STRINGSTRING
Tnp1 Tnp1 Tnp2 Tnp2 Cfap69 Cfap69 Usp42 Usp42 Drc7 Drc7 Txndc2 Txndc2 Zfp41 Zfp41 Sun1 Sun1 Catsperz Catsperz Sfmbt1 Sfmbt1 Adam26a Adam26a Prm3 Prm3 Efcab9 Efcab9 Spata46 Spata46 Tssk6 Tssk6 Adcyap1r1 Adcyap1r1 Spata18 Spata18 Lrguk Lrguk Nkapl Nkapl Spink2 Spink2 Nanos3 Nanos3 Nanos2 Nanos2 Meig1 Meig1 Zfp37 Zfp37 Tmem119 Tmem119 Cib1 Cib1 Tssk5 Tssk5 Slco4c1 Slco4c1 Vipas39 Vipas39 Zfp35 Zfp35 Cdyl Cdyl Tsnax Tsnax Ccdc36 Ccdc36 Piwil4 Piwil4 Sohlh1 Sohlh1 Prss43 Prss43 Slc22a16 Slc22a16 Tdrd9 Tdrd9 Nme5 Nme5 Odf1 Odf1 Spag8 Spag8 Nlrp14 Nlrp14 Piwil1 Piwil1 Boll Boll Ccdc87 Ccdc87 Mybl1 Mybl1 Rai14 Rai14 Nme8 Nme8 Dazap1 Dazap1 Mycbpap Mycbpap Ccin Ccin Rnf17 Rnf17 Ccdc136 Ccdc136 Adam25 Adam25 Ggn Ggn Ddx4 Ddx4 Spata31 Spata31 Zfp39 Zfp39 Cfap157 Cfap157 Txndc8 Txndc8 H2al2a H2al2a Cep131 Cep131 Tlk2 Tlk2 Tdrd7 Tdrd7 Ggnbp2 Ggnbp2 Spata5 Spata5 Rnf114 Rnf114 Nsun2 Nsun2 Zscan21 Zscan21 Tdrd1 Tdrd1 Hfm1 Hfm1 Nr6a1 Nr6a1 Catsperd Catsperd Nr2c2 Nr2c2 Odf2 Odf2 M1ap M1ap Slc26a8 Slc26a8 Iqcg Iqcg Sept6 Sept6 Adad1 Adad1 Pld6 Pld6 Ift20 Ift20 Wipf3 Wipf3 Dnmt3l Dnmt3l Cadm1 Cadm1 Tle3 Tle3 Slc9c1 Slc9c1 Cfap43 Cfap43 Armc2 Armc2 H2al1i H2al1i Racgap1 Racgap1 Taf4b Taf4b H1f7 H1f7 Sept7 Sept7 Rimbp3 Rimbp3 Kdm3a Kdm3a Tdrkh Tdrkh Dpy19l2 Dpy19l2 Topaz1 Topaz1 Btbd35f5 Btbd35f5 Tdrd5 Tdrd5 Rhbdd1 Rhbdd1 Prm2 Prm2 Agfg1 Agfg1 Btbd18 Btbd18 Ccna1 Ccna1 Zfp541 Zfp541 Cfap54 Cfap54 Ankrd49 Ankrd49 Hspa2 Hspa2 Dnmt3c Dnmt3c Mea1 Mea1 Jam3 Jam3 Tsnaxip1 Tsnaxip1 Nkd1 Nkd1 Adam18 Adam18 Cdk16 Cdk16 Pdilt Pdilt Tdrd12 Tdrd12 Stra8 Stra8 Golga3 Golga3 Ift81 Ift81 Brdt Brdt Galntl5 Galntl5 Chd5 Chd5 Pum1 Pum1 Hook1 Hook1 1110017D15Rik 1110017D15Rik Mettl14 Mettl14 Hormad1 Hormad1 Creb3l4 Creb3l4 Sohlh2 Sohlh2 Sun5 Sun5 Nphp1 Nphp1 Gorasp2 Gorasp2 Strbp Strbp Sept2 Sept2 Catsperg2 Catsperg2 Odf3 Odf3 Bnc1 Bnc1 Tesmin Tesmin Bag6 Bag6 Spata24 Spata24 Morc1 Morc1 Prm1 Prm1 Gtsf1 Gtsf1 Mettl3 Mettl3 Spata9 Spata9 Trip13 Trip13 Catsper3 Catsper3 Yy1 Yy1 Theg Theg Tpgs1 Tpgs1 Herc4 Herc4 Calr3 Calr3 Sept4 Sept4 Spata25 Spata25 Ift27 Ift27 Mov10l1 Mov10l1 Pax5 Pax5 Asz1 Asz1 Dazl Dazl Tex15 Tex15 Taf7l Taf7l Tppp2 Tppp2 Rnf151 Rnf151 Tssk4 Tssk4 Hspa1l Hspa1l Stk11 Stk11 Bmp8b Bmp8b Rfx2 Rfx2 Clgn Clgn Klhl10 Klhl10 Gmcl1 Gmcl1 Txnrd3 Txnrd3 Tssk3 Tssk3 Spata19 Spata19 Ddx25 Ddx25 Ttc21a Ttc21a D1Pas1 D1Pas1 Tdrd6 Tdrd6 Arid4a Arid4a Spef2 Spef2 Parp11 Parp11 Mroh2b Mroh2b Shcbp1l Shcbp1l Tbata Tbata Spag4 Spag4 Spata6 Spata6 Tex19.2 Tex19.2 Catsper2 Catsper2 H1f6 H1f6 Spem1 Spem1 Tbc1d21 Tbc1d21 Tcp11 Tcp11 Syne1 Syne1 Dzip1 Dzip1 Hils1 Hils1 Odf4 Odf4 Tssk1 Tssk1 Prss42 Prss42 Mgat4d Mgat4d Zscan2 Zscan2 Acsbg2 Acsbg2 Spata20 Spata20 Psma8 Psma8 Foxa3 Foxa3 Fkbp6 Fkbp6 Spata16 Spata16 Siah1a Siah1a Catsper1 Catsper1 Psme4 Psme4 Mael Mael Lgr4 Lgr4 Piwil2 Piwil2 Ythdc2 Ythdc2 Tex19.1 Tex19.1 Hspb11 Hspb11 Zmynd15 Zmynd15 Alkbh5 Alkbh5 Ccdc63 Ccdc63 Adam24 Adam24 Tssk2 Tssk2 Morn2 Morn2 Setx Setx Catsper4 Catsper4 Ggnbp1 Ggnbp1 Catsperb Catsperb Utp14b Utp14b
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Tnp1Spermatid nuclear transition protein 1; Plays a key role in the replacement of histones to protamine in the elongating spermatids of mammals. In condensing spermatids, loaded onto the nucleosomes, where it promotes the recruitment and processing of protamines, which are responsible for histone eviction. The histone H2AB1-H2BC1/TH2B dimer is required for loading of TNP1 onto chromatin. (55 aa)
Tnp2Nuclear transition protein 2; Plays a key role in the replacement of histones to protamine in the elongating spermatids of mammals. In condensing spermatids, loaded onto the nucleosomes, where it promotes the recruitment and processing of protamines, which are responsible for histone eviction. The histone H2AB1-H2BC1/TH2B dimer is required for loading of TNP2 onto chromatin. Belongs to the nuclear transition protein 2 family. (117 aa)
Cfap69Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 69; Cilium- and flagellum-associated protein. In the olfactory epithelium, regulates the speed of activation and termination of the odor response and thus contributes to the robustness of olfactory transduction pathways. Required for sperm flagellum assembly and stability. (942 aa)
Usp42Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 42; Deubiquitinating enzyme which may play an important role during spermatogenesis; Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. (1324 aa)
Drc7Dynein regulatory complex subunit 7; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes. Involved in the regulation of flagellar motility. (876 aa)
Txndc2Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 2; Probably plays a regulatory role in sperm development. May participate in regulation of fibrous sheath (FS) assembly by supporting the formation of disulfide bonds during sperm tail morphogenesis. May also be required to rectify incorrect disulfide pairing and generate suitable pairs between the FS constituents. Can reduce disulfide bonds in vitro in the presence of NADP and thioredoxin reductase. (550 aa)
Zfp41Zinc finger protein 41; A putative DNA-binding regulatory protein associated with meiosis in spermatogenesis; Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. (198 aa)
Sun1SUN domain-containing protein 1; As a component of the LINC (LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complex involved in the connection between the nuclear lamina and the cytoskeleton. The nucleocytoplasmic interactions established by the LINC complex play an important role in the transmission of mechanical forces across the nuclear envelope and in nuclear movement and positioning. Required for interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) and essential for nucleokinesis and centrosome-nucleus coupling during radial neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex and during glial migration. Involv [...] (913 aa)
CatsperzCation channel sperm-associated protein subunit zeta; Auxiliary component of the CatSper complex, a complex involved in sperm cell hyperactivation. Sperm cell hyperactivation is needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Required for a distribution of the CatSper complex in linear quadrilateral nanodomains along the flagellum, maximizing fertilization inside the mammalian female reproductive tract. Together with EFCAB9, associates with the CatSper channel pore and is required for the two- row structure of each single CatSper channel. (194 aa)
Sfmbt1Scm-like with four MBT domains protein 1; Histone-binding protein, which is part of various corepressor complexes. Mediates the recruitment of corepressor complexes to target genes, followed by chromatin compaction and repression of transcription. Plays a role during myogenesis: required for the maintenance of undifferentiated states of myogenic progenitor cells via interaction with MYOD1. Interaction with MYOD1 leads to the recruitment of associated corepressors and silencing of MYOD1 target genes. Part of the SLC complex in germ cells, where it may play a role during spermatogenesis. (863 aa)
Adam26aDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 26A; Sperm surface membrane protein that may be involved in spermatogenesis and fertilization. (697 aa)
Prm3Protamine-3; Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex. (101 aa)
Efcab9EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein 9; pH-dependent Ca(2+) sensor required to activate the CatSper channel, a complex involved in sperm cell hyperactivation. Sperm cell hyperactivation is needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Associates with the CatSper complex via direct interaction with CATSPERZ, and senses intracellular Ca(2+). Together with CATSPERZ, associates with the CatSper channel pore and is required for the two-row structure of each single CatSper channel. (216 aa)
Spata46Spermatogenesis-associated protein 46; Plays a role in spermiogenesis and fertilization. (204 aa)
Tssk6Testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase 6; Required for sperm production and function. Plays a role in DNA condensation during postmeiotic chromatin remodeling. (273 aa)
Adcyap1r1Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor; This is a receptor for PACAP-27 and PACAP-38. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase. May regulate the release of adrenocorticotropin, luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, prolactin, epinephrine, and catecholamine. May play a role in spermatogenesis and sperm motility. Causes smooth muscle relaxation and secretion in the gastrointestinal tract. (496 aa)
Spata18Mitochondria-eating protein; Key regulator of mitochondrial quality that mediates the repairing or degradation of unhealthy mitochondria in response to mitochondrial damage. Mediator of mitochondrial protein catabolic process (also named MALM) by mediating the degradation of damaged proteins inside mitochondria by promoting the accumulation in the mitochondrial matrix of hydrolases that are characteristic of the lysosomal lumen. Also involved in mitochondrion degradation of damaged mitochondria by promoting the formation of vacuole-like structures (named MIV), which engulf and degrade [...] (537 aa)
LrgukLeucine-rich repeat and guanylate kinase domain-containing protein; Involved in multiple aspects of sperm assembly including acrosome attachment, shaping of the sperm head and in the early aspects of axoneme development. Not essential for primary cilium biogenesis. (820 aa)
NkaplNKAP-like protein; Transcriptional repressor of Notch-mediated signaling. Required for spermatogenesis; Belongs to the NKAP family. (395 aa)
Spink2Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 2; As a strong inhibitor of acrosin, it is required for normal spermiogenesis. It probably hinders premature activation of proacrosin and other proteases, thus preventing the cascade of events leading to spermiogenesis defects. May be involved in the regulation of serine protease-dependent germ cell apoptosis. It also inhibits trypsin. (86 aa)
Nanos3Nanos homolog 3; Plays a role in the maintenance of the undifferentiated state of germ cells regulating the spermatogonia cell cycle and inducing a prolonged transit in G1 phase. Affects cell proliferation probably by repressing translation of specific mRNAs. Maintains the germ cell lineage by suppressing both Bax-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways. Essential in the early stage embryo to protect the migrating primordial germ cells (PGCs) from apoptosis. Belongs to the nanos family. (178 aa)
Nanos2Nanos homolog 2; Plays a key role in the sexual differentiation of germ cells by promoting the male fate but suppressing the female fate. Represses the female fate pathways by suppressing meiosis, which in turn results in the promotion of the male fate. Maintains the suppression of meiosis by preventing STRA8 expression, which is required for premeiotic DNA replication, after CYP26B1 is decreased. Regulates the localization of the CCR4-NOT deadenylation complex to P-bodies and plays a role in recruiting the complex to trigger the degradation of mRNAs involved in meiosis. Required for t [...] (136 aa)
Meig1Meiosis-expressed gene 1 protein; Essential for spermiogenesis; Belongs to the MEIG1 family. (88 aa)
Zfp37Zinc finger protein 37; May have a role in regulating spermiogenesis. (594 aa)
Tmem119Transmembrane protein 119; Plays an important role in bone formation and normal bone mineralization. Promotes the differentiation of myoblasts into osteoblasts. May induce the commitment and differentiation of myoblasts into osteoblasts through an enhancement of BMP2 production and interaction with the BMP-RUNX2 pathway. Upregulates the expression of ATF4 which plays a central role in osteoblast differentiation. Essential for normal spermatogenesis and late testicular differentiation. (280 aa)
Cib1Calcium and integrin-binding protein 1; Calcium-binding protein that plays a role in the regulation of numerous cellular processes, such as cell differentiation, cell division, cell proliferation, cell migration, thrombosis, angiogenesis, cardiac hypertrophy and apoptosis. Involved in bone marrow megakaryocyte differentiation by negatively regulating thrombopoietin- mediated signaling pathway. Participates in the endomitotic cell cycle of megakaryocyte, a form of mitosis in which both karyokinesis and cytokinesis are interrupted. Plays a role in integrin signaling by negatively regulat [...] (191 aa)
Tssk5Testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase 5; May be involved in a signaling pathway during male germ cell development or mature sperm function; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (372 aa)
Slco4c1Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C1; Organic anion transporter, capable of transporting pharmacological substances such as digoxin, ouabain, thyroxine, methotrexate and cAMP. May participate in the regulation of membrane transport of ouabain. Involved in the uptake of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin and hence may play a role in its transport into and out of renal proximal tubule cells. May be involved in the first step of the transport pathway of digoxin and various compounds into the urine in the kidney. May be involved in sperm maturation by en [...] (722 aa)
Vipas39Spermatogenesis-defective protein 39 homolog; Proposed to be involved in endosomal maturation implicating in part VPS33B. In epithelial cells, the VPS33B:VIPAS39 complex may play a role in the apical RAB11A-dependent recycling pathway and in the maintenance of the apical-basolateral polarity. May play a role in lysosomal trafficking, probably via association with the core HOPS complex in a discrete population of endosomes; the functions seems to be indepenedent of VPS33B (By similarity). May play a role in vesicular trafficking during spermatogenesis (By similarity). May be involved in [...] (491 aa)
Zfp35Zinc finger protein 271; May act to control gene activity during the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase. May function as a transcription activator. (580 aa)
CdylChromodomain Y-like protein; [Isoform 2]: Chromatin reader protein that recognizes and binds histone H3 trimethylated at 'Lys-9', dimethylated at 'Lys-27' and trimethylated at 'Lys-27' (H3K9me3, H3K27me2 and H3K27me3, respectively). Part of multimeric repressive chromatin complexes, where it is required for transmission and restoration of repressive histone marks, thereby preserving the epigenetic landscape. Required for chromatin targeting and maximal enzymatic activity of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2); acts as a positive regulator of PRC2 activity by bridging the pre-existing [...] (593 aa)
TsnaxTranslin-associated protein X; Acts in combination with TSN as an endonuclease involved in the activation of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Possible role in spermatogenesis (By similarity); Belongs to the translin family. (290 aa)
Ccdc36Interactor of HORMAD1 protein 1; Required for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) formation in unsynapsed regions during meiotic recombination. Probably acts by forming a complex with MEI4 and REC114, which activates DSBs formation in unsynapsed regions, an essential step to ensure completion of synapsis. Not required for HORMAD1 functions in pairing-independent synaptonemal complex formation, ATR recruitment to unsynapsed axes, meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin (MSUC) or meiotic surveillance. (574 aa)
Piwil4Piwi-like protein 4; Plays a central role during spermatogenesis by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Directly binds piRNAs, a class of 24 to 30 nucleotide RNAs that are generated by a Dicer-independent mechanism and are primarily derived from transposons and other repeated [...] (878 aa)
Sohlh1Spermatogenesis- and oogenesis-specific basic helix-loop-helix-containing protein 1; Transcription regulator of both male and female germline differentiation. Suppresses genes involved in spermatogonial stem cells maintenance, and induces genes important for spermatogonial differentiation. Coordinates oocyte differentiation without affecting meiosis I. (357 aa)
Prss43Putative inactive serine protease 43; Plays a role in spermatogenesis. Involved in germ cell survival during meiosis; Belongs to the peptidase S1 family. (382 aa)
Slc22a16Solute carrier family 22 member 16; High affinity carnitine transporter; the uptake is partially sodium-ion dependent. Thought to mediate the L-carnitine secretion mechanism from testis epididymal epithelium into the lumen which is involved in the maturation of spermatozoa. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) and doxorubicin. The uptake of TEA is inhibited by various organic cations. The uptake of doxorubicin is sodium-independent (By similarity). (649 aa)
Tdrd9ATP-dependent RNA helicase TDRD9; ATP-binding RNA helicase which plays a central role during spermatogenesis by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Acts downstream of piRNA biogenesis: exclusively required for transposon silencing in the nucleus, suggesting that it acts as a n [...] (1383 aa)
Nme5Nucleoside diphosphate kinase homolog 5; Does not seem to have NDK kinase activity. Confers protection from cell death by Bax and alters the cellular levels of several antioxidant enzymes including Gpx5. May play a role in spermiogenesis by increasing the ability of late-stage spermatids to eliminate reactive oxygen species. (211 aa)
Odf1Outer dense fiber protein 1; Component of the outer dense fibers (ODF) of spermatozoa. ODF are filamentous structures located on the outside of the axoneme in the midpiece and principal piece of the mammalian sperm tail and may help to maintain the passive elastic structures and elastic recoil of the sperm tail. (248 aa)
Spag8Sperm-associated antigen 8; Plays a role in spermatogenesis by enhancing the binding of CREM isoform tau to its coactivator FHL5 and increasing the FHL5- regulated transcriptional activation of CREM isoform tau. Involved in the acrosome reaction and in binding of sperm to the zona pellucida. Plays a role in regulation of the cell cycle by controlling progression through the G2/M phase, possibly by delaying the activation of CDK1 which is required for entry into mitosis (By similarity). May play a role in fertility and microtubule formation through interaction with RANBP9 (By similarity). (470 aa)
Nlrp14NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 14; May be involved in inflammation and spermatogenesis. Belongs to the NLRP family. (993 aa)
Piwil1Piwi-like protein 1; Endoribonuclease that plays a central role in postnatal germ cells by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Directly binds methylated piRNAs, a class of 24 to 30 nucleotide RNAs that are generated by a Dicer-independent mechanism and are primarily derived fr [...] (862 aa)
BollProtein boule-like; Probable RNA-binding protein, which may be required during spermatogenesis. May act by binding to the 3'-UTR of mRNAs and regulating their translation (By similarity); Belongs to the RRM DAZ family. (293 aa)
Ccdc87Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 87; Plays a role in spermatogenesis, where it is important for normal sperm head morphology. Also required for the acrosome reaction and thus normal male fertility; Belongs to the CCDC87 family. (855 aa)
Mybl1Myb-related protein A; Transcription factor that specifically recognizes the sequence 5'-YAAC[GT]G-3'. Acts as a master regulator of male meiosis by promoting expression of piRNAs: activates expression of both piRNA precursor RNAs and expression of protein-coding genes involved in piRNA metabolism, such as PIWIL1. The piRNA metabolic process mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons, which is essential for the germline integrity. Transcrip [...] (751 aa)
Rai14Ankycorbin; Plays a role in actin regulation at the ectoplasmic specialization, a type of cell junction specific to testis. Important for establishment of sperm polarity and normal spermatid adhesion. May also promote integrity of Sertoli cell tight junctions at the blood- testis barrier. (979 aa)
Nme8Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 3; Probably required during the final stages of sperm tail maturation in the testis and/or epididymis, where extensive disulfide bonding of fibrous sheath (FS) proteins occurs. May be involved in the reduction of disulfide bonds within the sperm FS components. In vitro, it has neither NDP kinase nor reducing activity on disulfide bonds (By similarity). (586 aa)
Dazap1DAZ-associated protein 1; RNA-binding protein, which may be required during spermatogenesis. (406 aa)
MycbpapMYCBP-associated protein; May play a role in spermatogenesis. May be involved in synaptic processes (By similarity). (932 aa)
CcinCalicin; Possible morphogenetic cytoskeletal element in spermiogenic differentiation. (588 aa)
Rnf17RING finger protein 17; Seems to be involved in regulation of transcriptional activity of MYC. In vitro, inhibits DNA-binding activity of Mad-MAX heterodimers. Can recruit Mad transcriptional repressors (MXD1, MXD3, MXD4 and MXI1) to the cytoplasm. May be involved in spermiogenesis. (1640 aa)
Ccdc136Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 136; May play a role in acrosome formation in spermatogenesis and in fertilization. (1187 aa)
Adam25Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 25; Sperm surface membrane protein that may be involved in spermatogenesis and fertilization. (760 aa)
GgnGametogenetin; May be involved in spermatogenesis. (709 aa)
Ddx4ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX4; ATP-dependent RNA helicase required during spermatogenesis to repress transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Involved in the secondary piRNAs metabolic process, the production of piRNAs in fetal male germ cells through a ping-pong amplification cycle. Requir [...] (728 aa)
Spata31Spermatogenesis-associated protein 31; May play a role in spermatogenesis. (1014 aa)
Zfp39Zinc finger protein 39; A putative DNA-binding regulatory protein associated with meiosis in spermatogenesis. (718 aa)
Cfap157Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 157; Specifically required during spermatogenesis for flagellum morphogenesis and sperm motility. May be required to suppress the formation of supernumerary axonemes and ensure a correct ultrastructure ; Belongs to the CFAP157 family. (523 aa)
Txndc8Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 8; May be required for post-translational modifications of proteins required for acrosomal biogenesis. May act by reducing disulfide bonds within the sperm (By similarity). (153 aa)
H2al2aHistone H2A-Bbd type 1; Atypical histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A during late spermatogenesis and is involved in the replacement of histones to protamine in male germ cells. Core component of nucleosome: nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Nucleosomes containing H2AB1 only wrap 130 bp of DNA, compared to 147 bp for classical nucleosomes. In condensing spermatids, the heterodimer between H2AB1 and H2BC1/TH2B is loaded onto the nucleosomes and promotes loading of transition pro [...] (111 aa)
Cep131Centrosomal protein of 131 kDa; Component of centriolar satellites contributing to the building of a complex and dynamic network required to regulate cilia/flagellum formation. In proliferating cells, MIB1-mediated ubiquitination induces its sequestration within centriolar satellites, precluding untimely cilia formation initiation. In contrast, during normal and ultraviolet or heat shock cellular stress-induced ciliogenesis, its non-ubiquitinated form is rapidly displaced from centriolar satellites and recruited to centrosome/basal bodies in a microtubule- and p38 MAPK-dependent manner [...] (1059 aa)
Tlk2Serine/threonine-protein kinase tousled-like 2; Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the process of chromatin assembly and probably also DNA replication, transcription, repair, and chromosome segregation. Phosphorylates the chromatin assembly factors ASF1A AND ASF1B. Phosphorylation of ASF1A prevents its proteasome-mediated degradation, thereby enhancing chromatin assembly (By similarity). Negative regulator of amino acid starvation-induced autophagy (By similarity). (750 aa)
Tdrd7Tudor domain-containing protein 7; Component of specific cytoplasmic RNA granules involved in post-transcriptional regulation of specific genes: probably acts by binding to specific mRNAs and regulating their translation. Required for lens transparency during lens development, by regulating translation of genes such as CRYBB3 and HSPB1 in the developing lens. Also required during spermatogenesis; Belongs to the TDRD7 family. (1119 aa)
Ggnbp2Gametogenetin-binding protein 2; May be involved in spermatogenesis. (698 aa)
Spata5ATPase family protein 2 homolog; ATP-dependent chaperone which uses the energy provided by ATP hydrolysis to generate mechanical force to disassemble protein complexes (By similarity). May be involved in morphological and functional mitochondrial transformations during spermatogenesis. (893 aa)
Rnf114E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF114; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes the ubiquitination of various substrates. In turn, participates in the regulation of many biological processes including cell cycle, apoptosis, osteoclastogenesis as well as innate or adaptive immunity. Acts as negative regulator of NF-kappa-B-dependent transcription by promoting the ubiquitination and stabilization of the NF-kappa-B inhibitor TNFAIP3. May promote the ubiquitination of TRAF6 as well. Acts also as a negative regulator of T-cell activation. Inhibits cellular dsRNA responses and interferon produ [...] (229 aa)
Nsun2RNA cytosine C(5)-methyltransferase NSUN2; RNA cytosine C(5)-methyltransferase that methylates cytosine to 5-methylcytosine (m5C) in various RNAs, such as tRNAs, mRNAs and some long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Involved in various processes, such as epidermal stem cell differentiation, testis differentiation and maternal to zygotic transition during early development: acts by increasing protein synthesis; cytosine C(5)-methylation promoting tRNA stability and preventing mRNA decay. Methylates cytosine to 5- methylcytosine (m5C) at positions 34 and 48 of intron-containing tRNA(Leu)(CAA) p [...] (757 aa)
Zscan21Zinc finger and SCAN domain-containing protein 21; Strong transcriptional activator. Associated with meiosis in both male and female gametogenesis. May have different functions in somatic cells; Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. (555 aa)
Tdrd1Tudor domain-containing protein 1; Plays a central role during spermatogenesis by participating in the repression transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Required for the localization of Piwi proteins to the meiotic nuage. Involved in the piRNA metabolic process by ensuring the entry of corr [...] (1172 aa)
Hfm1Probable ATP-dependent DNA helicase HFM1; Required for crossover formation and complete synapsis of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. (1434 aa)
Nr6a1Nuclear receptor subfamily 6 group A member 1; Orphan nuclear receptor. Binds to a response element containing the sequence 5'-TCAAGGTCA-3'. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression in germ cell development during gametogenesis. (495 aa)
CatsperdCation channel sperm-associated protein subunit delta; Auxiliary component of the CatSper complex, a complex involved in sperm cell hyperactivation. Sperm cell hyperactivation is needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Required for CATSPER1 stability before intraflagellar transport and/or incorporation of the CatSper complex channel into the flagellar membrane. (805 aa)
Nr2c2Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group C member 2; Orphan nuclear receptor that can act as a repressor or activator of transcription. An important repressor of nuclear receptor signaling pathways such as retinoic acid receptor, retinoid X, vitamin D3 receptor, thyroid hormone receptor and estrogen receptor pathways. May regulate gene expression during the late phase of spermatogenesis. Activates transcriptional activity of LHCG and is antagonist of PPARA- mediated transactivation (By similarity). Together with NR2C1, forms the core of the DRED (direct repeat erythroid-definitive) complex t [...] (629 aa)
Odf2Outer dense fiber protein 2; Seems to be a major component of sperm tail outer dense fibers (ODF). ODFs are filamentous structures located on the outside of the axoneme in the midpiece and principal piece of the mammalian sperm tail and may help to maintain the passive elastic structures and elastic recoil of the sperm tail. May have a modulating influence on sperm motility. Functions as a general scaffold protein that is specifically localized at the distal/subdistal appendages of mother centrioles. Component of the centrosome matrix required for the localization of PLK1 and NIN to th [...] (826 aa)
M1apMeiosis 1 arrest protein; Required for meiosis I progression during spermatogenesis. (529 aa)
Slc26a8Testis anion transporter 1; Acts as a DIDS-sensitive anion exchanger mediating chloride, sulfate and oxalate transport. May fulfill critical anion exchange functions in male germ line during meiosis and hence may play a role in spermatogenesis. May be involved in a new regulatory pathway linking sulfate transport to RhoGTPase signaling in male germ cells. A critical component of the sperm annulus that is essential for correct sperm tail differentiation and motility and hence male fertility. May form a molecular complex involved in the regulation of chloride and bicarbonate ions fluxes [...] (999 aa)
IqcgDynein regulatory complex protein 9; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes. Binds calmodulin when cellular Ca(2+) levels are low and thereby contributes to the regulation of calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CAMK4) activity; contributes to the regulation of CAMK4 signaling cascades (By similarity). Required for normal axoneme assembly in sperm flagella, normal sperm tail formation and f [...] (419 aa)
Sept6Septin-6; Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase. Required for normal organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Involved in cytokinesis. Forms a filamentous structure with SEPTIN12, SEPTIN6, SEPTIN2 and probably SEPTIN4 at the sperm annulus which is required for the structural integrity and motility of the sperm tail during postmeiotic differentiation (By similarity); Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Septin GTPase family. (434 aa)
Adad1Adenosine deaminase domain-containing protein 1; Plays a role in spermatogenesis. Binds to RNA but not to DNA. (619 aa)
Pld6Mitochondrial cardiolipin hydrolase; Endonuclease that plays a critical role in PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) biogenesis during spermatogenesis. piRNAs provide essential protection against the activity of mobile genetic elements. piRNA- mediated transposon silencing is thus critical for maintaining genome stability, in particular in germline cells when transposons are mobilized as a consequence of wide-spread genomic demethylation. Has been proposed to act as a cardiolipin hydrolase to generate phosphatidic acid at mitochondrial surface. Although it cannot be excluded that it can act as [...] (221 aa)
Ift20Intraflagellar transport protein 20 homolog; Part of intraflagellar transport (IFT) particles involved in ciliary process assembly. May play a role in the trafficking of ciliary membrane proteins from the Golgi complex to the cilium. Regulates the ciliary platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) signaling pathway. Required for protein stability of E3 ubiquitin ligases CBL and CBLB that mediate ubiquitination and internalization of PDGFRA for proper feedback inhibition of PDGFRA signaling. Essential for male fertility. Plays an important role in spermatogenesis, particular [...] (132 aa)
Wipf3WAS/WASL-interacting protein family member 3; May be a regulator of cytoskeletal organization (Potential). May have a role in spermatogenesis. (483 aa)
Dnmt3lDNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3-like; Catalytically inactive regulatory factor of DNA methyltransferases that can either promote or inhibit DNA methylation depending on the context. Essential for the function of DNMT3A and DNMT3B: activates DNMT3A and DNMT3B by binding to their catalytic domain. Acts by accelerating the binding of DNA and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to the methyltransferases and dissociates from the complex after DNA binding to the methyltransferases. Recognizes unmethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me0) and induces de novo DNA methylation by recruitment or a [...] (421 aa)
Cadm1Cell adhesion molecule 1; Mediates homophilic cell-cell adhesion in a Ca(2+)- independent manner. Also mediates heterophilic cell-cell adhesion with CADM3 and NECTIN3 in a Ca(2+)-independent manner. Acts as a tumor suppressor in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Interaction with CRTAM promotes natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion by CD8+ cells in vitro as well as NK cell-mediated rejection of tumors expressing CADM3 in vivo. May contribute to the less invasive phenotypes of lepidic growth tumor cells. In mast cells, may mediate attach [...] (474 aa)
Tle3Transducin-like enhancer protein 3; Transcriptional corepressor that binds to a number of transcription factors. Inhibits the transcriptional activation mediated by CTNNB1 and TCF family members in Wnt signaling. The effects of full- length TLE family members may be modulated by association with dominant-negative AES (By similarity). May play an important role during spermatogenesis. (782 aa)
Slc9c1Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 10; Sperm-specific sodium/hydrogen exchanger involved in intracellular pH regulation of spermatozoa. Required for sperm motility and fertility. Involved in sperm cell hyperactivation, a step needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Required for the expression and bicarbonate regulation of the soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). (1175 aa)
Cfap43Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 43; Flagellar protein involved in sperm flagellum axoneme organization and function; Belongs to the CFAP43 family. (1682 aa)
Armc2Armadillo repeat-containing protein 2; Required for sperm flagellum axoneme organization and function. Involved in axonemal central pair complex assembly and/or stability. (99 aa)
H2al1iHistone H2A-like 1; Atypical histone H2A which can replace conventional H2A in some nucleosomes and may play a role during spermatogenesis. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (105 aa)
Racgap1Rac GTPase-activating protein 1; Component of the centralspindlin complex that serves as a microtubule-dependent and Rho-mediated signaling required for the myosin contractile ring formation during the cell cycle cytokinesis. Required for proper attachment of the midbody to the cell membrane during cytokinesis. Plays key roles in controlling cell growth and differentiation of hematopoietic cells through mechanisms other than regulating Rac GTPase activity. Also involved in the regulation of growth-related processes in adipocytes and myoblasts. May be involved in regulating spermatogene [...] (628 aa)
Taf4bTranscription initiation factor TFIID subunit 4B; Cell type-specific subunit of the general transcription factor TFIID that may function as a gene-selective coactivator in certain cells. TFIID is a multimeric protein complex that plays a central role in mediating promoter responses to various activators asond repressors. TAF4B is a transcriptional coactivator of the p65/RELA NF-kappa-B subunit. Involved in the activation of a subset of antiapoptotic genes including TNFAIP3. Through interaction with OCBA/POU2AF1, acts as a coactivator of B-cell-specific transcription. Plays a role in sp [...] (855 aa)
H1f7Testis-specific H1 histone; Essential for normal spermatogenesis and male fertility. Required for proper cell restructuring and DNA condensation during the elongation phase of spermiogenesis. Involved in the histone-protamine transition of sperm chromatin and the subsequent production of functional sperm. Binds both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA, ATP and protamine-1. (398 aa)
Sept7Septin-7; Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase. Required for normal organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Required for normal progress through mitosis. Involved in cytokinesis. Required for normal association of CENPE with the kinetochore. Plays a role in ciliogenesis and collective cell movements. Forms a filamentous structure with SEPTIN12, SEPTIN6, SEPTIN2 and probably SEPTIN4 at the sperm annulus which is required for the structural integrity and motility of the sperm tail during postmeiotic differentiation (By similarity). (437 aa)
Rimbp3RIMS-binding protein 3; Component of the manchette, a microtubule-based structure which plays a key role in sperm head morphogenesis during late stages of sperm development. Important for male fertility ; Belongs to the RIMBP family. (1606 aa)
Kdm3aLysine-specific demethylase 3A; Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Preferentially demethylates mono- and dimethylated H3 'Lys-9' residue, with a preference for dimethylated residue, while it has weak or no activity on trimethylated H3 'Lys-9'. Demethylation of Lys residue generates formaldehyde and succinate. Involved in hormone-dependent transcriptional activation, by participating in recruitment to androgen-receptor target genes, resulting in H3 'Lys-9' demethylation and transcriptional activation [...] (1323 aa)
TdrkhTudor and KH domain-containing protein; Participates in the primary piRNA biogenesis pathway and is required during spermatogenesis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. The piRNA metabolic process mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Required for the final steps of primary piRNA biogenesis by participating in the processing of 31-37 nt intermediates into mature [...] (560 aa)
Dpy19l2Probable C-mannosyltransferase DPY19L2; Probable C-mannosyltransferase that mediates C-mannosylation of tryptophan residues on target proteins. Required during spermatogenesis for sperm head elongation and acrosome formation (By similarity). (773 aa)
Topaz1Protein TOPAZ1; Important for normal spermatogenesis and male fertility. Specifically required for progression to the post-meiotic stages of spermatocyte development. Seems to be necessary for normal expression levels of a number of testis-expressed gene transcripts, although its role in this process is unclear. (1653 aa)
Btbd35f5Germ cell-less protein-like 2; Possible function in spermatogenesis. Probable substrate- specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. (498 aa)
Tdrd5Tudor domain-containing protein 5; Required during spermiogenesis to participate in the repression transposable elements and prevent their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Probably acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Required for chromatoid body (CB) assembly. Belongs to the TDRD5 family. (1040 aa)
Rhbdd1Rhomboid-related protein 4; Intramembrane-cleaving serine protease that cleaves single transmembrane or multi-pass membrane proteins in the hydrophobic plane of the membrane, luminal loops and juxtamembrane regions. Involved in regulated intramembrane proteolysis and the subsequent release of functional polypeptides from their membrane anchors. Functional component of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) for misfolded membrane proteins. Required for the degradation process of some specific misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins. Participates in the transfe [...] (315 aa)
Prm2Protamine-2; Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex. (107 aa)
Agfg1Arf-GAP domain and FG repeat-containing protein 1; Required for vesicle docking or fusion during acrosome biogenesis. May play a role in RNA trafficking or localization. (559 aa)
Btbd18BTB/POZ domain-containing protein 18; Specifically required during spermatogenesis to promote expression of piRNA precursors. The piRNA metabolic process mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts by facilitating transcription elongation at piRNA loci during pachytene. (723 aa)
Ccna1Cyclin-A1; May be involved in the control of the cell cycle at the G1/S (start) and G2/M (mitosis) transitions. May primarily function in the control of the germline meiotic cell cycle and additionally in the control of mitotic cell cycle in some somatic cells. (421 aa)
Zfp541Zinc finger protein 541; Component of some chromatin remodeling multiprotein complex that plays a role during spermatogenesis. (1363 aa)
Cfap54Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 54; Required for assembly and function of cilia and flagella. (3171 aa)
Ankrd49Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 49; May have a role in spermatogenesis where it promotes autophagy in response to serum starvation, via the NF-kappaB pathway. (238 aa)
Hspa2Heat shock-related 70 kDa protein 2; Molecular chaperone implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including protection of the proteome from stress, folding and transport of newly synthesized polypeptides, activation of proteolysis of misfolded proteins and the formation and dissociation of protein complexes. Plays a pivotal role in the protein quality control system, ensuring the correct folding of proteins, the re-folding of misfolded proteins and controlling the targeting of proteins for subsequent degradation. This is achieved through cycles of ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis [...] (633 aa)
Dnmt3cDNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3C; DNA methyltransferase that specifically methylates the promoters of evolutionarily young retrotransposons in the male germline. De novo methylation and subsequent repression of transposable elements prevents their mobilization, which is essential for germline integrity. Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. C5-methyltransferase family. (740 aa)
Mea1Male-enhanced antigen 1; May play an important role in spermatogenesis and/or testis development. (174 aa)
Jam3Junctional adhesion molecule C; Junctional adhesion protein that mediates heterotypic cell- cell interactions with its cognate receptor JAM2 to regulate different cellular processes. Plays a role in homing and mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells within the bone marrow. At the surface of bone marrow stromal cells, it contributes to the retention of the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells expressing JAM3. Plays a central role in leukocytes extravasation by facilitating transmigration through the endothelium. Plays a role in spermatogenesis where JAM2 and JAM3, whi [...] (310 aa)
Tsnaxip1Translin-associated factor X-interacting protein 1; Possible role in spermatogenesis. (704 aa)
Nkd1Protein naked cuticle homolog 1; Cell autonomous antagonist of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. May activate a second Wnt signaling pathway that controls planar cell polarity. Required for spermatogenesis. (471 aa)
Adam18Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 18; Sperm surface membrane protein that may be involved in spermatogenesis and fertilization. This is a non catalytic metalloprotease-like protein. (719 aa)
Cdk16Cyclin-dependent kinase 16; Protein kinase that plays a role in vesicle-mediated transport processes and exocytosis. Can phosphorylate CCNY at 'Ser-336' (in vitro) (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of insulin secretion in response to changes in blood glucose levels. Regulates GH1 release by brain neurons. Phosphorylates NSF, and thereby regulates NSF oligomerization. Required for normal spermatogenesis. Regulates neuron differentiation and dendrite development. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily. (496 aa)
PdiltProtein disulfide-isomerase-like protein of the testis; Probable redox-inactive chaperone involved in spermatogenesis. (588 aa)
Tdrd12Putative ATP-dependent RNA helicase TDRD12; Probable ATP-binding RNA helicase required during spermatogenesis to repress transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Involved in the secondary piRNAs metabolic process. Acts via the PET complex, a multiprotein complex required during the secondary [...] (407 aa)
Stra8Stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8 protein; Meiosis-inducer required for the transition into meiosis for both female and male germ cells. In female germ cells, required for premeiotic DNA replication and subsequent events in meiotic prophase. During spermatogenesis, next to its role in meiotic initiation, promotes (but is not required for) spermatogonial differentiation. Can associate with DNA (possibly in an indirect manner), and in vitro can activate DNA transcription. (393 aa)
Golga3Golgin subfamily A member 3; Plays an important role in spermatogenesis and/or testis development. Probably identical with the serologically detectable male antigen (SDM). Probably involved in maintaining Golgi structure. (1487 aa)
Ift81Intraflagellar transport protein 81 homolog; Component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B: together with IFT74, forms a tubulin-binding module that specifically mediates transport of tubulin within the cilium. Binds tubulin via its CH (calponin-homology)-like region. Required for ciliogenesis. Required for proper regulation of SHH signaling. [Isoform CDV-1R]: May play a role in development of the testis and spermatogenesis. (676 aa)
BrdtBromodomain testis-specific protein; Testis-specific chromatin protein that specifically binds histone H4 acetylated at 'Lys-5' and 'Lys-8' (H4K5ac and H4K8ac, respectively) and plays a key role in spermatogenesis. Required in late pachytene spermatocytes: plays a role in meiotic and post-meiotic cells by binding to acetylated histones at the promoter of specific meiotic and post-meiotic genes, facilitating their activation at the appropriate time. In the post-meiotic phase of spermatogenesis, binds to hyperacetylated histones and participates in their general removal from DNA. Also re [...] (956 aa)
Galntl5Inactive polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-like protein 5; Probable inactive glycosyltransferase required during spermatid development. May participate in protein loading into the acrosomes and accumulation of ubiquitin-proteasome systems around the head-tail coupling apparatus region; Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. GalNAc-T subfamily. (431 aa)
Chd5Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 5; Chromatin-remodeling protein that binds DNA through histones and regulates gene transcription. May specifically recognize and bind trimethylated 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) and non-methylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3. Plays a role in the development of the nervous system by activating the expression of genes promoting neuron terminal differentiation. In parallel, it may also positively regulate the trimethylation of histone H3 at 'Lys-27' thereby specifically repressing genes that promote the differentiation into non-neuronal cell lineages. Tumor suppr [...] (1952 aa)
Pum1Pumilio homolog 1; Sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that acts as a post- transcriptional repressor by binding the 3'-UTR of mRNA targets. Binds to an RNA consensus sequence, the Pumilio Response Element (PRE), 5'- UGUANAUA-3', that is related to the Nanos Response Element (NRE). Mediates post-transcriptional repression of transcripts via different mechanisms: acts via direct recruitment of the CCR4-POP2-NOT deadenylase leading to translational inhibition and mRNA degradation. Also mediates deadenylation-independent repression by promoting accessibility of miRNAs. Following growth [...] (1189 aa)
Hook1Protein Hook homolog 1; Required for spermatid differentiation. Probably involved in the positioning of the microtubules of the manchette and the flagellum in relation to the membrane skeleton. Component of the FTS/Hook/FHIP complex (FHF complex). The FHF complex may function to promote vesicle trafficking and/or fusion via the homotypic vesicular protein sorting complex (the HOPS complex) (By similarity). (728 aa)
1110017D15RikSpermatid-specific manchette-related protein 1; May be involved in differentiation or function of ciliated cells (By similarity). May play a role in spermatogenesis. Belongs to the SMRP1 family. (260 aa)
Mettl14N6-adenosine-methyltransferase non-catalytic subunit; The METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer forms a N6-methyltransferase complex that methylates adenosine residues at the N(6) position of some mRNAs and regulates the circadian clock, differentiation of embryonic stem cells and cortical neurogenesis. In the heterodimer formed with METTL3, METTL14 constitutes the RNA-binding scaffold that recognizes the substrate rather than the catalytic core (By similarity). N6-methyladenosine (m6A), which takes place at the 5'-[AG]GAC-3' consensus sites of some mRNAs, plays a role in mRNA stability and proce [...] (456 aa)
Hormad1HORMA domain-containing protein 1; Plays a key role in meiotic progression. Regulates 3 different functions during meiosis: ensures that sufficient numbers of processed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are available for successful homology search by increasing the steady-state numbers of single-stranded DSB ends. Promotes synaptonemal-complex formation independently of its role in homology search. Plays a key role in the male mid- pachytene checkpoint and the female meiotic prophase checkpoint: required for efficient build-up of ATR activity on unsynapsed chromosome regions, a process b [...] (392 aa)
Creb3l4Processed cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4; Transcriptional activator that may play a role in the unfolded protein response of the testis. Proposed to be involved in spermiogenesis. May be involved in regulating the maturation of sperm head nuclei. Alternatively proposed to be a paternally delivered transcription factor that may function in early zygotic gene activation. Increases the binding of CREM isoform Tau with CRE. The CREM isoform Tau-CREB3L4 heterodimer functions through CRE but not through UPRE and may recruit HIRA to CRE to regulate histone exchange. (370 aa)
Sohlh2Spermatogenesis- and oogenesis-specific basic helix-loop-helix-containing protein 2; Transcription regulator of both male and female germline differentiation. Suppresses genes involved in spermatogonial stem cells maintenance, and induces genes important for spermatogonial differentiation. Coordinates oocyte differentiation without affecting meiosis I. (467 aa)
Sun5SUN domain-containing protein 5; Plays an essential role in anchoring sperm head to the tail. Is responsible for the attachment of the coupling apparatus to the sperm nuclear envelope. (348 aa)
Nphp1Nephrocystin-1; Together with BCAR1 it may play a role in the control of epithelial cell polarity. Involved in the organization of apical junctions in kidney cells, together with NPHP4 and RPGRIP1L/NPHP8. Does not seem to be strictly required for ciliogenesis. Seems to help to recruit PTK2B/PYK2 to cell matrix adhesions, thereby initiating phosphorylation of PTK2B/PYK2 and PTK2B/PYK2-dependent signaling. May play a role in the regulation of intraflagellar transport (IFT) during cilia assembly. Required for normal retina development. In connecting photoreceptor cilia influences the move [...] (691 aa)
Gorasp2Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2; Plays a role in assembly and membrane stacking of the Golgi cisternae, and in the process by which Golgi stacks reform after breakdown during mitosis and meiosis. May regulate the intracellular transport and presentation of a defined set of transmembrane proteins, such as transmembrane TGFA (By similarity). Required for normal acrosome formation during spermiogenesis and normal male fertility, probably by promoting colocalization of JAM2 and JAM3 at contact sites between germ cells and Sertoli cells. Mediates ER stress-induced unconventional (ER/Gol [...] (451 aa)
StrbpSpermatid perinuclear RNA-binding protein; Involved in spermatogenesis and sperm function. Plays a role in regulation of cell growth (By similarity). Binds to double-stranded DNA and RNA (By similarity). Binds most efficiently to poly(I:C) RNA than to poly(dI:dC) DNA (By similarity). Binds also to single-stranded poly(G) RNA (By similarity). Binds non-specifically to the mRNA PRM1 3'-UTR and adenovirus VA RNA. (672 aa)
Sept2Septin-2; Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase. Forms a filamentous structure with SEPTIN12, SEPTIN6, SEPTIN2 and probably SEPTIN4 at the sperm annulus which is required for the structural integrity and motility of the sperm tail during postmeiotic differentiation (By similarity). Required for normal organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Plays a role in the biogenesis of polarized columnar- shaped epithelium by maintaining polyglutamylated microtubules, thus facilitating efficient vesicle transport, and by impeding MAP4 binding to tubulin. Required for the progression through mitosis [...] (361 aa)
Catsperg2Cation channel sperm-associated protein subunit gamma 2; Probably involved in sperm cell hyperactivation via its association with CATSPER1. Sperm cell hyperactivation is needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. (1145 aa)
Odf3Outer dense fiber protein 3; Outer dense fibers are filamentous structures located on the outside of the axoneme in the midpiece and principal piece of the mammalian sperm tail. May help to maintain the passive elastic structures and elastic recoil of the sperm tail; Belongs to the ODF3 family. (254 aa)
Bnc1Zinc finger protein basonuclin-1; Transcriptional activator. Likely specific for squamous epithelium and for the constituent keratinocytes at a stage either prior to or at the very beginning of terminal differentiation (By similarity). Required for the maintenance of spermatogenesis. May also play a role in the differentiation of oocytes and the early development of embryos. (990 aa)
TesminTesmin; May have a role in spermatogenesis. (475 aa)
Bag6Large proline-rich protein BAG6; ATP-independent molecular chaperone preventing the aggregation of misfolded and hydrophobic patches-containing proteins. Functions as part of a cytosolic protein quality control complex, the BAG6/BAT3 complex, which maintains these client proteins in a soluble state and participates to their proper delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum or alternatively can promote their sorting to the proteasome where they undergo degradation. The BAG6/BAT3 complex is involved in the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored/type II transmembrane proteins to the endo [...] (1154 aa)
Spata24Spermatogenesis-associated protein 24; Binds DNA with high affinity but does not bind to TATA boxes. Synergises with GMNN and TBP in activation of TATA box-containing promoters and with GMNN and TBPL1 in activation of the NF1 TATA-less promoter. May play a role in cytoplasm movement and removal during spermiogenesis; Belongs to the SPATA24 family. (205 aa)
Morc1MORC family CW-type zinc finger protein 1; Required for spermatogenesis. (950 aa)
Prm1Sperm protamine P1; Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex. (51 aa)
Gtsf1Gametocyte-specific factor 1; Required for spermatogenesis and is involved in the suppression of retrotransposon transcription in male germ cells. (167 aa)
Mettl3N6-adenosine-methyltransferase subunit METTL3; The METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer forms a N6-methyltransferase complex that methylates adenosine residues at the N(6) position of some RNAs and regulates various processes such as the circadian clock, differentiation of embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells, cortical neurogenesis, response to DNA damage, differentiation of T-cells and primary miRNA processing. In the heterodimer formed with METTL14, METTL3 constitutes the catalytic core (By similarity). N6-methyladenosine (m6A), which takes place at the 5'-[AG]GAC-3' consensus sites of some [...] (580 aa)
Spata9Spermatogenesis-associated protein 9; May play at role in testicular development/spermatogenesis and may be an important factor in male infertility. (252 aa)
Trip13Pachytene checkpoint protein 2 homolog; Plays a key role in chromosome recombination and chromosome structure development during meiosis. Required at early steps in meiotic recombination that leads to non-crossovers pathways. Also needed for efficient completion of homologous synapsis by influencing crossover distribution along the chromosomes affecting both crossovers and non-crossovers pathways. Also required for development of higher- order chromosome structures and is needed for synaptonemal-complex formation. In males, required for efficient synapsis of the sex chromosomes and for [...] (432 aa)
Catsper3Cation channel sperm-associated protein 3; Voltage-gated calcium channel that plays a central role in sperm cell hyperactivation. Controls calcium entry to mediate the hyperactivated motility, a step needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Activated by intracellular alkalinization. (395 aa)
Yy1Transcriptional repressor protein YY1; Multifunctional transcription factor that exhibits positive and negative control on a large number of cellular and viral genes by binding to sites overlapping the transcription start site. Binds to the consensus sequence 5'-CCGCCATNTT-3'; some genes have been shown to contain a longer binding motif allowing enhanced binding; the initial CG dinucleotide can be methylated greatly reducing the binding affinity. The effect on transcription regulation is depending upon the context in which it binds and diverse mechanisms of action include direct activa [...] (414 aa)
ThegTesticular haploid expressed gene protein; May be involved (but not essential) in spermatogenesis. (375 aa)
Tpgs1Tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit 1; May act in the targeting of the tubulin polyglutamylase complex. Required for the development of the spermatid flagellum. (303 aa)
Herc4Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC4; Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in either protein trafficking or in the distribution of cellular structures. Required for spermatozoon maturation and fertility, and for the removal of the cytoplasmic droplet of the spermatozoon. E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfer it to targeted substrates. (1049 aa)
Calr3Calreticulin-3; CALR3 capacity for calcium-binding may be absent or much lower than that of CALR (By similarity). During spermatogenesis, may act as a lectin-independent chaperone for specific client proteins such as ADAM3. Required for sperm fertility. (380 aa)
Sept4Septin-4; Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase. Forms a filamentous structure with SEPTIN12, SEPTIN6, SEPTIN2 and probably SEPTIN4 at the sperm annulus which is required for the structural integrity and motility of the sperm tail during postmeiotic differentiation (By similarity). May play a role in cytokinesis (Potential). May play a role in platelet secretion (By similarity). (478 aa)
Spata25Spermatogenesis-associated protein 25; May play a role in spermatogenesis; Belongs to the SPATA25 family. (226 aa)
Ift27Intraflagellar transport protein 27 homolog; Small GTPase-like component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B that promotes the exit of the BBSome complex from cilia via its interaction with ARL6. Not involved in entry of the BBSome complex into cilium. Prevents aggregation of GTP-free ARL6. Required for hedgehog signaling. Forms a subcomplex within the IFT complex B with IFT25 (By similarity). Its role in intraflagellar transport is mainly seen in tissues rich in ciliated cells such as kidney and testis. Essential for male fertility, spermiogenesis and sperm flagella format [...] (186 aa)
Mov10l1RNA helicase Mov10l1; [Isoform 1]: ATP-dependent RNA helicase required during spermatogenesis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization, which is essential for germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Involved in the primary piRNA metabolic process. Specifically binds to piRNA precursors and promotes the generation of intermediate piRNA processing fragm [...] (1187 aa)
Pax5Paired box protein Pax-5; May play an important role in B-cell differentiation as well as neural development and spermatogenesis. Involved in the regulation of the CD19 gene, a B-lymphoid-specific target gene. (391 aa)
Asz1Ankyrin repeat, SAM and basic leucine zipper domain-containing protein 1; Plays a central role during spermatogenesis by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Its association with pi-bodies suggests a participation in the primary piRNAs metabolic process. Required prior to the p [...] (475 aa)
DazlDeleted in azoospermia-like; RNA-binding protein, which is essential for gametogenesis in both males and females. Plays a central role during spermatogenesis. Acts by binding to the 3'-UTR of mRNA, specifically recognizing GUU triplets, and thereby regulating the translation of key transcripts. (298 aa)
Tex15Testis-expressed protein 15; Required during spermatogenesis for normal chromosome synapsis and meiotic recombination in germ cells. Necessary for formation of DMC1 and RAD51 foci on meiotic chromosomes, suggesting a specific role in DNA double-stranded break repair. (2785 aa)
Taf7lTranscription initiation factor TFIID subunit 7-like; Probably functions as a spermatogenesis-specific component of the DNA-binding general transcription factor complex TFIID, a multimeric protein complex that plays a central role in mediating promoter responses to various activators and repressors. May play a role in spermatogenesis; Belongs to the TAF7 family. (471 aa)
Tppp2Tubulin polymerization-promoting protein family member 2; Probable regulator of microtubule dynamics required for sperm motility (Probable). In contrast to other members of the family, has no microtubule bundling activity (By similarity). Belongs to the TPPP family. (170 aa)
Rnf151RING finger protein 151; May be involved in acrosome formation of spermatids. (239 aa)
Tssk4Testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase 4; [Isoform 1]: Serine/threonine kinase which is involved in male germ cell development and in mature sperm function. May be involved in the Cre/Creb signaling pathway. Phosphorylates CREB1 on 'Ser-133' in vitro and can stimulate Cre/Creb pathway in cells (By similarity). Phosphorylates CREM on 'Ser-116' in vitro. Phosphorylates ODF2 on 'Ser-95'. [Isoform 3]: Catalytically inactive. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (292 aa)
Hspa1lHeat shock 70 kDa protein 1-like; Molecular chaperone implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including protection of the proteome from stress, folding and transport of newly synthesized polypeptides, activation of proteolysis of misfolded proteins and the formation and dissociation of protein complexes. Plays a pivotal role in the protein quality control system, ensuring the correct folding of proteins, the re-folding of misfolded proteins and controlling the targeting of proteins for subsequent degradation. This is achieved through cycles of ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis an [...] (641 aa)
Stk11Serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11; Tumor suppressor serine/threonine-protein kinase that controls the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family members, thereby playing a role in various processes such as cell metabolism, cell polarity, apoptosis and DNA damage response. Acts by phosphorylating the T-loop of AMPK family proteins, thus promoting their activity: phosphorylates PRKAA1, PRKAA2, BRSK1, BRSK2, MARK1, MARK2, MARK3, MARK4, NUAK1, NUAK2, SIK1, SIK2, SIK3 and SNRK but not MELK. Also phosphorylates non-AMPK family proteins such as STRADA, PTEN and possibly p53/TP [...] (436 aa)
Bmp8bBone morphogenetic protein 8B; Induces cartilage and bone formation. May be the osteoinductive factor responsible for the phenomenon of epithelial osteogenesis. Plays a role in calcium regulation and bone homeostasis (By similarity). Involved in the generation of primordial germ cells; this function involves Bmp4 in a synergistic manner though separate receptor complexes seem to be involved. Required for the initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis. Signaling protein involved in regulation of thermogenesis and energy balance. Proposed to increase the peripheral response of brown a [...] (399 aa)
Rfx2DNA-binding protein RFX2; Transcription factor that acts as a key regulator of spermatogenesis. Acts by regulating expression of genes required for the haploid phase during spermiogenesis, such as genes required for cilium assembly and function. Recognizes and binds the X-box, a regulatory motif with DNA sequence 5'-GTNRCC(0-3N)RGYAAC-3' present on promoters. Probably activates transcription of the testis-specific histone gene HIST1H1T. Belongs to the RFX family. (717 aa)
ClgnCalmegin; Functions during spermatogenesis as a chaperone for a range of client proteins that are important for sperm adhesion onto the egg zona pellucida and for subsequent penetration of the zona pellucida. Required for normal sperm migration from the uterus into the oviduct. Required for normal male fertility. Binds calcium ions. Belongs to the calreticulin family. (611 aa)
Klhl10Kelch-like protein 10; May be a substrate-specific adapter of a CUL3-based E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins during spermatogenesis. Required for male fertility. (608 aa)
Gmcl1Germ cell-less protein-like 1; Possible function in spermatogenesis. Enhances the degradation of MDM2 and increases the amount of p53 probably by modulating the nucleocytoplasmic transport. (524 aa)
Txnrd3Thioredoxin reductase 3; Displays thioredoxin reductase, glutaredoxin and glutathione reductase activities. Catalyzes disulfide bond isomerization. Promotes disulfide bond formation between GPX4 and various sperm proteins and may play a role in sperm maturation by promoting formation of sperm structural components; Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. (615 aa)
Tssk3Testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase 3; May be involved in a signaling pathway during male germ cell development or mature sperm function; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (268 aa)
Spata19Spermatogenesis-associated protein 19, mitochondrial; May have a role in spermiogenesis. (154 aa)
Ddx25ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX25; ATP-dependent RNA helicase. Required for mRNA export and translation regulation during spermatid development. (484 aa)
Ttc21aTetratricopeptide repeat protein 21A; Intraflagellar transport (IFT)-associated protein required for spermatogenesis. Required for sperm flagellar formation and intraflagellar transport. Belongs to the TTC21 family. (1314 aa)
D1Pas1Putative ATP-dependent RNA helicase Pl10; Putative ATP-dependent RNA helicase. Possible role in a key step of the spermatogenic process; Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX3/DED1 subfamily. (660 aa)
Tdrd6Tudor domain-containing protein 6; Tudor domain-containing protein involved in germ cell development, more specifically the formation of chromatoid body (during spermiogenesis), Balbiani body (during oogenesis), germ plasm (upon fertilization), and for proper miRNA expression and spliceosome maturation (By similarity). Essential for RNA-dependent helicase UPF1 localization to chromatoid body, for UPF1-UPF2 and UPF1-DDX4 interactions which are required for mRNA degradation, using the extended 3' UTR-triggered nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway. Involved in spliceosome maturatio [...] (2135 aa)
Arid4aAT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 4A; DNA-binding protein which modulates activity of several transcription factors including RB1 (retinoblastoma-associated protein) and AR (androgen receptor). May function as part of an mSin3A repressor complex (By similarity). Has no intrinsic transcriptional activity. Plays a role in the regulation of epigenetic modifications at the PWS/AS imprinting center near the SNRPN promoter, where it might function as part of a complex with RB1 and ARID4B. Involved in spermatogenesis, together with ARID4B, where it acts as a transcriptional coacti [...] (1261 aa)
Spef2Sperm flagellar protein 2; Required for correct axoneme development in spermatozoa. Important for normal development of the manchette and sperm head morphology. Essential for male fertility. Plays a role in localization of the intraflagellar transport protein IFT20 to the manchette, suggesting function as an adapter for dynein-mediated protein transport during spermatogenesis. Also plays a role in bone growth where it seems to be required for normal osteoblast differentiation. (875 aa)
Parp11Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP11; Mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase that mediates mono-ADP- ribosylation of target proteins (By similarity). Plays a role in nuclear envelope stability and nuclear remodeling during spermiogenesis. (331 aa)
Mroh2bMaestro heat-like repeat-containing protein family member 2B; May play a role in the process of sperm capacitation. (1581 aa)
Shcbp1lTesticular spindle-associated protein SHCBP1L; Testis-specific spindle-associated factor that plays a role in spermatogenesis. In association with HSPA2, participates in the maintenance of spindle integrity during meiosis in male germ cells. (639 aa)
TbataProtein TBATA; Isoform 1 and isoform 2 may play a role in spermatid differentiation. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 regulate thymus function by modulating stromal cell proliferation via interference with the NEDD8 pathway; Belongs to the TBATA family. (393 aa)
Spag4Sperm-associated antigen 4 protein; Involved in spermatogenesis. Required for sperm head formation but not required to establish and maintain general polarity of the sperm head. Required for anchoring and organization of the manchette. Required for targeting of SUN3 and probably SYNE1 through a probable SUN1:SYNE3 LINC complex to the nuclear envelope and involved in accurate posterior sperm head localization of the complex. May anchor SUN3 the nuclear envelope. Involved in maintenance of the nuclear envelope integrity. May assist the organization and assembly of outer dense fibers (ODF [...] (443 aa)
Spata6Spermatogenesis-associated protein 6; Required for formation of the sperm connecting piece during spermiogenesis. Sperm connecting piece is essential for linking the developing flagellum to the head during late spermiogenesis. May be involved in myosin-based microfilament transport through interaction with myosin subunits. (488 aa)
Tex19.2Testis-expressed protein 19.2; May be required during spermatogenesis, probably by participating in the repression of retrotransposable elements and prevent their mobilization (Probable). With its paralog, Tex19.1, collaborates with the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins. Interacts with Piwi proteins and directly binds piRNAs, a class of 24 to 30 nucleotide RNAs that are generated by a Dicer-independent mechanism and are primarily derived from transposons a [...] (317 aa)
Catsper2Cation channel sperm-associated protein 2; Voltage-gated calcium channel that plays a central role in sperm cell hyperactivation. Controls calcium entry to mediate the hyperactivated motility, a step needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Activated by intracellular alkalinization. (588 aa)
H1f6Histone H1t; Testis-specific histone H1 that forms less compacted chromatin compared to other H1 histone subtypes. Formation of more relaxed chromatin may be required to promote chromatin architecture required for proper chromosome regulation during meiosis, such as homologous recombination. Histones H1 act as linkers that bind to nucleosomes and compact polynucleosomes into a higher-order chromatin configuration. (209 aa)
Spem1Spermatid maturation protein 1; Required for proper cytoplasm removal during spermatogenesis. (310 aa)
Tbc1d21TBC1 domain family member 21; May act as a GTPase-activating protein for Rab family protein(s). May be involved in acrosome formation and cytoskeletal reorganization during spermiogenesis, possibly by regulating RAB3A activity. (336 aa)
Tcp11T-complex protein 11; Plays a role in the process of sperm capacitation and acrosome reactions. Probable receptor for the putative fertilization-promoting peptide (FPP) at the sperm membrane that may modulate the activity of the adenylyl cyclase cAMP pathway ; Belongs to the TCP11 family. (567 aa)
Syne1Nesprin-1; Multi-isomeric modular protein which forms a linking network between organelles and the actin cytoskeleton to maintain the subcellular spatial organization. As a component of the LINC (LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complex involved in the connection between the nuclear lamina and the cytoskeleton. The nucleocytoplasmic interactions established by the LINC complex play an important role in the transmission of mechanical forces across the nuclear envelope and in nuclear movement and positioning. May be involved in nucleus- centrosome attachment. During interkineti [...] (1431 aa)
Dzip1Zinc finger protein DZIP1; May participate in spermatogenesis via its interaction with DAZL. Has a role in primary cilium formation. Belongs to the DZIP C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. (852 aa)
Hils1Spermatid-specific linker histone H1-like protein; DNA-binding protein that may be implicated in chromatin remodeling and/or transcriptional regulation during spermiogenesis, the process of spermatid maturation into spermatozoa; Belongs to the histone H1/H5 family. (170 aa)
Odf4Outer dense fiber protein 4; Component of the outer dense fibers (ODF) of spermatozoa which could be involved in sperm tail structure, sperm movement and general organization of cellular cytoskeleton. (290 aa)
Tssk1Testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase 1; Testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase required during spermatid development. Phosphorylates 'Ser-281' of TSKS. Involved in the late stages of spermatogenesis, during the reconstruction of the cytoplasm. During spermatogenesis, required for the transformation of a ring-shaped structure around the base of the flagellum originating from the chromatoid body. (365 aa)
Prss42Serine protease 42; Plays a role in spermatogenesis. Involved in germ cell survival during meiosis; Belongs to the peptidase S1 family. (335 aa)
Mgat4dAlpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-like protein MGAT4D; [Isoform 2]: May play a role in male spermatogenesis. In vitro acts as inhibitor of MGAT1 activity causing cell surface proteins to carry mainly high mannose N-glycans. The function is mediated by its lumenal domain and occurs specifically in the Golgi. A catalytic glucosyltransferase activity is not detected. May be involved in regulation of Sertoli-germ cell interactions during specific stages of spermatogenesis. (373 aa)
Zscan2Zinc finger and SCAN domain-containing protein 2; May be involved in transcriptional regulation during the post-meiotic stages of spermatogenesis. (614 aa)
Acsbg2Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase ACSBG2; Catalyzes the conversion of fatty acids such as long chain and very long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Can activate diverse saturated, monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Has increased ability to activate oleic and linoleic acid. May play a role in spermatogenesis. (667 aa)
Spata20Spermatogenesis-associated protein 20; May play a role in fertility regulation. (790 aa)
Psma8Proteasome subunit alpha type-8; Component of the spermatoproteasome, a proteasome specifically found in testis that promotes acetylation-dependent degradation of histones, thereby participating actively to the exchange of histones during spermatogenesis. The proteasome is a protein complexe that degrades unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds (Probable). Required for 20S core proteasome assembly, essential for the degradation of meiotic proteins RAD51 and RPA1 at late prophase I and the progression of meiosis I during spermatogenesis [...] (250 aa)
Foxa3Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-gamma; Transcription factor that is thought to act as a 'pioneer' factor opening the compacted chromatin for other proteins through interactions with nucleosomal core histones and thereby replacing linker histones at target enhancer and/or promoter sites (By similarity). Originally described as a transcription activator for a number of liver genes such as AFP, albumin, tyrosine aminotransferase, PEPCK, etc. Interacts with the cis-acting regulatory regions of these genes. Involved in glucose homeostasis; activates GLUT2 transcription. Involved in regulation o [...] (353 aa)
Fkbp6Inactive peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP6; Co-chaperone required during spermatogenesis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Acts as a co-chaperone via its interaction with HSP90 and is required for the piRNA amplification process, the secondary piRNA biogenesis. May be re [...] (327 aa)
Spata16Spermatogenesis-associated protein 16; Involved in the formation of sperm acrosome, which implicated its potential role in spermatogenesis and sperm-egg fusion. Belongs to the SPATA16 family. (571 aa)
Siah1aE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SIAH1A; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Mediates E3 ubiquitin ligase activity either through direct binding to substrates or by functioning as the essential RING domain subunit of larger E3 complexes. Triggers the ubiquitin- mediated degradation of many substrates, including proteins involved in transcriptio [...] (282 aa)
Catsper1Cation channel sperm-associated protein 1; Voltage-gated calcium channel that plays a central role in sperm cell hyperactivation. Controls calcium entry to mediate the hyperactivated motility, a step needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Activated by intracellular alkalinization. Belongs to the cation channel sperm-associated (TC 1.A.1.19) family. (686 aa)
Psme4Proteasome activator complex subunit 4; Associated component of the proteasome that specifically recognizes acetylated histones and promotes ATP- and ubiquitin- independent degradation of core histones during spermatogenesis and DNA damage response. Recognizes and binds acetylated histones via its bromodomain-like (BRDL) region and activates the proteasome by opening the gated channel for substrate entry. Binds to the core proteasome via its C-terminus, which occupies the same binding sites as the proteasomal ATPases, opening the closed structure of the proteasome via an active gating [...] (1843 aa)
MaelProtein maelstrom homolog; Plays a central role during spermatogenesis by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Its association with piP-bodies suggests a participation in the secondary piRNAs metabolic process. Required for the localization of germ-cell factors to the meiotic n [...] (434 aa)
Lgr4Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 4; Receptor for R-spondins that potentiates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and is involved in the formation of various organs. Upon binding to R-spondins (RSPO1, RSPO2, RSPO3 or RSPO4), associates with phosphorylated LRP6 and frizzled receptors that are activated by extracellular Wnt receptors, triggering the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to increase expression of target genes. In contrast to classical G-protein coupled receptors, does not activate heterotrimeric G-proteins to transduce the signal. Its function as activat [...] (951 aa)
Piwil2Piwi-like protein 2; Endoribonuclease that plays a central role during spermatogenesis by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Plays an essential role in meiotic differentiation of spermatocytes, germ cell differentiation and in self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells. Its presence in oocytes suggests that it may participate in similar functions during oogenesis in females. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes compos [...] (971 aa)
Ythdc23'-5' RNA helicase YTHDC2; 3'-5' RNA helicase that plays a key role in the male and female germline by promoting transition from mitotic to meiotic divisions in stem cells. Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs, a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs that plays a role in the efficiency of RNA processing and stability. Essential for ensuring a successful progression of the meiotic program in the germline by regulating the level of m6A-containing RNAs. Acts by binding and promoting degradation of m6A-containing mRNA [...] (1445 aa)
Tex19.1Testis-expressed protein 19.1; Required during spermatogenesis and placenta development, participating in the repression of retrotransposable elements and preventing their mobilization. With its paralog, Tex19.2, collaborates with the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins. Interacts with Piwi proteins and directly binds piRNAs, a class of 24 to 30 nucleotide RNAs that are generated by a Dicer-independent mechanism and are primarily derived from transposons and [...] (351 aa)
Hspb11Intraflagellar transport protein 25 homolog; Component of the IFT complex B required for sonic hedgehog/SHH signaling. May mediate transport of SHH components: required for the export of SMO and PTCH1 receptors out of the cilium and the accumulation of GLI2 at the ciliary tip in response to activation of the SHH pathway, suggesting it is involved in the dynamic transport of SHH signaling molecules within the cilium. Not required for ciliary assembly. Its role in intraflagellar transport is mainly seen in tissues rich in ciliated cells such as kidney and testis. Essential for male ferti [...] (143 aa)
Zmynd15Zinc finger MYND domain-containing protein 15; Acts as a transcriptional repressor through interaction with histone deacetylases (HDACs). May regulate haploid genes important for spermiogenesis. (736 aa)
Alkbh5RNA demethylase ALKBH5; Dioxygenase that demethylates RNA by oxidative demethylation: specifically demethylates N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA, the most prevalent internal modification of messenger RNA (mRNA) in higher eukaryotes. Can also demethylate N(6)-methyladenosine in single-stranded DNA (in vitro) (By similarity). Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron (By similarity). Demethylation of m6A mRNA affects mRNA processing and export (By similarity). Required for the late meiotic and haploid phases of spermatogenesis by mediating m6A demethylation in spermatocytes a [...] (395 aa)
Ccdc63Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 63; Plays a role in spermiogenesis. Involved in the elongation of flagella and the formation of sperm heads. (582 aa)
Adam24Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 24; Plasma membrane protease present on mature sperm that may be involved in sperm function during epididymal maturation and/or fertilization. (761 aa)
Tssk2Testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase 2; Testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase required during spermatid development. Phosphorylates 'Ser-281' of TSKS and SPAG16. Involved in the late stages of spermatogenesis, during the reconstruction of the cytoplasm. During spermatogenesis, required for the transformation of a ring-shaped structure around the base of the flagellum originating from the chromatoid body. (358 aa)
Morn2MORN repeat-containing protein 2; Might have a role in spermatogenesis. (79 aa)
SetxProbable helicase senataxin; Probable RNA/DNA helicase involved in diverse aspects of RNA metabolism and genomic integrity. Plays a role in transcription regulation by its ability to modulate RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) binding to chromatin and through its interaction with proteins involved in transcription. Contributes to the mRNA splicing efficiency and splice site selection. Required for the resolution of R-loop RNA-DNA hybrid formation at G-rich pause sites located downstream of the poly(A) site, allowing XRN2 recruitment and XRN2-mediated degradation of the downstream cleaved RNA a [...] (2646 aa)
Catsper4Cation channel sperm-associated protein 4; Voltage-gated calcium channel that plays a central role in sperm cell hyperactivation. Controls calcium entry to mediate the hyperactivated motility, a step needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Activated by intracellular alkalinization; Belongs to the cation channel sperm-associated (TC 1.A.1.19) family. (442 aa)
Ggnbp1Gametogenetin-binding protein 1; Induces mitochondrial fragmentation, possibly by promoting DNM1L-dependent fission and may play a role in mitochondrial morphogenesis during spermatogenesis. (370 aa)
CatsperbCation channel sperm-associated protein subunit beta; Probably involved in sperm cell hyperactivation via its association with CATSPER1. Sperm cell hyperactivation is needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. (1109 aa)
Utp14bU3 small nucleolar RNA-associated protein 14 homolog B; Essential for spermatogenesis. May be required specifically for ribosome biogenesis and hence protein synthesis during male meiosis; Belongs to the UTP14 family. (780 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Mus musculus
NCBI taxonomy Id: 10090
Other names: LK3 transgenic mice, M. musculus, Mus sp. 129SV, house mouse, mouse, nude mice, transgenic mice
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