis. Promotes apoptosis by regulating three pathways, apoptosome up-regulation, LGALS3/galectin-3 down-regulation and NF-kappa-B inactivation. Regulates the redistribution of APAF1 into the nucleus after proapoptotic stress. Down-regulates the expression of LGALS3 by inhibiting NFKB1. (1413 aa) |
| | Serpinb6d | Serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 6d; Belongs to the serpin family. (375 aa) |
| | Prkaa1 | 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1; Catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Also acts a [...] (559 aa) |
| | Zfp277 | Zinc finger protein 277. (583 aa) |
| | Jak2 | Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2; Non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in various processes such as cell growth, development, differentiation or histone modifications. Mediates essential signaling events in both innate and adaptive immunity. In the cytoplasm, plays a pivotal role in signal transduction via its association with type I receptors such as growth hormone (GHR), prolactin (PRLR), leptin (LEPR), erythropoietin (EPOR), thrombopoietin (THPO); or type II receptors including IFN-alpha, IFN- beta, IFN-gamma and multiple interleukins. Following ligand-binding to cell surface receptors [...] (1132 aa) |
| | Fabp1 | Fatty acid-binding protein, liver; Plays a role in lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol uptake in hepatocytes. Binds cholesterol. Binds free fatty acids and their coenzyme A derivatives, bilirubin, and some other small molecules in the cytoplasm. May be involved in intracellular lipid transport. (127 aa) |
| | Klf2 | Krueppel-like factor 2; Transcription factor that binds to the CACCC box in the promoter of target genes such as HBB/beta globin or NOV and activates their transcription. Might be involved in transcriptional regulation by modulating the binding of the RARA nuclear receptor to RARE DNA elements (By similarity); Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. (354 aa) |
| | Msra | Mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase; Has an important function as a repair enzyme for proteins that have been inactivated by oxidation. Catalyzes the reversible oxidation-reduction of methionine sulfoxide in proteins to methionine (By similarity). (233 aa) |
| | Zfp580 | Zinc finger protein 580; Involved in the regulation of endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Mediates H(2)O(2)-induced leukocyte chemotaxis by elevating interleukin-8 production and may play a role in inflammation. May be involved in transcriptional regulation (By similarity). (172 aa) |
| | Mapk1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK1/ERK2 and MAPK3/ERK1 are the 2 MAPKs which play an important role in the MAPK/ERK cascade. They participate also in a signaling cascade initiated by activated KIT and KITLG/SCF. Depending on the cellular context, the MAPK/ERK cascade mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation through the regulation of transcription, translation, cytoskeletal rearrangements. The MAPK/ERK cascade plays a [...] (358 aa) |
| | Endog | Endonuclease G, mitochondrial; Cleaves DNA at double-stranded (DG)n.(DC)n and at single- stranded (DC)n tracts. In addition to deoxyribonuclease activities, also has ribonuclease (RNase) and RNase H activities. Capable of generating the RNA primers required by DNA polymerase gamma to initiate replication of mitochondrial DNA (By similarity). (294 aa) |
| | Ncf1 | Neutrophil cytosol factor 1; NCF2, NCF1, and a membrane bound cytochrome b558 are required for activation of the latent NADPH oxidase (necessary for superoxide production). (404 aa) |
| | Serpinb6a | Serpin B6; Inhibitor of cathepsin G, kallikrein-8 and thrombin. May play an important role in the inner ear in the protection against leakage of lysosomal content during stress. May be involved in the regulation of serine proteinases present in the brain or extravasated from the blood. (399 aa) |
| | Mmp9 | Matrix metalloproteinase-9; Could play a role in bone osteoclastic resorption. Cleaves type IV and type V collagen into large C-terminal three quarter fragments and shorter N-terminal one quarter fragments (By similarity). Belongs to the peptidase M10A family. (730 aa) |
| | Serpinb6e | Serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 6e; Belongs to the serpin family. (429 aa) |
| | Prdx2 | Peroxiredoxin-2; Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides and as sensor of hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling events. Might participate in the signaling cascades of growth factors and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by regulating the intracellular concentrations of H(2)O(2). (198 aa) |
| | Atf4 | Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4; Transcriptional activator. Binds the cAMP response element (CRE) (consensus: 5'-GTGACGT[AC][AG]-3'), a sequence present in many viral and cellular promoters. Binds to asymmetric CRE's as a heterodimer and to palindromic CRE's as a homodimer. Cooperates with FOXO1 in osteoblasts to regulate glucose homeostasis through suppression of beta-cell production and decrease in insulin production. Regulates the induction of DDIT3/CHOP and asparagine synthetase (ASNS) in response to ER stress. In concert with DDIT3/CHOP, activates the transcription [...] (349 aa) |
| | Lrrc8c | Volume-regulated anion channel subunit LRRC8C; Non-essential component of the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC, also named VSOAC channel), an anion channel required to maintain a constant cell volume in response to extracellular or intracellular osmotic changes. The VRAC channel conducts iodide better than chloride and can also conduct organic osmolytes like taurine. Plays a redundant role in the efflux of amino acids, such as aspartate and glutamate, in response to osmotic stress. Channel activity requires LRRC8A plus at least one other family member (LRRC8B, LRRC8C, LRRC8D or LRR [...] (803 aa) |
| | Penk | Met-enkephalin-Arg-Ser-Leu; Met- and Leu-enkephalins compete with and mimic the effects of opiate drugs. They play a role in a number of physiologic functions, including pain perception and responses to stress. PENK(114-133) and PENK(238-259) increase glutamate release in the striatum. PENK(114-133) decreases GABA concentration in the striatum. (268 aa) |
| | Rhob | Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoB; Mediates apoptosis in neoplastically transformed cells after DNA damage. Not essential for development but affects cell adhesion and growth factor signaling in transformed cells. Plays a negative role in tumorigenesis as deletion causes tumor formation. Involved in intracellular protein trafficking of a number of proteins. Targets PKN1 to endosomes and is involved in trafficking of the EGF receptor from late endosomes to lysosomes. Also required for stability and nuclear trafficking of AKT1/AKT which promotes endothelial cell survival during vascul [...] (196 aa) |
| | Adnp2 | Activity-dependent neuroprotector homeobox protein 2; May be involved in transcriptional regulation; Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. (1165 aa) |
| | Smpd3 | Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3; Catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to form ceramide and phosphocholine. Ceramide mediates numerous cellular functions, such as apoptosis and growth arrest, and is capable of regulating these 2 cellular events independently. Also hydrolyzes sphingosylphosphocholine. Regulates the cell cycle by acting as a growth suppressor in confluent cells. Acts as a regulator of postnatal development and participates in bone and dentin mineralization. Overexpression enhances cell death, suggesting that it may be involved in apoptosis control. Belongs to the n [...] (655 aa) |
| | Ercc6l2 | DNA excision repair protein ERCC-6-like 2; May be involved in early DNA damage response. (699 aa) |
| | Eif2s1 | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1; Functions in the early steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA. This complex binds to a 40S ribosomal subunit, followed by mRNA binding to form a 43S pre- initiation complex. Junction of the 60S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex is preceded by hydrolysis of the GTP bound to eIF-2 and release of an eIF-2-GDP binary complex. In order for eIF-2 to recycle and catalyze another round of initiation, the GDP bound to eIF- 2 must exchange with GTP by way of a reaction catalyzed [...] (315 aa) |
| | Trpv4 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4; Non-selective calcium permeant cation channel involved in osmotic sensitivity and mechanosensitivity. Activation by exposure to hypotonicity within the physiological range exhibits an outward rectification. Also activated by heat, low pH, citrate and phorbol esters. Increase of intracellular Ca(2+) potentiates currents. Channel activity seems to be regulated by a calmodulin-dependent mechanism with a negative feedback mechanism (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of intracellular Ca(2+) in synoviocytes (By similarity). [...] (871 aa) |
| | Hsf1 | Heat shock factor protein 1; Functions as a stress-inducible and DNA-binding transcription factor that plays a central role in the transcriptional activation of the heat shock response (HSR), leading to the expression of a large class of molecular chaperones heat shock proteins (HSPs) that protect cells from cellular insults' damage. In unstressed cells, is present in a HSP90-containing multichaperone complex that maintains it in a non- DNA-binding inactivated monomeric form. Upon exposure to heat and other stress stimuli, undergoes homotrimerization and activates HSP gene transcriptio [...] (503 aa) |
| | Stau1 | Double-stranded RNA-binding protein Staufen homolog 1; Binds double-stranded RNA (regardless of the sequence) and tubulin. May play a role in specific positioning of mRNAs at given sites in the cell by cross-linking cytoskeletal and RNA components, and in stimulating their translation at the site. (495 aa) |
| | Sirt2 | NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-2; NAD-dependent protein deacetylase, which deacetylates internal lysines on histone and alpha-tubulin as well as many other proteins such as key transcription factors. Participates in the modulation of multiple and diverse biological processes such as cell cycle control, genomic integrity, microtubule dynamics, cell differentiation, metabolic networks, and autophagy. Plays a major role in the control of cell cycle progression and genomic stability. Functions in the antephase checkpoint preventing precocious mitotic entry in response to microtu [...] (389 aa) |
| | Plec | Plectin; Interlinks intermediate filaments with microtubules and microfilaments and anchors intermediate filaments to desmosomes or hemidesmosomes. May be involved not only in the cross-linking and stabilization of cytoskeletal intermediate filaments network, but also in the regulation of their dynamics; Belongs to the plakin or cytolinker family. (4691 aa) |
| | Bmp4 | Bone morphogenetic protein 4; Induces cartilage and bone formation. Acts in concert with PTHLH/PTHRP to stimulate ductal outgrowth during embryonic mammary development and to inhibit hair follicle induction. (408 aa) |
| | Plekha1 | Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family A member 1; Binds specifically to phosphatidylinositol 3,4-diphosphate (PtdIns3,4P2), but not to other phosphoinositides. May recruit other proteins to the plasma membrane (By similarity). (383 aa) |
| | Trp53 | Cellular tumor antigen p53; Acts as a tumor suppressor in many tumor types; induces growth arrest or apoptosis depending on the physiological circumstances and cell type. Involved in cell cycle regulation as a trans-activator that acts to negatively regulate cell division by controlling a set of genes required for this process. One of the activated genes is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. Apoptosis induction seems to be mediated either by stimulation of BAX and FAS antigen expression, or by repression of Bcl-2 expression. Its pro-apoptotic activity is activated via its intera [...] (390 aa) |
| | Slc2a4 | Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4; Insulin-regulated facilitative glucose transporter, which plays a key role in removal of glucose from circulation. Response to insulin is regulated by its intracellular localization: in the absence of insulin, it is efficiently retained intracellularly within storage compartments in muscle and fat cells. Upon insulin stimulation, translocates from these compartments to the cell surface where it transports glucose from the extracellular milieu into the cell ; Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporte [...] (509 aa) |
| | Ppargc1b | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-beta; Plays a role of stimulator of transcription factors and nuclear receptors activities. Activates transcriptional activity of estrogen receptor alpha, nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and glucocorticoid receptor in the presence of glucocorticoids. May play a role in constitutive non-adrenergic-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis as suggested by increased basal oxygen consumption and mitochondrial number when overexpressed. May be part of the pathways regulating the elevation of gluconeogenesis, beta-oxidation of fatty [...] (1014 aa) |
| | Abl1 | Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1; Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays a role in many key processes linked to cell growth and survival such as cytoskeleton remodeling in response to extracellular stimuli, cell motility and adhesion, receptor endocytosis, autophagy, DNA damage response and apoptosis. Coordinates actin remodeling through tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins controlling cytoskeleton dynamics like WASF3 (involved in branch formation); ANXA1 (involved in membrane anchoring); DBN1, DBNL, CTTN, RAPH1 and ENAH (involved in signaling); or MAPT and PXN (microtubule-bindin [...] (1142 aa) |
| | Dapk1 | Death-associated protein kinase 1; Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine kinase involved in multiple cellular signaling pathways that trigger cell survival, apoptosis, and autophagy. Regulates both type I apoptotic and type II autophagic cell deaths signal, depending on the cellular setting. The former is caspase-dependent, while the latter is caspase-independent and is characterized by the accumulation of autophagic vesicles. Phosphorylates PIN1 resulting in inhibition of its catalytic activity, nuclear localization, and cellular function. Phosphorylates TPM1, enhancing stress [...] (1430 aa) |
| | Vrk2 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase VRK2; Serine/threonine kinase that regulates several signal transduction pathways. Isoform 1 modulates the stress response to hypoxia and cytokines, such as interleukin-1 beta (IL1B) and this is dependent on its interaction with MAPK8IP1, which assembles mitogen- activated protein kinase (MAPK) complexes. Inhibition of signal transmission mediated by the assembly of MAPK8IP1-MAPK complexes reduces JNK phosphorylation and JUN-dependent transcription. Phosphorylates histone H3. Phosphorylates 'Thr-18' of p53/TP53, and thereby increases its stability and ac [...] (503 aa) |
| | Mapk7 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 7; Plays a role in various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. The upstream activator of MAPK7 is the MAPK kinase MAP2K5. Upon activation, it translocates to the nucleus and phosphorylates various downstream targets including MEF2C. EGF activates MAPK7 through a Ras-independent and MAP2K5-dependent pathway. May have a role in muscle cell differentiation. May be important for endothelial function and maintenance of blood vessel integrity. MAP2K5 and MAPK7 interact specifically with one another and not with MEK1/ER [...] (806 aa) |
| | Etv5 | ETS translocation variant 5; Binds to DNA sequences containing the consensus nucleotide core sequence 5'-GGAA.-3'; Belongs to the ETS family. (510 aa) |
| | Stk24 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase 24 12 kDa subunit; Serine/threonine-protein kinase that acts on both serine and threonine residues and promotes apoptosis in response to stress stimuli and caspase activation. Mediates oxidative-stress-induced cell death by modulating phosphorylation of JNK1-JNK2 (MAPK8 and MAPK9), p38 (MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK13 and MAPK14) during oxidative stress. Plays a role in a staurosporine-induced caspase-independent apoptotic pathway by regulating the nuclear translocation of AIFM1 and ENDOG and the DNase activity associated with ENDOG. Phosphorylates STK38L on 'Thr [...] (431 aa) |
| | Pcgf2 | Polycomb group RING finger protein 2; Transcriptional repressor. Binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-GACTNGACT-3'. Has tumor suppressor activity. May play a role in control of cell proliferation and/or neural cell development (Probable). Regulates proliferation of early T progenitor cells by maintaining expression of HES1. Also plays a role in antero- posterior specification of the axial skeleton and negative regulation of the self-renewal activity of hematopoietic stem cells. Component of a Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein PRC1-like complex, a complex class required to maintain [...] (342 aa) |
| | Mapk9 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9; Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, transformation and programmed cell death. Extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines or physical stress stimulate the stress- activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAP/JNK) signaling pathway. In this cascade, two dual specificity kinases MAP2K4/MKK4 and MAP2K7/MKK7 phosphorylate and activate MAPK9/JNK2. In turn, MAPK9/JNK2 phosphorylates a number of transcription factors, primarily components of AP-1 such as J [...] (423 aa) |
| | Ankzf1 | Ankyrin repeat and zinc finger domain-containing protein 1; Plays a role in the cellular response to hydrogen peroxide and in the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity under conditions of cellular stress (By similarity). Involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway (By similarity). (748 aa) |
| | Pax2 | Paired box protein Pax-2; Transcription factor that may have a role in kidney cell differentiation. (394 aa) |
| | Aif1 | Allograft inflammatory factor 1; Actin-binding protein that enhances membrane ruffling and RAC activation. Enhances the actin-bundling activity of LCP1. Binds calcium. Plays a role in RAC signaling and in phagocytosis. May play a role in macrophage activation and function. Promotes the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and of T-lymphocytes. Enhances lymphocyte migration. Plays a role in vascular inflammation. (147 aa) |
| | Atg7 | Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7; E1-like activating enzyme involved in the 2 ubiquitin-like systems required for cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) and autophagy. Activates ATG12 for its conjugation with ATG5 as well as the ATG8 family proteins for their conjugation with phosphatidylethanolamine. Both systems are needed for the ATG8 association to Cvt vesicles and autophagosomes membranes. Required for autophagic death induced by caspase-8 inhibition. Required for mitophagy which contributes to regulate mitochondrial quantity and quality by eliminating the mitochondria [...] (741 aa) |
| | Cd36 | Platelet glycoprotein 4; Multifunctional glycoprotein that acts as receptor for a broad range of ligands. Ligands can be of proteinaceous nature like thrombospondin, fibronectin, collagen or amyloid-beta as well as of lipidic nature such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), anionic phospholipids, long-chain fatty acids and bacterial diacylated lipopeptides. They are generally multivalent and can therefore engage multiple receptors simultaneously, the resulting formation of CD36 clusters initiates signal transduction and internalization of receptor-ligand complexes. The dependen [...] (472 aa) |
| | Slc8a1 | Sodium/calcium exchanger 1; Mediates the exchange of one Ca(2+) ion against three to four Na(+) ions across the cell membrane, and thereby contributes to the regulation of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) levels and Ca(2+)-dependent cellular processes. Contributes to Ca(2+) transport during excitation-contraction coupling in muscle. In a first phase, voltage- gated channels mediate the rapid increase of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) levels due to release of Ca(2+) stores from the endoplasmic reticulum. SLC8A1 mediates the export of Ca(2+) from the cell during the next phase, so that cytoplasmic Ca(2+) levels r [...] (970 aa) |
| | Oser1 | Oxidative stress-responsive serine-rich protein 1. (291 aa) |
| | Pycr1 | Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1, mitochondrial; Housekeeping enzyme that catalyzes the last step in proline biosynthesis. Can utilize both NAD and NADP, but has higher affinity for NAD. Involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress. (309 aa) |
| | G6pd2 | Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase 2; Cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of the oxidative branch within the pentose phosphate pathway/shunt, an alternative route to glycolysis for the dissimilation of carbohydrates and a major source of reducing power and metabolic intermediates for fatty acid and nucleic acid biosynthetic processes. (513 aa) |
| | Keap1 | Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; Substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that regulates the response to oxidative stress by targeting NFE2L2/NRF2 for ubiquitination. KEAP1 acts as a key sensor of oxidative and electrophilic stress: in normal conditions, the BCR(KEAP1) complex mediates ubiquitination and degradation of NFE2L2/NRF2, a transcription factor regulating expression of many cytoprotective genes. In response to oxidative stress, different electrophile metabolites trigger non-enzymatic covalent modifications of highly reactive cysteine [...] (624 aa) |
| | Sphk1 | Sphingosine kinase 1; Catalyzes the phosphorylation of sphingosine to form sphingosine 1-phosphate (SPP), a lipid mediator with both intra- and extracellular functions. Also acts on D-erythro-sphingosine and to a lesser extent sphinganine, but not other lipids, such as D,L-threo- dihydrosphingosine, N,N-dimethylsphingosine, diacylglycerol, ceramide, or phosphatidylinositol. In contrast to proapoptotic SPHK2, has a negative effect on intracellular ceramide levels, enhances cell growth and inhibits apoptosis. Involved in the regulation of inflammatory response and neuroinflammation. Via [...] (388 aa) |
| | Sin3a | Paired amphipathic helix protein Sin3a; Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Corepressor for REST. Interacts with MXI1 to repress MYC responsive genes and antagonize MYC oncogenic activities. Also interacts with MXD1-MAX heterodimers to repress transcription by tethering SIN3A to DNA. Acts cooperatively with OGT to repress transcription in parallel with histone deacetylation. Involved in the control of the circadian rhythms. Required for the transcriptional repression of circadian target genes, such as PER1, mediated by the large PER complex through histone deacetylation. Cooperates wi [...] (1277 aa) |
| | Prr5l | Proline-rich protein 5-like; Associates with the mTORC2 complex that regulates cellular processes including survival and organization of the cytoskeleton (By similarity). Regulates the activity of the mTORC2 complex in a substrate-specific manner preventing for instance the specific phosphorylation of PKCs and thereby controlling cell migration. Plays a role in the stimulation of ZFP36-mediated mRNA decay of several ZFP36-associated mRNAs, such as TNF-alpha and GM- CSF, in response to stress. Required for ZFP36 localization to cytoplasmic stress granule (SG) and P-body (PB) in response [...] (370 aa) |
| | Ripk1 | Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1; Serine-threonine kinase which is a key regulator of both cell death and cell survival. Exhibits kinase activity- dependent functions that trigger cell death and kinase-independent scaffold functions regulating inflammatory signaling and cell survival. Initiates ripoptocide which describes cell death that is dependent on RIPK1, be it apoptosis or necroptosis. Upon binding of TNF to TNFR1, RIPK1 is recruited to the TNF-R1 signaling complex (TNF-RSC also known as complex I) where it acts as a scaffold protein promoting cell survival, [...] (656 aa) |
| | Pdgfd | Platelet-derived growth factor D, receptor-binding form; Growth factor that plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell migration, survival and chemotaxis. Potent mitogen for cells of mesenchymal origin. Plays an important role in wound healing (By similarity). Has oncogenic potential and can induce tumor formation. Induces macrophage recruitment, increased interstitial pressure, and blood vessel maturation during angiogenesis. Can initiate events that lead to a mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, including influx of monocytes an [...] (370 aa) |
| | Serpinb6c | Serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 6c; Belongs to the serpin family. (379 aa) |
| | Aqp5 | Aquaporin-5; Forms a water-specific channel (By similarity). Plays an important role in fluid secretion in salivary glands. Required for TRPV4 activation by hypotonicity. Together with TRPV4, controls regulatory volume decrease in salivary epithelial cells. Seems to play a redundant role in water transport in the eye, lung and in sweat glands. Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. (265 aa) |
| | Pdgfra | Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha; Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for PDGFA, PDGFB and PDGFC and plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, survival and chemotaxis. Depending on the context, promotes or inhibits cell proliferation and cell migration. Plays an important role in the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Required for normal skeleton development and cephalic closure during embryonic development. Required for normal development of the mucosa lining the gastrointes [...] (1089 aa) |
| | Ptprk | Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase kappa; Regulation of processes involving cell contact and adhesion such as growth control, tumor invasion, and metastasis. Negative regulator of EGFR signaling pathway. Forms complexes with beta-catenin and gamma-catenin/plakoglobin. Beta-catenin may be a substrate for the catalytic activity of PTPRK/PTP-kappa; Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 2B subfamily. (1457 aa) |
| | Cpeb2 | Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 2; May play a role in translational regulation of stored mRNAs in transcriptionally inactive haploid spermatids. Binds to poly(U) RNA oligomers. Required for cell cycle progression, specifically for the transition from metaphase to anaphase (By similarity). (992 aa) |
| | Pdcd10 | Programmed cell death protein 10; Promotes cell proliferation. Modulates apoptotic pathways. Increases mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and STK26 activity. Important for cell migration, and for normal structure and assembly of the Golgi complex (By similarity). Important for KDR/VEGFR2 signaling. Increases the stability of KDR/VEGFR2 and prevents its breakdown. Required for normal cardiovascular development. Required for normal angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis during embryonic development (By similarity); Belongs to the PDCD10 family. (212 aa) |
| | Rad52 | DNA repair protein RAD52 homolog; Involved in double-stranded break repair. Plays a central role in genetic recombination and DNA repair by promoting the annealing of complementary single-stranded DNA and by stimulation of the RAD51 recombinase (By similarity); Belongs to the RAD52 family. (420 aa) |
| | Prkg2 | cGMP-dependent protein kinase 2; Crucial regulator of intestinal secretion and bone growth. Phosphorylates and activates CFTR on the plasma membrane. Plays a key role in intestinal secretion by regulating cGMP- dependent translocation of CFTR in jejunum (By similarity). Acts downstream of NMDAR to activate the plasma membrane accumulation of GRIA1/GLUR1 in synapse and increase synaptic plasticity. Phosphorylates GRIA1/GLUR1 at Ser-863 (By similarity). Acts as regulator of gene expression and activator of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases MAPK3/ERK1 AND MAPK1/ERK2 in mechanical [...] (762 aa) |
| | Ermp1 | Endoplasmic reticulum metallopeptidase 1; Within the ovary, required for the organization of somatic cells and oocytes into discrete follicular structures. Belongs to the peptidase M28 family. (898 aa) |
| | Stau2 | Double-stranded RNA-binding protein Staufen homolog 2; RNA-binding protein required for the microtubule-dependent transport of neuronal RNA from the cell body to the dendrite. As protein synthesis occurs within the dendrite, the localization of specific mRNAs to dendrites may be a prerequisite for neurite outgrowth and plasticity at sites distant from the cell body (By similarity). (570 aa) |
| | Fancc | Fanconi anemia group C protein homolog; DNA repair protein that may operate in a postreplication repair or a cell cycle checkpoint function. May be implicated in interstrand DNA cross-link repair and in the maintenance of normal chromosome stability. Upon IFNG induction, may facilitate STAT1 activation by recruiting STAT1 to IFNGR1 (By similarity). (591 aa) |
| | Sirpa | Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1; Immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. Acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. Supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. May play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. Involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. Mediates negative re [...] (513 aa) |
| | Becn1 | Beclin-1-C 35 kDa; Plays a central role in autophagy. Acts as core subunit of different PI3K complex forms that mediate formation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and are believed to play a role in multiple membrane trafficking pathways: PI3KC3-C1 is involved in initiation of autophagosomes and PI3KC3-C2 in maturation of autophagosomes and endocytosis. Involved in regulation of degradative endocytic trafficking and required for the abcission step in cytokinesis, probably in the context of PI3KC3-C2 (By similarity). Essential for the formation of PI3KC3-C2 but not PI3KC3-C1 PI3K comp [...] (448 aa) |
| | Ppia | Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A, N-terminally processed; PPIase that catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and may therefore assist protein folding. (164 aa) |
| | Ppargc1a | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; Transcriptional coactivator for steroid receptors and nuclear receptors. Greatly increases the transcriptional activity of PPARG and thyroid hormone receptor on the uncoupling protein promoter. Can regulate key mitochondrial genes that contribute to the program of adaptive thermogenesis. Plays an essential role in metabolic reprogramming in response to dietary availability through coordination of the expression of a wide array of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Induces the expression of PERM1 in [...] (797 aa) |
| | Stox1 | Storkhead-box protein 1; Involved in regulating the levels of reactive oxidative species and reactive nitrogen species and in mitochondrial homeostasis in the placenta (By similarity). Required for regulation of inner ear epithelial cell proliferation via the AKT signaling pathway. Involved in cell cycle regulation by binding to the CCNB1 promoter, up-regulating its expression and promoting mitotic entry (By similarity). Induces phosphorylation of MAPT/tau (By similarity). (990 aa) |
| | Prdx1 | Peroxiredoxin-1; Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides and as sensor of hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling events. Might participate in the signaling cascades of growth factors and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by regulating the intracellular concentrations of H(2)O(2) (By similarity). Reduces an intramolecular disulfide bond in GDPD5 that gates the ability to GDPD5 to drive postmitotic motor neuron diffe [...] (199 aa) |
| | Lrrc8d | Volume-regulated anion channel subunit LRRC8D; Non-essential component of the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC, also named VSOAC channel), an anion channel required to maintain a constant cell volume in response to extracellular or intracellular osmotic changes. The VRAC channel conducts iodide better than chloride and can also conduct organic osmolytes like taurine. Plays a redundant role in the efflux of amino acids, such as aspartate, in response to osmotic stress. Channel activity requires LRRC8A plus at least one other family member (LRRC8B, LRRC8C, LRRC8D or LRRC8E); channel [...] (859 aa) |
| | Mgst1 | Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1; Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. (229 aa) |
| | Sirt1 | NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1; NAD-dependent protein deacetylase that links transcriptional regulation directly to intracellular energetics and participates in the coordination of several separated cellular functions such as cell cycle, response to DNA damage, metabolism, apoptosis and autophagy. Can modulate chromatin function through deacetylation of histones and can promote alterations in the methylation of histones and DNA, leading to transcriptional repression (By similarity). Deacetylates a broad range of transcription factors and coregulators, thereby regulating ta [...] (737 aa) |
| | Hdac2 | Histone deacetylase 2; Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (By similarity). Forms transcriptional repressor complexes by associating with MAD, SIN3, YY1 and N-COR. Interacts in the late S-phase of DNA-replication with DNMT1 in the other transcriptional repressor co [...] (488 aa) |
| | Rwdd1 | RWD domain-containing protein 1; Protects DRG2 from proteolytic degradation. Belongs to the RWDD1/GIR2 family. (243 aa) |
| | Rbm11 | Splicing regulator RBM11; Tissue-specific splicing factor with potential implication in the regulation of alternative splicing during neuron and germ cell differentiation. Antagonizes SRSF1-mediated BCL-X splicing. May affect the choice of alternative 5' splice sites by binding to specific sequences in exons and antagonizing the SR protein SRSF1 (By similarity). (238 aa) |
| | Tpm1 | Tropomyosin alpha-1 chain; Binds to actin filaments in muscle and non-muscle cells. Plays a central role, in association with the troponin complex, in the calcium dependent regulation of vertebrate striated muscle contraction. Smooth muscle contraction is regulated by interaction with caldesmon. In non-muscle cells is implicated in stabilizing cytoskeleton actin filaments. (284 aa) |
| | Mlst8 | Target of rapamycin complex subunit LST8; Subunit of both mTORC1 and mTORC2, which regulates cell growth and survival in response to nutrient and hormonal signals. mTORC1 is activated in response to growth factors or amino acids. Growth factor-stimulated mTORC1 activation involves a AKT1-mediated phosphorylation of TSC1-TSC2, which leads to the activation of the RHEB GTPase that potently activates the protein kinase activity of mTORC1. Amino acid-signaling to mTORC1 requires its relocalization to the lysosomes mediated by the Ragulator complex and the Rag GTPases. Activated mTORC1 up-r [...] (326 aa) |
| | Tnfaip3 | Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3; Ubiquitin-editing enzyme that contains both ubiquitin ligase and deubiquitinase activities. Involved in immune and inflammatory responses signaled by cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta, or pathogens via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) through terminating NF-kappa-B activity. Essential component of a ubiquitin-editing protein complex, comprising also RNF11, ITCH and TAX1BP1, that ensures the transient nature of inflammatory signaling pathways. In cooperation with TAX1BP1 promotes disassembly of E2-E3 ubiquitin protein ligase complexes in [...] (775 aa) |
| | Cdk1 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 1; Plays a key role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle by modulating the centrosome cycle as well as mitotic onset; promotes G2-M transition, and regulates G1 progress and G1-S transition via association with multiple interphase cyclins. Required in higher cells for entry into S-phase and mitosis. Phosphorylates PARVA/actopaxin, APC, AMPH, APC, BARD1, Bcl-xL/BCL2L1, BRCA2, CALD1, CASP8, CDC7, CDC20, CDC25A, CDC25C, CC2D1A, CENPA, CSNK2 proteins/CKII, FZR1/CDH1, CDK7, CEBPB, CHAMP1, DMD/dystrophin, EEF1 proteins/EF-1, EZH2, KIF11/EG5, EGFR, FANCG, FOS, G [...] (297 aa) |
| | Arg1 | Arginase-1; Key element of the urea cycle converting L-arginine to urea and L-ornithine, which is further metabolized into metabolites proline and polyamides that drive collagen synthesis and bioenergetic pathways critical for cell proliferation, respectively; the urea cycle takes place primarily in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the kidneys. (323 aa) |
| | Egfr | Epidermal growth factor receptor; Receptor tyrosine kinase binding ligands of the EGF family and activating several signaling cascades to convert extracellular cues into appropriate cellular responses. Known ligands include EGF, TGFA/TGF-alpha, AREG, epigen/EPGN, BTC/betacellulin, epiregulin/EREG and HBEGF/heparin-binding EGF. Ligand binding triggers receptor homo- and/or heterodimerization and autophosphorylation on key cytoplasmic residues. The phosphorylated receptor recruits adapter proteins like GRB2 which in turn activates complex downstream signaling cascades. Activates at least [...] (1210 aa) |
| | Pnpt1 | Polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase 1, mitochondrial; RNA-binding protein implicated in numerous RNA metabolic processes. Catalyzes the phosphorolysis of single-stranded polyribonucleotides processively in the 3'-to-5' direction. Mitochondrial intermembrane factor with RNA-processing exoribonulease activity. Component of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO) complex, that degrades 3' overhang double-stranded RNA with a 3'-to-5' directionality in an ATP-dependent manner. Involved in the degradation of non-coding mitochondrial transcripts (MT-ncRNA) and tRNA-like molecules (By simi [...] (783 aa) |
| | Mpo | Myeloperoxidase heavy chain; Part of the host defense system of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It is responsible for microbicidal activity against a wide range of organisms. In the stimulated PMN, MPO catalyzes the production of hypohalous acids, primarily hypochlorous acid in physiologic situations, and other toxic intermediates that greatly enhance PMN microbicidal activity; Belongs to the peroxidase family. XPO subfamily. (718 aa) |
| | Hif1a | Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; Functions as a master transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions, activates the transcription of over 40 genes, including erythropoietin, glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, vascular endothelial growth factor, HILPDA, and other genes whose protein products increase oxygen delivery or facilitate metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. Plays an essential role in embryonic vascularization, tumor angiogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic disease. Heterodimerizes with ARNT; heterodimer binds to core DNA sequenc [...] (836 aa) |
| | Zfp36l1 | mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36L1; Zinc-finger RNA-binding protein that destabilizes several cytoplasmic AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA transcripts by promoting their poly(A) tail removal or deadenylation, and hence provide a mechanism for attenuating protein synthesis. Acts as a 3'- untranslated region (UTR) ARE mRNA-binding adapter protein to communicate signaling events to the mRNA decay machinery (By similarity). Functions by recruiting the CCR4-NOT deadenylating complex and components of the cytoplasmic RNA decay machinery to the bound ARE- containing mRNAs, and hence pr [...] (338 aa) |
| | Mapk13 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 13; Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK13 is one of the four p38 MAPKs which play an important role in the cascades of cellular responses evoked by extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines or physical stress leading to direct activation of transcription factors such as ELK1 and ATF2. Accordingly, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate a broad range of proteins and it has been estimated that they may have approximately 200 to 300 substrates each. MAPK13 is one of the less studie [...] (366 aa) |
| | Atm | Serine-protein kinase ATM; Serine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling upon double strand breaks (DSBs), apoptosis and genotoxic stresses such as ionizing ultraviolet A light (UVA), thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]- Q. Phosphorylates 'Ser-139' of histone variant H2AX at double strand breaks (DSBs), thereby regulating DNA damage response mechanism. Also plays a role in pre-B cell allelic exclusion, a process leading to expression of a single immunoglobulin heavy chain allele to enforce clonality and monospec [...] (3066 aa) |
| | Ect2 | Protein ECT2; Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that catalyzes the exchange of GDP for GTP. Promotes guanine nucleotide exchange on the Rho family members of small GTPases, like RHOA, RHOC, RAC1 and CDC42. Required for signal transduction pathways involved in the regulation of cytokinesis. Component of the centralspindlin complex that serves as a microtubule-dependent and Rho-mediated signaling required for the myosin contractile ring formation during the cell cycle cytokinesis. Regulates the translocation of RHOA from the central spindle to the equatorial region. Plays a role i [...] (913 aa) |
| | Selenos | Selenoprotein S; Involved in the degradation process of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins. Participates in the transfer of misfolded proteins from the ER to the cytosol, where they are destroyed by the proteasome in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. Probably acts by serving as a linker between DERL1, which mediates the retrotranslocation of misfolded proteins into the cytosol, and the ATPase complex VCP, which mediates the translocation and ubiquitination (By similarity). (190 aa) |
| | Mtor | Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR; Serine/threonine protein kinase which is a central regulator of cellular metabolism, growth and survival in response to hormones, growth factors, nutrients, energy and stress signals. MTOR directly or indirectly regulates the phosphorylation of at least 800 proteins. Functions as part of 2 structurally and functionally distinct signaling complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2 (mTOR complex 1 and 2). Activated mTORC1 up-regulates protein synthesis by phosphorylating key regulators of mRNA translation and ribosome synthesis (By similarity). This includes phosph [...] (2549 aa) |
| | Adprhl2 | ADP-ribose glycohydrolase ARH3; ADP-ribose glycohydrolase that preferentially hydrolyzes the scissile alpha-O-linkage attached to the anomeric C1'' position of ADP- ribose and acts on different substrates, such as proteins ADP- ribosylated on serine, free poly(ADP-ribose) and O-acetyl-ADP-D-ribose (By similarity). Specifically acts as a serine mono-ADP- ribosylhydrolase by mediating the removal of mono-ADP-ribose attached to serine residues on proteins, thereby playing a key role in DNA damage response (By similarity). Serine ADP-ribosylation of proteins constitutes the primary form of [...] (370 aa) |
| | Nfe2l2 | Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; Transcription factor that plays a key role in the response to oxidative stress: binds to antioxidant response (ARE) elements present in the promoter region of many cytoprotective genes, such as phase 2 detoxifying enzymes, and promotes their expression, thereby neutralizing reactive electrophiles. In normal conditions, ubiquitinated and degraded in the cytoplasm by the BCR(KEAP1) complex. In response to oxidative stress, electrophile metabolites inhibit activity of the BCR(KEAP1) complex, promoting nuclear accumulation of NFE2L2/NRF2, hetero [...] (597 aa) |
| | Stk39 | STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase; May act as a mediator of stress-activated signals. Mediates the inhibition of SLC4A4, SLC26A6 as well as CFTR activities by the WNK scaffolds, probably through phosphorylation. Phosphorylates RELT. (556 aa) |
| | Arnt | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator; Required for activity of the Ah (dioxin) receptor. This protein is required for the ligand-binding subunit to translocate from the cytosol to the nucleus after ligand binding. The complex then initiates transcription of genes involved in the activation of PAH procarcinogens (By similarity). The heterodimer binds to core DNA sequence 5'-TACGTG-3' within the hypoxia response element (HRE) of target gene promoters and functions as a transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia. The heterodimer ARNT:AHR binds to core DNA sequ [...] (791 aa) |
| | Akr1b3 | Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1; Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols. Displays enzymatic activity towards endogenous metabolites such as aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, monosacharides, bile acids and xenobiotics substrates. Key enzyme in the polyol pathway, catalyzes reduction of glucose to sorbitol during hyperglycemia. Reduces steroids and their derivatives and prostaglandins. Displays low enzymatic activity toward all-trans-retinal, 9-cis-retinal, and 13-cis- retinal. Catalyzes t [...] (316 aa) |
| | Trpm2 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2; Nonselective, voltage-independent cation channel that mediates Na(+) and Ca(2+) influx, leading to increased cytoplasmic Ca(2+) levels. Functions as ligand-gated ion channel. Binding of ADP-ribose to the cytoplasmic Nudix domain causes a conformation change; the channel is primed but still requires Ca(2+) binding to trigger channel opening. Extracellular calcium passes through the channel and increases channel activity (By similarity). Also contributes to Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores in response to ADP-ribose [...] (1506 aa) |
| | Foxo3 | Forkhead box protein O3; Transcriptional activator that recognizes and binds to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]TAAA[TC]A-3' and regulates different processes, such as apoptosis and autophagy. Acts as a positive regulator of autophagy in skeletal muscle: in starved cells, enters the nucleus following dephosphorylation and binds the promoters of autophagy genes, such as GABARAP1L, MAP1LC3B and ATG12, thereby activating their expression, resulting in proteolysis of skeletal muscle proteins. Triggers apoptosis in the absence of survival factors, including neuronal cell death upon oxidative stress [...] (672 aa) |
| | Snca | Alpha-synuclein; Neuronal protein that plays several roles in synaptic activity such as regulation of synaptic vesicle trafficking and subsequent neurotransmitter release. Participates as a monomer in synaptic vesicle exocytosis by enhancing vesicle priming, fusion and dilation of exocytotic fusion pores. Mechanistically, acts by increasing local Ca(2+) release from microdomains which is essential for the enhancement of ATP-induced exocytosis. Acts also as a molecular chaperone in its multimeric membrane-bound state, assisting in the folding of synaptic fusion components called SNAREs [...] (140 aa) |
| | Bcl2 | Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2; Suppresses apoptosis in a variety of cell systems including factor-dependent lymphohematopoietic and neural cells. Regulates cell death by controlling the mitochondrial membrane permeability. Appears to function in a feedback loop system with caspases. Inhibits caspase activity either by preventing the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and/or by binding to the apoptosis-activating factor (APAF-1). May attenuate inflammation by impairing NLRP1-inflammasome activation, hence CASP1 activation and IL1B release. (236 aa) |
| | Fxn | Frataxin intermediate form; Promotes the biosynthesis of heme and assembly and repair of iron-sulfur clusters by delivering Fe(2+) to proteins involved in these pathways. May play a role in the protection against iron-catalyzed oxidative stress through its ability to catalyze the oxidation of Fe(2+) to Fe(3+); the oligomeric form but not the monomeric form has in vitro ferroxidase activity. May be able to store large amounts of iron in the form of a ferrihydrite mineral by oligomerization. Modulates the RNA-binding activity of ACO1 (By similarity); Belongs to the frataxin family. (207 aa) |
| | Ezh2 | Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2; Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Catalytic subunit of the PRC2/EED-EZH2 complex, which methylates (H3K9me) and 'Lys-27' (H3K27me) of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene. Able to mono-, di- and trimethylate 'Lys-27' of histone H3 to form H3K27me1, H3K27me2 and H3K27me3, respectively. Displays a preference for substrates with less methylation, loses activity when progressively more methyl groups are incorporated into H3K27, H3K27me0 > H3K27me1 > H3K27me2. Compared to EZH1-containing complexes, it is more abun [...] (746 aa) |
| | Nfe2l1 | Endoplasmic reticulum membrane sensor NFE2L1; [Endoplasmic reticulum membrane sensor NFE2L1]: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane sensor that translocates into the nucleus in response to various stresses to act as a transcription factor. Constitutes a precursor of the transcription factor NRF1. Able to detect various cellular stresses, such as cholesterol excess, oxidative stress or proteasome inhibition. In response to stress, it is released from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane following cleavage by the protease DDI2 and translocates into the nucleus to form the transcription factor NRF [...] (741 aa) |
| | Dysf | Dysferlin; Key calcium ion sensor involved in the Ca(2+)-triggered synaptic vesicle-plasma membrane fusion. Plays a role in the sarcolemma repair mechanism of both skeletal muscle and cardiomyocytes that permits rapid resealing of membranes disrupted by mechanical stress. Belongs to the ferlin family. (2100 aa) |
| | Gpx1 | Glutathione peroxidase 1; Protects the hemoglobin in erythrocytes from oxidative breakdown. (201 aa) |
| | Pml | Protein PML; Functions via its association with PML-nuclear bodies (PML- NBs) in a wide range of important cellular processes, including tumor suppression, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, senescence, DNA damage response, and viral defense mechanisms. Acts as the scaffold of PML-NBs allowing other proteins to shuttle in and out, a process which is regulated by SUMO-mediated modifications and interactions. Positively regulates p53/TP53 by acting at different levels (by promoting its acetylation and phosphorylation and by inhibiting its MDM2-dependent degradation). Regulates phosph [...] (885 aa) |
| | Pkd2 | Polycystin-2; Component of a heteromeric calcium-permeable ion channel formed by PKD1 and PKD2 that is activated by interaction between PKD1 and a Wnt family member, such as WNT3A and WNT9B. Can also form a functional, homotetrameric ion channel. Functions as a cation channel involved in fluid-flow mechanosensation by the primary cilium in renal epithelium. Functions as outward-rectifying K(+) channel, but is also permeable to Ca(2+), and to a much lesser degree also to Na(+). May contribute to the release of Ca(2+) stores from the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Together with T [...] (966 aa) |
| | Mylk | Myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle, deglutamylated form; Calcium/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase implicated in smooth muscle contraction via phosphorylation of myosin light chains (MLC). Also regulates actin-myosin interaction through a non-kinase activity. Phosphorylates PTK2B/PYK2 and myosin light-chains. Involved in the inflammatory response (e.g. apoptosis, vascular permeability, leukocyte diapedesis), cell motility and morphology, airway hyperreactivity and other activities relevant to asthma. Required for tonic airway smooth muscle contraction that is necessa [...] (1950 aa) |
| | Myc | Myc proto-oncogene protein; Transcription factor that binds DNA in a non-specific manner, yet also specifically recognizes the core sequence 5'-CAC[GA]TG-3'. Activates the transcription of growth-related genes. Binds to the VEGFA promoter, promoting VEGFA production and subsequent sprouting angiogenesis. Regulator of somatic reprogramming, controls self-renewal of embryonic stem cells. Functions with TAF6L to activate target gene expression through RNA polymerase II pause release. (454 aa) |
| | Ripk3 | Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3; Essential for necroptosis, a programmed cell death process in response to death-inducing TNF-alpha family members. Upon induction of necrosis, RIPK3 interacts with, and phosphorylates RIPK1 and MLKL to form a necrosis-inducing complex. RIPK3 binds to and enhances the activity of three metabolic enzymes: GLUL, GLUD1, and PYGL. These metabolic enzymes may eventually stimulate the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, which could result in enhanced ROS production. (486 aa) |
| | Dhrs2 | Dehydrogenase/reductase member 2. (282 aa) |
| | Mapk8 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase. (427 aa) |
| | Ppif | Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial; PPIase that catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and may therefore assist protein folding. Involved in regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). It is proposed that its association with the mPTP is masking a binding site for inhibiting inorganic phosphate (Pi) and promotes the open probability of the mPTP leading to apoptosis or necrosis; the requirement of the PPIase activity for this function is debated. In cooperation with mitochondrial TP53 is involved [...] (206 aa) |
| | Edn1 | Big endothelin-1; Endothelins are endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptides (By similarity). Probable ligand for G-protein coupled receptors EDNRA and EDNRB which activates PTK2B, BCAR1, BCAR3 and, GTPases RAP1 and RHOA cascade in glomerular mesangial cells (By similarity). Belongs to the endothelin/sarafotoxin family. (202 aa) |
| | Fos | Proto-oncogene c-Fos; Nuclear phosphoprotein which forms a tight but non-covalently linked complex with the JUN/AP-1 transcription factor. On TGF-beta activation, forms a multimeric SMAD3/SMAD4/JUN/FOS complex, at the AP1/SMAD-binding site to regulate TGF-beta-mediated signaling (By similarity). Has a critical function in regulating the development of cells destined to form and maintain the skeleton. It is thought to have an important role in signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation. In growing cells, activates phospholipid synthesis, possibly by activating CDS1 and [...] (380 aa) |
| | Ngfr | Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 16; Low affinity neurotrophin receptor which can bind to mature NGF, BDNF, NTF3, and NTF4. Forms a heterodimeric receptor with SORCS2 that binds the precursor forms of NGF (proNGF), BDNF (proBDNF) and NTF3 (proNT3) with high affinity, and has much lower affinity for mature NGF and BDNF. Plays an important role in differentiation and survival of specific neuronal populations during development. Can mediate cell survival as well as cell death of neural cells. The heterodimeric receptor formed with SORCS2 plays a role in proBDNF-dependent [...] (427 aa) |
| | Fer | Tyrosine-protein kinase Fer; Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts downstream of cell surface receptors for growth factors and plays a role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, microtubule assembly, lamellipodia formation, cell adhesion, cell migration and chemotaxis. Acts downstream of EGFR, KIT, PDGFRA and PDGFRB. Acts downstream of EGFR to promote activation of NF- kappa-B and cell proliferation. May play a role in the regulation of the mitotic cell cycle. Plays a role in the insulin receptor signaling pathway and in activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Acts downstream o [...] (823 aa) |
| | Pparg | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer. Acts as a critical regulator of gut ho [...] (505 aa) |
| | Ddx3x | ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X; Multifunctional ATP-dependent RNA helicase. The ATPase activity can be stimulated by various ribo-and deoxynucleic acids indicative for a relaxed substrate specificity. In vitro can unwind partially double-stranded DNA with a preference for 5'-single-stranded DNA overhangs. Binds RNA G-quadruplex (rG4s) structures, including those located in the 5'-UTR of NRAS mRNA. Involved in many cellular processes, which do not necessarily require its ATPase/helicase catalytic activities. Involved in transcription regulation. Positively regulates CDKN1A/WAF1/CIP1 t [...] (662 aa) |
| | Ern1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1; Serine/threonine-protein kinase and endoribonuclease that acts as a key sensor for the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPR). In unstressed cells, the endoplasmic reticulum luminal domain is maintained in its inactive monomeric state by binding to the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone HSPA5/BiP. Accumulation of misfolded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum causes release of HSPA5/BiP, allowing the luminal domain to homodimerize, promoting autophosphorylation of the kinase domain and subsequent activation of the endor [...] (977 aa) |
| | Bdkrb2 | B2 bradykinin receptor; Receptor for bradykinin. It is associated with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Bradykinin receptor subfamily. BDKRB2 sub-subfamily. (392 aa) |
| | Akt1 | RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase; AKT1 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) called the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported. AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the [...] (480 aa) |
| | Tmem161a | Transmembrane protein 161A; May play a role in protection against oxidative stress. Overexpression leads to reduced levels of oxidant-induced DNA damage and apoptosis (By similarity). (480 aa) |
| | Axl | Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO; Receptor tyrosine kinase that transduces signals from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm by binding growth factor GAS6 and which is thus regulating many physiological processes including cell survival, cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Ligand binding at the cell surface induces dimerization and autophosphorylation of AXL. Following activation by ligand, ALX binds and induces tyrosine phosphorylation of PI3-kinase subunits PIK3R1, PIK3R2 and PIK3R3; but also GRB2, PLCG1, LCK and PTPN11. Other downstream substrate candidates [...] (888 aa) |
| | Prkd1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase D1; Serine/threonine-protein kinase that converts transient diacylglycerol (DAG) signals into prolonged physiological effects downstream of PKC, and is involved in the regulation of MAPK8/JNK1 and Ras signaling, Golgi membrane integrity and trafficking, cell survival through NF-kappa-B activation, cell migration, cell differentiation by mediating HDAC7 nuclear export, cell proliferation via MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) signaling, and plays a role in cardiac hypertrophy, VEGFA-induced angiogenesis, genotoxic-induced apoptosis and flagellin-stimulated inflammatory res [...] (918 aa) |
| | Prkra | Interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activator A; Required for siRNA production by DICER1 and for subsequent siRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Does not seem to be required for processing of pre-miRNA to miRNA by DICER1 (By similarity). Activates EIF2AK2/PKR in the absence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), leading to phosphorylation of EIF2S1/EFI2-alpha and inhibition of translation and induction of apoptosis. Promotes UBC9- p53/TP53 association and sumoylation and phosphorylation of p53/TP53 at 'Lys-386' at 'Ser-392' respectively and enhance [...] (313 aa) |
| | Nqo1 | NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1; The enzyme apparently serves as a quinone reductase in connection with conjugation reactions of hydroquinons involved in detoxification pathways as well as in biosynthetic processes such as the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues in prothrombin synthesis. (274 aa) |
| | G6pdx | Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase X; Cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of the oxidative branch within the pentose phosphate pathway/shunt, an alternative route to glycolysis for the dissimilation of carbohydrates and a major source of reducing power and metabolic intermediates for fatty acid and nucleic acid biosynthetic processes. (515 aa) |
| | Aqp1 | Aquaporin-1; Forms a water-specific channel that provides the plasma membranes of red cells and kidney proximal tubules with high permeability to water, thereby permitting water to move in the direction of an osmotic gradient. (269 aa) |
| | Cryge | Gamma-crystallin E; Crystallins are the dominant structural components of the vertebrate eye lens. (174 aa) |
| | Romo1 | Reactive oxygen species modulator 1; Has antibacterial activity against a variety of bacteria including S.aureus, P.aeruginosa and M.tuberculosis. Acts by inducing bacterial membrane breakage (By similarity); Belongs to the MGR2 family. (79 aa) |
| | Htra2 | Serine protease HTRA2, mitochondrial; Serine protease that shows proteolytic activity against a non-specific substrate beta-casein. Promotes or induces cell death either by direct binding to and inhibition of BIRC proteins (also called inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, IAPs), leading to an increase in caspase activity, or by a BIRC inhibition-independent, caspase- independent and serine protease activity-dependent mechanism. Cleaves THAP5 and promotes its degradation during apoptosis (By similarity). Belongs to the peptidase S1C family. (458 aa) |
| | Nme8 | Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 3; Probably required during the final stages of sperm tail maturation in the testis and/or epididymis, where extensive disulfide bonding of fibrous sheath (FS) proteins occurs. May be involved in the reduction of disulfide bonds within the sperm FS components. In vitro, it has neither NDP kinase nor reducing activity on disulfide bonds (By similarity). (586 aa) |
| | Net1 | Neuroepithelial cell-transforming gene 1 protein; Acts as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RhoA GTPase. May be involved in activation of the SAPK/JNK pathway. Stimulates genotoxic stress-induced RHOB activity in breast cancer cells leading to their cell death. (595 aa) |
| | Stat6 | Signal transducer and transcription activator 6; Carries out a dual function: signal transduction and activation of transcription. Involved in IL4/interleukin-4- and IL3/interleukin-3-mediated signaling; Belongs to the transcription factor STAT family. (837 aa) |
| | Src | Neuronal proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src; Non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase which is activated following engagement of many different classes of cellular receptors including immune response receptors, integrins and other adhesion receptors, receptor protein tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors as well as cytokine receptors. Participates in signaling pathways that control a diverse spectrum of biological activities including gene transcription, immune response, cell adhesion, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, migration, and transformation. Due to functional redun [...] (541 aa) |
| | Kdm6b | Lysine-specific demethylase 6B; Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-27' of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Demethylates trimethylated and dimethylated H3 'Lys-27'. Plays a central role in regulation of posterior development, by regulating HOX gene expression. Involved in inflammatory response by participating in macrophage differentiation in case of inflammation by regulating gene expression and macrophage differentiation. Plays a demethylase-independent role in chromatin remodeling to regulate T-box family member-dependent gene expressio [...] (1641 aa) |
| | Chchd2 | Coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain-containing protein 2; Transcription factor. Binds to the oxygen responsive element of COX4I2 and activates its transcription under hypoxia conditions (4% oxygen), as well as normoxia conditions (20% oxygen). (153 aa) |
| | Relb | Transcription factor RelB; NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor which is present in almost all cell types and is involved in many biological processed such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishab [...] (558 aa) |
| | Map3k5 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5; Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Plays an important role in the cascades of cellular responses evoked by changes in the environment. Mediates signaling for determination of cell fate such as differentiation and survival. Plays a crucial role in the apoptosis signal transduction pathway through mitochondria-dependent caspase activation. MAP3K5/ASK1 is required for the innate immune response, which is essential for host defense against a wide range of pathogens. Me [...] (1380 aa) |
| | Tbc1d24 | TBC1 domain family member 24; May act as a GTPase-activating protein for Rab family protein(s). Involved in neuronal projections development, probably through a negative modulation of ARF6 function. (561 aa) |
| | Coq7 | 5-demethoxyubiquinone hydroxylase, mitochondrial; Catalyzes the hydroxylation of 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6- methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2) during ubiquinone biosynthesis. Has also a structural role in the COQ enzyme complex, stabilizing other COQ polypeptides (By similarity). Involved in lifespan determination in a ubiquinone-independent manner ; Belongs to the COQ7 family. (337 aa) |
| | Slc4a11 | Sodium bicarbonate transporter-like protein 11; Transporter which plays an important role in sodium-mediated fluid transport in different organs. Prevents severe morphological changes of the cornea caused by increased sodium chloride concentrations in the stroma. In the inner ear, is involved in transport of potassium through the fibrocyte layer to the stria vascularis and is essential for the generation of the endocochlear potential but not for regulation of potassium concentrations in the endolymph. In the kidney, is essential for urinary concentration, mediates a sodium flux into th [...] (862 aa) |
| | Fyn | Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn; Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays a role in many biological processes including regulation of cell growth and survival, cell adhesion, integrin-mediated signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, cell motility, immune response and axon guidance. Inactive FYN is phosphorylated on its C-terminal tail within the catalytic domain. Following activation by PKA, the protein subsequently associates with PTK2/FAK1, allowing PTK2/FAK1 phosphorylation, activation and targeting to focal adhesions. Involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and motility through [...] (537 aa) |
| | Pjvk | Pejvakin; Essential in the activity of auditory pathway neurons; Belongs to the gasdermin family. (352 aa) |
| | Mapt | Microtubule-associated protein. (430 aa) |
| | Nlrp3 | NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3; As the sensor component of the NLRP3 inflammasome, plays a crucial role in innate immunity and inflammation. In response to pathogens and other damage-associated signals, initiates the formation of the inflammasome polymeric complex, made of NLRP3, PYCARD and CASP1 (or possibly CASP4/CASP11). Recruitment of proCASP1 to the inflammasome promotes its activation and CASP1-catalyzed IL1B and IL18 maturation and secretion in the extracellular milieu. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is also required for HMGB1 secretion. The active cytokines a [...] (1033 aa) |
| | Sod3 | Extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]; Protect the extracellular space from toxic effect of reactive oxygen intermediates by converting superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. (251 aa) |
| | Park7 | Protein/nucleic acid deglycase DJ-1; Protein and nucleotide deglycase that catalyzes the deglycation of the Maillard adducts formed between amino groups of proteins or nucleotides and reactive carbonyl groups of glyoxals. Thus, functions as a protein deglycase that repairs methylglyoxal- and glyoxal-glycated proteins, and releases repaired proteins and lactate or glycolate, respectively. Deglycates cysteine, arginine and lysine residues in proteins, and thus reactivates these proteins by reversing glycation by glyoxals. Acts on early glycation intermediates (hemithioacetals and aminoca [...] (189 aa) |
| | Bnip3 | BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3; Apoptosis-inducing protein that can overcome BCL2 suppression. May play a role in repartitioning calcium between the two major intracellular calcium stores in association with BCL2 (By similarity). Involved in mitochondrial quality control via its interaction with SPATA18/MIEAP: in response to mitochondrial damage, participates in mitochondrial protein catabolic process (also named MALM) leading to the degradation of damaged proteins inside mitochondria. The physical interaction of SPATA18/MIEAP, BNIP3 and BNIP3L/NIX at the mito [...] (187 aa) |
| | Jun | Transcription factor AP-1; Transcription factor that recognizes and binds to the enhancer heptamer motif 5'-TGA[CG]TCA-3'. Promotes activity of NR5A1 when phosphorylated by HIPK3 leading to increased steroidogenic gene expression upon cAMP signaling pathway stimulation. Involved in activated KRAS-mediated transcriptional activation of USP28 (By similarity). Binds to the USP28 promoter (By similarity). (334 aa) |
| | Fas | Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6; Receptor for TNFSF6/FASLG. The adapter molecule FADD recruits caspase-8 to the activated receptor. The resulting death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs caspase-8 proteolytic activation which initiates the subsequent cascade of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases) mediating apoptosis. FAS-mediated apoptosis may have a role in the induction of peripheral tolerance, in the antigen- stimulated suicide of mature T-cells, or both (By similarity). (327 aa) |
| | Rela | Transcription factor p65; NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related to many biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain- containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52. The heterodimeric RELA-NFKB1 complex appears to be most abundant one. The dimers bind at kap [...] (549 aa) |
| | Slc1a1 | Excitatory amino acid transporter 3; Sodium-dependent, high-affinity amino acid transporter that mediates the uptake of L-glutamate and also L-aspartate and D-aspartate. Can also transport L-cysteine. Functions as a symporter that transports one amino acid molecule together with two or three Na(+) ions and one proton, in parallel with the counter-transport of one K(+) ion. Mediates Cl(-) flux that is not coupled to amino acid transport; this avoids the accumulation of negative charges due to aspartate and Na(+) symport (By similarity). Plays an important role in L-glutamate and L-aspar [...] (523 aa) |
| | Capn1 | Calpain-1 catalytic subunit; Calcium-regulated non-lysosomal thiol-protease which catalyzes limited proteolysis of substrates involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and signal transduction. (713 aa) |
| | Prdx5 | Peroxiredoxin-5, mitochondrial; Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides and as sensor of hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling events. (210 aa) |
| | Prdx3 | Thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase, mitochondrial; Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides. (257 aa) |
| | Ankrd2 | Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 2; Functions as a negative regulator of myocyte differentiation. May interact with both sarcoplasmic structural proteins and nuclear proteins to regulate gene expression during muscle development and in response to muscle stress. (328 aa) |
| | Chuk | Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha; Serine kinase that plays an essential role in the NF-kappa-B signaling pathway which is activated by multiple stimuli such as inflammatory cytokines, bacterial or viral products, DNA damages or other cellular stresses. Acts as part of the canonical IKK complex in the conventional pathway of NF-kappa-B activation and phosphorylates inhibitors of NF-kappa-B on serine residues. These modifications allow polyubiquitination of the inhibitors and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. In turn, free NF-kappa-B is translocated into t [...] (745 aa) |
| | Ddit3 | DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein; Multifunctional transcription factor in ER stress response. Plays an essential role in the response to a wide variety of cell stresses and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to ER stress. Plays a dual role both as an inhibitor of CCAAT/enhancer- binding protein (C/EBP) function and as an activator of other genes. Acts as a dominant-negative regulator of C/EBP-induced transcription: dimerizes with members of the C/EBP family, impairs their association with C/EBP binding sites in the promoter regions, and inhibits the expression [...] (168 aa) |
| | Rptor | Regulatory-associated protein of mTOR; Involved in the control of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity which regulates cell growth and survival, and autophagy in response to nutrient and hormonal signals; functions as a scaffold for recruiting mTORC1 substrates. mTORC1 is activated in response to growth factors or amino acids. Growth factor-stimulated mTORC1 activation involves a AKT1-mediated phosphorylation of TSC1- TSC2, which leads to the activation of the RHEB GTPase that potently activates the protein kinase activity of mTORC1. Amino acid-signaling to mTO [...] (1335 aa) |
| | Il6 | Interleukin-6; Cytokine with a wide variety of biological functions. It is a potent inducer of the acute phase response. Plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B-cells into Ig-secreting cells Involved in lymphocyte and monocyte differentiation. Acts on B-cells, T-cells, hepatocytes, hematopoietic progenitor cells and cells of the CNS. Required for the generation of T(H)17 cells. Also acts as a myokine. It is discharged into the bloodstream after muscle contraction and acts to increase the breakdown of fats and to improve insulin resistance. It induces myeloma and plasm [...] (211 aa) |
| | Casp1 | Caspase-1 subunit p10; Thiol protease that cleaves IL-1 beta between an Asp and an Ala, releasing the mature cytokine which is involved in a variety of inflammatory processes. Important for defense against pathogens. Cleaves and activates sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs). Can also promote apoptosis (By similarity). Upon inflammasome activation, during DNA virus infection but not RNA virus challenge, controls antiviral immunity through the cleavage of CGAS, rendering it inactive. In apoptotic cells, cleaves SPHK2 which is released from cells and remains enzymatically [...] (402 aa) |
| | Crygf | Gamma-crystallin F; Crystallins are the dominant structural components of the vertebrate eye lens; Belongs to the beta/gamma-crystallin family. (174 aa) |
| | Il18rap | Interleukin-18 receptor accessory protein; Within the IL18 receptor complex, does not mediate IL18- binding, but involved in IL18-dependent signal transduction, leading to NF-kappa-B and JNK activation. May play a role in IL18-mediated IFNG synthesis from T-helper 1 (Th1) cells (By similarity). (614 aa) |
| | Xrcc5 | X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 5; Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase. Has a role in chromosome translocation. The DNA helicase II complex binds preferentially to fork-like ends of double-stranded DNA in a cell cycle-dependent manner. It works in the 3'-5' direction. Binding to DNA may be mediated by XRCC6. Involved in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) required for double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. The XRCC5/6 dimer acts as regulatory subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase complex DNA-PK by increasing the affinity of the catalytic s [...] (732 aa) |
| | Stk25 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase 25; Oxidant stress-activated serine/threonine kinase that may play a role in the response to environmental stress. Targets to the Golgi apparatus where it appears to regulate protein transport events, cell adhesion, and polarity complexes important for cell migration (By similarity). (426 aa) |
| | Parp1 | Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1; Poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase that mediates poly-ADP- ribosylation of proteins and plays a key role in DNA repair. Mainly mediates glutamate and aspartate ADP-ribosylation of target proteins: the ADP-D-ribosyl group of NAD(+) is transferred to the acceptor carboxyl group of glutamate and aspartate residues and further ADP- ribosyl groups are transferred to the 2'-position of the terminal adenosine moiety, building up a polymer with an average chain length of 20-30 units. Mediates the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a number of proteins, including itself, APLF an [...] (1014 aa) |
| | Pycr2 | Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2; Housekeeping enzyme that catalyzes the last step in proline biosynthesis. In some cell types, such as erythrocytes, its primary function may be the generation of NADP(+). Can utilize both NAD and NADP. Has higher affinity for NADP, but higher catalytic efficiency with NADH (By similarity). Involved in cellular response to oxidative stress (By similarity); Belongs to the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase family. (320 aa) |
| | Nr4a2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2; Transcriptional regulator which is important for the differentiation and maintenance of meso-diencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons during development. It is crucial for expression of a set of genes such as SLC6A3, SLC18A2, TH and DRD2 which are essential for development of mdDA neurons; Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR4 subfamily. (598 aa) |
| | Scn2a | Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha; Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. Implicated in the regulation of hippocampal replay occurring within sharp wave ripples (SPW-R) important for memory. (2006 aa) |
| | Slc12a6 | Solute carrier family 12 member 6; Mediates electroneutral potassium-chloride cotransport. May be activated by cell swelling. May contribute to cell volume homeostasis in single cells; Belongs to the SLC12A transporter family. (1150 aa) |
| | Cat | Catalase; Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. Promotes growth of cells; Belongs to the catalase family. (527 aa) |
| | Capn3 | Calpain-3; Calcium-regulated non-lysosomal thiol-protease; Belongs to the peptidase C2 family. (821 aa) |
| | Pcna | Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; Auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand. Induces a robust stimulatory effect on the 3'-5' exonuclease and 3'- phosphodiesterase, but not apurinic-apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease, APEX2 activities. Has to be loaded onto DNA in order to be able to stimulate APEX2. Plays a key role in DNA damage response (DDR) by being conveniently positioned at the replication fork to coordinate DNA replication with DNA rep [...] (261 aa) |
| | Map1lc3a | Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A; Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in formation of autophagosomal vacuoles (autophagosomes). Whereas LC3s are involved in elongation of the phagophore membrane, the GABARAP/GATE-16 subfamily is essential for a later stage in autophagosome maturation. (121 aa) |
| | Pik3ca | Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform; Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) that phosphorylates PtdIns (Phosphatidylinositol), PtdIns4P (Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate) and PtdIns(4,5)P2 (Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) to generate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 plays a key role by recruiting PH domain-containing proteins to the membrane, including AKT1 and PDPK1, activating signaling cascades involved in cell growth, survival, proliferation, motility and morphology. Participates in cellular signaling in response to v [...] (1068 aa) |
| | Slc7a11 | Cystine/glutamate transporter; Sodium-independent, high-affinity exchange of anionic amino acids with high specificity for anionic form of cystine and glutamate. (502 aa) |
| | Slc25a24 | Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein SCaMC-1; Calcium-dependent mitochondrial solute carrier. Mediates the reversible, electroneutral exchange of Mg-ATP or Mg-ADP against phosphate ions, catalyzing the net uptake or efflux of adenine nucleotides across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Nucleotide transport is inactive when cytosolic calcium levels are low, and is activated by an increase in cytosolic calcium levels. May play a role in protecting cells against oxidative stress-induced cell death, probably by promoting the formation of calcium-phosphate precipitates in the mitoc [...] (475 aa) |
| | Trp53inp1 | Tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 1; Antiproliferative and proapoptotic protein involved in cell stress response which acts as a dual regulator of transcription and autophagy. Acts as a positive regulator of autophagy. In response to cellular stress or activation of autophagy, relocates to autophagosomes where it interacts with autophagosome-associated proteins GABARAP, GABARAPL1/L2, MAP1LC3A/B/C and regulates autophagy. Acts as an antioxidant and plays a major role in p53/TP53-driven oxidative stress response. Possesses both a p53/TP53-independent intracellular reactive oxyg [...] (239 aa) |
| | Ambp | Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor light chain; Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor inhibits trypsin, plasmin, and lysosomal granulocytic elastase. Inhibits calcium oxalate crystallization (By similarity); In the N-terminal section; belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family. (349 aa) |
| | Prkaa2 | 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2; Catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Also acts a [...] (552 aa) |
| | Slc2a1 | Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1; Facilitative glucose transporter, which is responsible for constitutive or basal glucose uptake. Has a very broad substrate specificity; can transport a wide range of aldoses including both pentoses and hexoses (By similarity). Most important energy carrier of the brain: present at the blood-brain barrier and assures the energy-independent, facilitative transport of glucose into the brain (By similarity); Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family. Glucose transporter subfamily. (492 aa) |
| | Pink1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase PINK1, mitochondrial; Protects against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress by phosphorylating mitochondrial proteins. Involved in the clearance of damaged mitochondria via selective autophagy (mitophagy) by mediating activation and translocation of PRKN. Targets PRKN to dysfunctional depolarized mitochondria through the phosphorylation of MFN2 (By similarity). Activates PRKN in 2 steps: (1) by mediating phosphorylation at 'Ser-65' of PRKN and (2) mediating phosphorylation of ubiquitin, converting PRKN to its fully-active form. Required for u [...] (580 aa) |
| | Sesn2 | Sestrin-2; Functions as an intracellular leucine sensor that negatively regulates the TORC1 signaling pathway through the GATOR complex. In absence of leucine, binds the GATOR subcomplex GATOR2 and prevents TORC1 signaling. Binding of leucine to SESN2 disrupts its interaction with GATOR2 thereby activating the TORC1 signaling pathway. This stress-inducible metabolic regulator also plays a role in protection against oxidative and genotoxic stresses. May negatively regulate protein translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, via TORC1. May positively regulate the transcripti [...] (480 aa) |
| | Errfi1 | ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1; Negative regulator of EGFR signaling in skin morphogenesis. Acts as a negative regulator for several EGFR family members, including ERBB2, ERBB3 and ERBB4. Inhibits EGFR catalytic activity by interfering with its dimerization. Inhibits autophosphorylation of EGFR, ERBB2 and ERBB4. Important for normal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Plays a role in modulating the response to steroid hormones in the uterus. Required for normal response to progesterone in the uterus and for fertility. Mediates epithelial estrogen responses in the uterus [...] (461 aa) |
| | Nos3 | Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial; Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is implicated in vascular smooth muscle relaxation through a cGMP-mediated signal transduction pathway. NO mediates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in coronary vessels and promotes blood clotting through the activation of platelets. May play a significant role in normal and abnormal limb development; Belongs to the NOS family. (1202 aa) |
| | Stx2 | Syntaxin-2; Essential for epithelial morphogenesis. May mediate Ca(2+)- regulation of exocytosis acrosomal reaction in sperm. (289 aa) |
| | Aldh2 | Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial; Is capable of converting retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. (519 aa) |
| | Atp2a2 | Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2; This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen. Isoform SERCA2A is involved in the regulation of the contraction/relaxation cycle. Acts as a regulator of TNFSF11-mediated Ca(2+) signaling pathways via its interaction with TMEM64 which is critical for the TNFSF11-induced CREB1 activation and mitochondrial ROS generation necessary for proper osteoclast generation. Association between TMEM64 and SERCA2 in the ER leads to cytos [...] (1044 aa) |
| | Wnt16 | Protein Wnt-16; Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Probable developmental protein. May be a signaling molecule which affects the development of discrete regions of tissues. Is likely to signal over only few cell diameters (By similarity). (364 aa) |
| | Ybx3 | Y-box-binding protein 3; Binds to the GM-CSF promoter. Seems to act as a repressor (By similarity). Binds also to full-length mRNA and to short RNA sequences containing the consensus site 5'-UCCAUCA-3'. May have a role in translation repression. (361 aa) |
| | Ddias | DNA damage-induced apoptosis suppressor protein; May be an anti-apoptotic protein involved in DNA repair or cell survival. (899 aa) |
| | Rps3 | 40S ribosomal protein S3; Involved in translation as a component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Has endonuclease activity and plays a role in repair of damaged DNA. Cleaves phosphodiester bonds of DNAs containing altered bases with broad specificity and cleaves supercoiled DNA more efficiently than relaxed DNA (By similarity). Displays high binding affinity for 7,8-dihydro-8- oxoguanine (8-oxoG), a common DNA lesion caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (By similarity). Has also been shown to bind with similar affinity to intact and damaged DNA (By similarity). S [...] (243 aa) |
| | Pycard | Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD; Functions as key mediator in apoptosis and inflammation. Promotes caspase-mediated apoptosis involving predominantly caspase-8 and also caspase-9 in a probable cell type-specific manner. Involved in activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, promotes caspase-8- dependent proteolytic maturation of BID independently of FADD in certain cell types and also mediates mitochondrial translocation of BAX and activates BAX-dependent apoptosis coupled to activation of caspase- 9, -2 and -3. Involved in macrophage pyroptosis, a cas [...] (193 aa) |
| | Stx4a | Syntaxin-4; Plasma membrane t-SNARE that mediates docking of transport vesicles. Necessary for the translocation of SLC2A4 from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane. Together with STXB3 and VAMP2, may also play a role in docking/fusion of intracellular GLUT4-containing vesicles with the cell surface in adipocytes and in docking of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic active zones; Belongs to the syntaxin family. (298 aa) |
| | Hdac6 | Histone deacetylase 6; Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. In addition to histones, deacetylates other proteins: plays a central role in microtubule-dependent cell motility by mediating deacetylation of tubulin. In addition to its protein deacetylase activity, pla [...] (1149 aa) |
| | Nox1 | NADPH oxidase 1; Pyridine nucleotide-dependent oxidoreductase that generates superoxide and might conduct H(+) ions as part of its electron transport mechanism. (563 aa) |
| | Btk | Tyrosine-protein kinase BTK; Non-receptor tyrosine kinase indispensable for B lymphocyte development, differentiation and signaling. Binding of antigen to the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) triggers signaling that ultimately leads to B-cell activation. After BCR engagement and activation at the plasma membrane, phosphorylates PLCG2 at several sites, igniting the downstream signaling pathway through calcium mobilization, followed by activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) family members. PLCG2 phosphorylation is performed in close cooperation with the adapter protein B-cell linker prote [...] (659 aa) |
| | Brf2 | Transcription factor IIIB 50 kDa subunit; General activator of RNA polymerase III transcription. Factor exclusively required for RNA polymerase III transcription of genes with promoter elements upstream of the initiation sites. Contributes to the regulation of gene expression; functions as activator in the absence of oxidative stress. Down-regulates expression of target genes in response to oxidative stress. Overexpression protects cells against apoptosis in response to oxidative stress; Belongs to the TFIIB family. (420 aa) |
| | Gsr | Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial; Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol. (500 aa) |
| | Ednra | Endothelin-1 receptor; Receptor for endothelin-1. Mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The rank order of binding affinities for ET-A is: ET1 > ET2 >> ET3 (By similarity). (427 aa) |
| | Eif2ak3 | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3; Metabolic-stress sensing protein kinase that phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2- alpha/EIF2S1) on 'Ser-52' during the unfolded protein response (UPR) and in response to low amino acid availability. Converts phosphorylated eIF-2-alpha/EIF2S1 either in a global protein synthesis inhibitor, leading to a reduced overall utilization of amino acids, or to a translation initiation activator of specific mRNAs, such as the transcriptional activator ATF4, and hence allowing ATF4-mediated [...] (1114 aa) |
| | Ucp1 | Mitochondrial brown fat uncoupling protein 1; Mitochondrial protein responsible for thermogenic respiration, a specialized capacity of brown adipose tissue and beige fat that participates to non-shivering adaptive thermogenesis to temperature and diet variations and more generally to the regulation of energy balance. Functions as a long-chain fatty acid/LCFA and proton symporter, simultaneously transporting one LCFA and one proton through the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, LCFAs remaining associated with the transporter via their hydrophobic tails, it results in an apparent tra [...] (307 aa) |
| | Mmp2 | 72 kDa type IV collagenase; Ubiquitinous metalloproteinase that is involved in diverse functions such as remodeling of the vasculature, angiogenesis, tissue repair, tumor invasion, inflammation, and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. As well as degrading extracellular matrix proteins, can also act on several nonmatrix proteins such as big endothelial 1 and beta- type CGRP promoting vasoconstriction. Also cleaves KISS at a Gly-|-Leu bond. Appears to have a role in myocardial cell death pathways. Contributes to myocardial oxidative stress by regulating the activity of GSK3beta. Cleaves GSK3 [...] (662 aa) |
| | Mt3 | Metallothionein-3; Binds heavy metals. Contains three zinc and three copper atoms per polypeptide chain and only a negligible amount of cadmium. Inhibits survival and neurite formation of cortical neurons in vitro (By similarity); Belongs to the metallothionein superfamily. Type 1 family. (68 aa) |
| | Apoa4 | Apolipoprotein A-IV; May have a role in chylomicrons and VLDL secretion and catabolism. Required for efficient activation of lipoprotein lipase by ApoC-II; potent activator of LCAT. Apoa-IV is a major component of HDL and chylomicrons; Belongs to the apolipoprotein A1/A4/E family. (395 aa) |
| | Ptgs2 | Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2; Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Constitutively expressed in some tissues in physiological conditions, such as the endothelium, kidney and brain, and in pathological conditions, such as in cancer. PTGS2 is responsible for production of inflammatory prostaglandins. Up-regulation of PTGS2 is also associated with increased cell adhesion, phenotypic changes, resistance to apoptosis and tumor angiogenesis. In cancer cells, PTGS2 is a key step in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which plays imp [...] (604 aa) |
| | D1Pas1 | Putative ATP-dependent RNA helicase Pl10; Putative ATP-dependent RNA helicase. Possible role in a key step of the spermatogenic process; Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX3/DED1 subfamily. (660 aa) |
| | Ccs | Copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase; Delivers copper to copper zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1). (274 aa) |
| | Pyroxd1 | Pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase domain-containing protein 1; Probable FAD-dependent oxidoreductase; involved in the cellular oxidative stress response (By similarity). Required for normal sarcomere structure and muscle fiber integrity (By similarity). (498 aa) |
| | Tspo | Translocator protein; Can bind protoporphyrin IX and may play a role in the transport of porphyrins and heme (By similarity). Was initially identified as peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor; can also bind isoquinoline carboxamides. Promotes the transport of cholesterol across mitochondrial membranes and may play a role in lipid metabolism , but its precise physiological role is controversial. According to some reports, it is not required for steroid hormone biosynthesis. Belongs to the TspO/BZRP family. (169 aa) |
| | Zc3h12a | Endoribonuclease ZC3H12A; Endoribonuclease involved in various biological functions such as cellular inflammatory response and immune homeostasis, glial differentiation of neuroprogenitor cells, cell death of cardiomyocytes, adipogenesis and angiogenesis. Functions as an endoribonuclease involved in mRNA decay. Modulates the inflammatory response by promoting the degradation of a set of translationally active cytokine-induced inflammation-related mRNAs, such as IL6 and IL12B, during the early phase of inflammation. Prevents aberrant T-cell-mediated immune reaction by degradation of mul [...] (596 aa) |
| | Atp13a2 | Cation-transporting ATPase 13A2; ATPase that plays a role in intracellular cation homeostasis and the maintenance of neuronal integrity. Required for a proper lysosomal and mitochondrial maintenance. Regulates the autophagy- lysosome pathway through the control of SYT11 expression at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. (1169 aa) |
| | Aifm1 | Apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial; Functions both as NADH oxidoreductase and as regulator of apoptosis (By similarity). In response to apoptotic stimuli, it is released from the mitochondrion intermembrane space into the cytosol and to the nucleus, where it functions as a proapoptotic factor in a caspase-independent pathway. The soluble form (AIFsol) found in the nucleus induces 'parthanatos' i.e. caspase-independent fragmentation of chromosomal DNA. Binds to DNA in a sequence- independent manner. Interacts with EIF3G, and thereby inhibits the EIF3 machinery and protein synthe [...] (612 aa) |
| | Abcb1a | ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1; Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane. Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D- glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins. Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug- resistant cells (By similarity). (1276 aa) |
| | Chchd4 | Mitochondrial intermembrane space import and assembly protein 40; Central component of a redox-sensitive mitochondrial intermembrane space import machinery which is required for the biogenesis of respiratory chain complexes. Functions as chaperone and catalyzes the formation of disulfide bonds in substrate proteins, such as COX17, COX19, MICU1 and COA7. Required for the import and folding of small cysteine-containing proteins (small Tim) in the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS). Required for the import of COA7 in the IMS. Precursor proteins to be imported into the IMS are translo [...] (139 aa) |
| | Pdk2 | [Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 2, mitochondrial; Kinase that plays a key role in the regulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism and homeostasis via phosphorylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase subunits PDHA1 and PDHA2. This inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, and thereby regulates metabolite flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, down-regulates aerobic respiration and inhibits the formation of acetyl-coenzyme A from pyruvate. Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase decreases glucose utilization and increases fat metabolism. Mediates cellular [...] (407 aa) |
| | Arl6ip5 | PRA1 family protein 3; Regulates intracellular concentrations of taurine and glutamate (By similarity). Negatively modulates SLC1A1/EAAC1 glutamate transport activity by decreasing its affinity for glutamate in a PKC activity-dependent manner. May be involved in membrane traffic (By similarity). (188 aa) |
| | Lonp1 | Lon protease homolog, mitochondrial; ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded, unassembled or oxidatively damaged polypeptides as well as certain short-lived regulatory proteins in the mitochondrial matrix. May also have a chaperone function in the assembly of inner membrane protein complexes. Participates in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression and in the maintenance of the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. Binds to mitochondrial promoters and RNA in a single-stranded, site-specific, and strand- specific manner. May regulate mi [...] (949 aa) |
| | Oxsr1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase OSR1; Phosphorylates RELL1, RELL2, RELT and PAK1. Phosphorylates PLSCR1 in the presence of RELT. (527 aa) |
| | Chd6 | Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 6; DNA-dependent ATPase that plays a role in chromatin remodeling. Regulates transcription by disrupting nucleosomes in a largely non-sliding manner which strongly increases the accessibility of chromatin. Activates transcription of specific genes in response to oxidative stress through interaction with NFE2L2. (2711 aa) |
| | Apex1 | DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase, mitochondrial; Multifunctional protein that plays a central role in the cellular response to oxidative stress. The two major activities of APEX1 are DNA repair and redox regulation of transcriptional factors. Functions as a apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions induced by oxidative and alkylating agents. Initiates repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break w [...] (317 aa) |
| | Mgat3 | Beta-1,4-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase; It is involved in the regulation of the biosynthesis and biological function of glycoprotein oligosaccharides. Catalyzes the addition of N-acetylglucosamine in beta 1-4 linkage to the beta-linked mannose of the trimannosyl core of N-linked sugar chains, called bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). It is one of the most important enzymes involved in the regulation of the biosynthesis of glycoprotein oligosaccharides. The addition of this bisecting GlcNAc residue alters not only the composition, but also the conform [...] (538 aa) |
| | Trpa1 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1; Receptor-activated non-selective cation channel involved in pain detection and possibly also in cold perception, oxygen concentration perception, cough, itch, and inner ear function. Shows 8-fold preference for divalent over monovalent cations. Has a central role in the pain response to endogenous inflammatory mediators and to a diverse array of irritants, such as allylthiocyanate (AITC) found in mustard oil or wasabi, cinnamaldehyde, diallyl disulfide (DADS) from garlic, and acrolein, an irritant from tears gas and vehi [...] (1125 aa) |
| | Dicer1 | Endoribonuclease Dicer; Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) endoribonuclease playing a central role in short dsRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Cleaves naturally occurring long dsRNAs and short hairpin pre-microRNAs (miRNA) into fragments of twenty-one to twenty-three nucleotides with 3' overhang of two nucleotides, producing respectively short interfering RNAs (siRNA) and mature microRNAs. SiRNAs and miRNAs serve as guide to direct the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to complementary RNAs to degrade them or prevent their translation. Gene silencing mediated by siRNAs, al [...] (1906 aa) |
| | Rcsd1 | CapZ-interacting protein; Stress-induced phosphorylation of CAPZIP may regulate the ability of F-actin-capping protein to remodel actin filament assembly. (412 aa) |
| | Melk | Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase; Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various processes such as cell cycle regulation, self-renewal of stem cells, apoptosis and splicing regulation. Has a broad substrate specificity; phosphorylates BCL2L14, CDC25B, MAP3K5/ASK1 and ZNF622. Acts as an activator of apoptosis by phosphorylating and activating MAP3K5/ASK1. Acts as a regulator of cell cycle, notably by mediating phosphorylation of CDC25B, promoting localization of CDC25B to the centrosome and the spindle poles during mitosis. Plays a key role in cell proliferation. Required f [...] (643 aa) |
| | Atg5 | Autophagy protein 5; Involved in autophagic vesicle formation. Conjugation with ATG12, through a ubiquitin-like conjugating system involving ATG7 as an E1-like activating enzyme and ATG10 as an E2-like conjugating enzyme, is essential for its function. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate acts as an E3- like enzyme which is required for lipidation of ATG8 family proteins and their association to the vesicle membranes. Involved in mitochondrial quality control after oxidative damage, and in subsequent cellular longevity. Plays a critical role in multiple aspects of lymphocyte development and is ess [...] (275 aa) |
| | Crygd | Gamma-crystallin D; Crystallins are the dominant structural components of the vertebrate eye lens; Belongs to the beta/gamma-crystallin family. (174 aa) |
| | Fancd2 | Fanconi anemia group D2 protein homolog; Required for maintenance of chromosomal stability. Promotes accurate and efficient pairing of homologs during meiosis. Involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, both by homologous recombination and single-strand annealing. May participate in S phase and G2 phase checkpoint activation upon DNA damage. Plays a role in preventing breakage and loss of missegregating chromatin at the end of cell division, particularly after replication stress (By similarity). Promotes BRCA2/FANCD1 loading onto damaged chromatin. May also be involved in B-ce [...] (1450 aa) |
