Axin-1; Component of the beta-catenin destruction complex required for regulating CTNNB1 levels through phosphorylation and ubiquitination, and modulating Wnt-signaling (By similarity). Controls dorsoventral patterning via two opposing effects; down-regulates CTNNB1 to inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway and ventralize embryos, but also dorsalizes embryos by activating a Wnt-independent JNK signaling pathway. In Wnt signaling, probably facilitates the phosphorylation of CTNNB1 and APC by GSK3B. Likely to function as a tumor suppressor. Facilitates the phosphorylation of TP53 by HIPK2 upo [...]

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers in numerous signaling pathways controlled by G protein- coupled receptors (GPCRs). Signaling involves the activation of adenylyl cyclases, resulting in increased levels of the signaling molecule cAMP. GNAS functions downstream of several GPCRs, including beta-adrenergic receptors. XLas isoforms interact with the same set of receptors as Gnas isoforms.

Axin-1; Component of the beta-catenin destruction complex required for regulating CTNNB1 levels through phosphorylation and ubiquitination, and modulating Wnt-signaling (By similarity). Controls dorsoventral patterning via two opposing effects; down-regulates CTNNB1 to inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway and ventralize embryos, but also dorsalizes embryos by activating a Wnt-independent JNK signaling pathway. In Wnt signaling, probably facilitates the phosphorylation of CTNNB1 and APC by GSK3B. Likely to function as a tumor suppressor. Facilitates the phosphorylation of TP53 by HIPK2 upo [...]

Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD7; Histone methyltransferase that specifically monomethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3. H3 'Lys-4' methylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Plays a central role in the transcriptional activation of genes such as collagenase or insulin. Recruited by IPF1/PDX-1 to the insulin promoter, leading to activate transcription. Has also methyltransferase activity toward non-histone proteins such as p53/TP53, TAF10, and possibly TAF7 by recognizing and binding the [KR]-[STA]-K in substrate proteins. Monomethylates 'Lys- 1 [...]

Axin-1; Component of the beta-catenin destruction complex required for regulating CTNNB1 levels through phosphorylation and ubiquitination, and modulating Wnt-signaling (By similarity). Controls dorsoventral patterning via two opposing effects; down-regulates CTNNB1 to inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway and ventralize embryos, but also dorsalizes embryos by activating a Wnt-independent JNK signaling pathway. In Wnt signaling, probably facilitates the phosphorylation of CTNNB1 and APC by GSK3B. Likely to function as a tumor suppressor. Facilitates the phosphorylation of TP53 by HIPK2 upo [...]

Zinc finger protein SNAI1; Involved in induction of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), formation and maintenance of embryonic mesoderm, growth arrest, survival and cell migration. Binds to 3 E-boxes of the E-cadherin gene promoter and to the promoters of CLDN7 and KRT8 and, in association with histone demethylase KDM1A which it recruits to the promoters, causes a decrease in dimethylated H3K4 levels and represses transcription. Involved in induction of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), formation and maintenance of embryonic mesoderm, growth arrest, survival a [...]

Bromo adjacent homology domain-containing 1 protein; Heterochromatin protein that acts as a transcription repressor and has the ability to promote the formation of large heterochromatic domains. May act by recruiting heterochromatin proteins such as CBX5 (HP1 alpha), HDAC5 and MBD1. Represses IGF2 expression by binding to its CpG-rich P3 promoter and recruiting heterochromatin proteins (By similarity).

Bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain protein 2A; Essential component of the NoRC (nucleolar remodeling complex) complex, a complex that mediates silencing of a fraction of rDNA by recruiting histone-modifying enzymes and DNA methyltransferases, leading to heterochromatin formation and transcriptional silencing. In the complex, it plays a central role by being recruited to rDNA and by targeting chromatin modifying enzymes such as HDAC1, leading to repress RNA polymerase I transcription. Recruited to rDNA via its interaction with TTF1 and its ability to recognize and bind histone H [...]

Bromo adjacent homology domain-containing 1 protein; Heterochromatin protein that acts as a transcription repressor and has the ability to promote the formation of large heterochromatic domains. May act by recruiting heterochromatin proteins such as CBX5 (HP1 alpha), HDAC5 and MBD1. Represses IGF2 expression by binding to its CpG-rich P3 promoter and recruiting heterochromatin proteins (By similarity).

Chromobox protein homolog 3; Component of heterochromatin. Recognizes and binds histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-9', leading to epigenetic repression. Probably involved in the repression of many genes located in euchromatin, such as E2F1, MYC and CDC25A. Involved in the formation of functional kinetochore through interaction with MIS12 complex proteins. Contributes to the conversion of local chromatin to a heterochromatin- like repressive state through H3 'Lys-9' trimethylation, mediates the recruitment of the methyltransferases SUV39H1 and/or SUV39H2 by the PER complex to the E-box [...]

Bromo adjacent homology domain-containing 1 protein; Heterochromatin protein that acts as a transcription repressor and has the ability to promote the formation of large heterochromatic domains. May act by recruiting heterochromatin proteins such as CBX5 (HP1 alpha), HDAC5 and MBD1. Represses IGF2 expression by binding to its CpG-rich P3 promoter and recruiting heterochromatin proteins (By similarity).

Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2; Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Catalytic subunit of the PRC2/EED-EZH2 complex, which methylates (H3K9me) and 'Lys-27' (H3K27me) of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene. Able to mono-, di- and trimethylate 'Lys-27' of histone H3 to form H3K27me1, H3K27me2 and H3K27me3, respectively. Displays a preference for substrates with less methylation, loses activity when progressively more methyl groups are incorporated into H3K27, H3K27me0 > H3K27me1 > H3K27me2. Compared to EZH1-containing complexes, it is more abun [...]

Bromo adjacent homology domain-containing 1 protein; Heterochromatin protein that acts as a transcription repressor and has the ability to promote the formation of large heterochromatic domains. May act by recruiting heterochromatin proteins such as CBX5 (HP1 alpha), HDAC5 and MBD1. Represses IGF2 expression by binding to its CpG-rich P3 promoter and recruiting heterochromatin proteins (By similarity).

Histone H3.3; Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in [...]

Bromo adjacent homology domain-containing 1 protein; Heterochromatin protein that acts as a transcription repressor and has the ability to promote the formation of large heterochromatic domains. May act by recruiting heterochromatin proteins such as CBX5 (HP1 alpha), HDAC5 and MBD1. Represses IGF2 expression by binding to its CpG-rich P3 promoter and recruiting heterochromatin proteins (By similarity).

Histone deacetylase 1; Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Deacetylates SP proteins, SP1 and SP3, and regulates their function. Component of the BRG1-RB1-HDAC1 complex, which negatively regulates the CREST-mediated transcription in resting neurons. Upon calcium st [...]

Bromo adjacent homology domain-containing 1 protein; Heterochromatin protein that acts as a transcription repressor and has the ability to promote the formation of large heterochromatic domains. May act by recruiting heterochromatin proteins such as CBX5 (HP1 alpha), HDAC5 and MBD1. Represses IGF2 expression by binding to its CpG-rich P3 promoter and recruiting heterochromatin proteins (By similarity).

Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1; Polycomb group (PcG) protein that specifically recognizes and binds mono- and dimethyllysine residues on target proteins, therey acting as a 'reader' of a network of post-translational modifications. PcG proteins maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of genes: acts as a chromatin compaction factor by recognizing and binding mono- and dimethylated histone H1b/H1-4 at 'Lys-26' (H1bK26me1 and H1bK26me2) and histone H4 at 'Lys-20' (H4K20me1 and H4K20me2), leading to condense chromatin and repress transcription. Recognizes and binds p [...]

Bromo adjacent homology domain-containing 1 protein; Heterochromatin protein that acts as a transcription repressor and has the ability to promote the formation of large heterochromatic domains. May act by recruiting heterochromatin proteins such as CBX5 (HP1 alpha), HDAC5 and MBD1. Represses IGF2 expression by binding to its CpG-rich P3 promoter and recruiting heterochromatin proteins (By similarity).

Retinoblastoma-associated protein; Key regulator of entry into cell division that acts as a tumor suppressor. Promotes G0-G1 transition when phosphorylated by CDK3/cyclin-C. Acts as a transcription repressor of E2F1 target genes. The underphosphorylated, active form of RB1 interacts with E2F1 and represses its transcription activity, leading to cell cycle arrest. Directly involved in heterochromatin formation by maintaining overall chromatin structure and, in particular, that of constitutive heterochromatin by stabilizing histone methylation. Recruits and targets histone methyltransfer [...]

Bromo adjacent homology domain-containing 1 protein; Heterochromatin protein that acts as a transcription repressor and has the ability to promote the formation of large heterochromatic domains. May act by recruiting heterochromatin proteins such as CBX5 (HP1 alpha), HDAC5 and MBD1. Represses IGF2 expression by binding to its CpG-rich P3 promoter and recruiting heterochromatin proteins (By similarity).

Ribosomal RNA-processing protein 8; Essential component of the eNoSC (energy-dependent nucleolar silencing) complex, a complex that mediates silencing of rDNA in response to intracellular energy status and acts by recruiting histone- modifying enzymes. The eNoSC complex is able to sense the energy status of cell: upon glucose starvation, elevation of NAD(+)/NADP(+) ratio activates SIRT1, leading to histone H3 deacetylation followed by dimethylation of H3 at 'Lys-9' (H3K9me2) by SUV39H1 and the formation of silent chromatin in the rDNA locus. In the complex, RRP8 binds to H3K9me2 and pr [...]

Bromo adjacent homology domain-containing 1 protein; Heterochromatin protein that acts as a transcription repressor and has the ability to promote the formation of large heterochromatic domains. May act by recruiting heterochromatin proteins such as CBX5 (HP1 alpha), HDAC5 and MBD1. Represses IGF2 expression by binding to its CpG-rich P3 promoter and recruiting heterochromatin proteins (By similarity).

Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETDB1; Histone methyltransferase that specifically trimethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3. H3 'Lys-9' trimethylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression by recruiting HP1 (CBX1, CBX3 and/or CBX5) proteins to methylated histones. Mainly functions in euchromatin regions, thereby playing a central role in the silencing of euchromatic genes. H3 'Lys- 9' trimethylation is coordinated with DNA methylation. Probably forms a complex with MBD1 and ATF7IP that represses transcription and couples DNA methylation and histone 'Lys-9' [...]

Bromo adjacent homology domain-containing 1 protein; Heterochromatin protein that acts as a transcription repressor and has the ability to promote the formation of large heterochromatic domains. May act by recruiting heterochromatin proteins such as CBX5 (HP1 alpha), HDAC5 and MBD1. Represses IGF2 expression by binding to its CpG-rich P3 promoter and recruiting heterochromatin proteins (By similarity).

NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1; NAD-dependent protein deacetylase that links transcriptional regulation directly to intracellular energetics and participates in the coordination of several separated cellular functions such as cell cycle, response to DNA damage, metabolism, apoptosis and autophagy. Can modulate chromatin function through deacetylation of histones and can promote alterations in the methylation of histones and DNA, leading to transcriptional repression (By similarity). Deacetylates a broad range of transcription factors and coregulators, thereby regulating ta [...]

Bromo adjacent homology domain-containing 1 protein; Heterochromatin protein that acts as a transcription repressor and has the ability to promote the formation of large heterochromatic domains. May act by recruiting heterochromatin proteins such as CBX5 (HP1 alpha), HDAC5 and MBD1. Represses IGF2 expression by binding to its CpG-rich P3 promoter and recruiting heterochromatin proteins (By similarity).

SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 5; Helicase that possesses intrinsic ATP-dependent nucleosome- remodeling activity. Complexes containing SMARCA5 are capable of forming ordered nucleosome arrays on chromatin; this may require intact histone H4 tails. Also required for replication of pericentric heterochromatin in S-phase specifically in conjunction with BAZ1A. Probably plays a role in repression of polI dependent transcription of the rDNA locus, through the recruitment of the SIN3/HDAC1 corepressor complex to the rDNA promoter. [...]

Bromo adjacent homology domain-containing 1 protein; Heterochromatin protein that acts as a transcription repressor and has the ability to promote the formation of large heterochromatic domains. May act by recruiting heterochromatin proteins such as CBX5 (HP1 alpha), HDAC5 and MBD1. Represses IGF2 expression by binding to its CpG-rich P3 promoter and recruiting heterochromatin proteins (By similarity).

Structural maintenance of chromosomes flexible hinge domain-containing protein 1; Non-canonical member of the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein family that plays a key role in epigenetic silencing by regulating chromatin architecture. Promotes heterochromatin formation in both autosomes and chromosome X, probably by mediating the merge of chromatin compartments. Plays a key role in chromosome X inactivation in females by promoting the spreading of heterochromatin. Recruited to inactivated chromosome X by Xist RNA and acts by mediating the merge of chromatin compartmen [...]

Bromo adjacent homology domain-containing 1 protein; Heterochromatin protein that acts as a transcription repressor and has the ability to promote the formation of large heterochromatic domains. May act by recruiting heterochromatin proteins such as CBX5 (HP1 alpha), HDAC5 and MBD1. Represses IGF2 expression by binding to its CpG-rich P3 promoter and recruiting heterochromatin proteins (By similarity).

Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SUV39H1; Histone methyltransferase that specifically trimethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3 using monomethylated H3 'Lys-9' as substrate. H3 'Lys-9' trimethylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression by recruiting HP1 (CBX1, CBX3 and/or CBX5) proteins to methylated histones. Mainly functions in heterochromatin regions, thereby playing a central role in the establishment of constitutive heterochromatin at pericentric and telomere regions. H3 'Lys-9' trimethylation is also required to direct DNA methylation at pericentric re [...]

Bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain protein 2A; Essential component of the NoRC (nucleolar remodeling complex) complex, a complex that mediates silencing of a fraction of rDNA by recruiting histone-modifying enzymes and DNA methyltransferases, leading to heterochromatin formation and transcriptional silencing. In the complex, it plays a central role by being recruited to rDNA and by targeting chromatin modifying enzymes such as HDAC1, leading to repress RNA polymerase I transcription. Recruited to rDNA via its interaction with TTF1 and its ability to recognize and bind histone H [...]

Bromo adjacent homology domain-containing 1 protein; Heterochromatin protein that acts as a transcription repressor and has the ability to promote the formation of large heterochromatic domains. May act by recruiting heterochromatin proteins such as CBX5 (HP1 alpha), HDAC5 and MBD1. Represses IGF2 expression by binding to its CpG-rich P3 promoter and recruiting heterochromatin proteins (By similarity).

Bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain protein 2A; Essential component of the NoRC (nucleolar remodeling complex) complex, a complex that mediates silencing of a fraction of rDNA by recruiting histone-modifying enzymes and DNA methyltransferases, leading to heterochromatin formation and transcriptional silencing. In the complex, it plays a central role by being recruited to rDNA and by targeting chromatin modifying enzymes such as HDAC1, leading to repress RNA polymerase I transcription. Recruited to rDNA via its interaction with TTF1 and its ability to recognize and bind histone H [...]

Chromobox protein homolog 3; Component of heterochromatin. Recognizes and binds histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-9', leading to epigenetic repression. Probably involved in the repression of many genes located in euchromatin, such as E2F1, MYC and CDC25A. Involved in the formation of functional kinetochore through interaction with MIS12 complex proteins. Contributes to the conversion of local chromatin to a heterochromatin- like repressive state through H3 'Lys-9' trimethylation, mediates the recruitment of the methyltransferases SUV39H1 and/or SUV39H2 by the PER complex to the E-box [...]

Bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain protein 2A; Essential component of the NoRC (nucleolar remodeling complex) complex, a complex that mediates silencing of a fraction of rDNA by recruiting histone-modifying enzymes and DNA methyltransferases, leading to heterochromatin formation and transcriptional silencing. In the complex, it plays a central role by being recruited to rDNA and by targeting chromatin modifying enzymes such as HDAC1, leading to repress RNA polymerase I transcription. Recruited to rDNA via its interaction with TTF1 and its ability to recognize and bind histone H [...]

Chromobox protein homolog 8; Component of a Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein PRC1-like complex, a complex class required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of many genes, including Hox genes, throughout development. PcG PRC1 complex acts via chromatin remodeling and modification of histones; it mediates monoubiquitination of histone H2A 'Lys-119', rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility (By similarity).

Bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain protein 2A; Essential component of the NoRC (nucleolar remodeling complex) complex, a complex that mediates silencing of a fraction of rDNA by recruiting histone-modifying enzymes and DNA methyltransferases, leading to heterochromatin formation and transcriptional silencing. In the complex, it plays a central role by being recruited to rDNA and by targeting chromatin modifying enzymes such as HDAC1, leading to repress RNA polymerase I transcription. Recruited to rDNA via its interaction with TTF1 and its ability to recognize and bind histone H [...]

DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1; Methylates CpG residues. Preferentially methylates hemimethylated DNA. Associates with DNA replication sites in S phase maintaining the methylation pattern in the newly synthesized strand, that is essential for epigenetic inheritance. Associates with chromatin during G2 and M phases to maintain DNA methylation independently of replication. It is responsible for maintaining methylation patterns established in development. DNA methylation is coordinated with methylation of histones. Mediates transcriptional repression by direct binding to HDAC2. In a [...]