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| | Hoxc13 | Homeobox protein Hox-C13; Transcription factor which plays a role in hair follicle differentiation. Regulates FOXQ1 expression and that of other hair- specific genes. (328 aa) |
| | Akt1 | RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase; AKT1 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) called the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported. AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the [...] (480 aa) |
| | Ppard | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Has a preference for poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma- linoleic acid and eicosapentanoic acid. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to promoter elements of target genes. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the acyl-CoA oxidase gene. Decreases expression of NPC1L1 once activated by a ligand (By similarity). Belongs to the [...] (440 aa) |
| | Shh | Sonic hedgehog protein N-product; [Sonic hedgehog protein]: The C-terminal part of the sonic hedgehog protein precursor displays an autoproteolysis and a cholesterol transferase activity. Both activities result in the cleavage of the full-length protein into two parts (ShhN and ShhC) followed by the covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated ShhN. Both activities occur in the reticulum endoplasmic. Once cleaved, ShhC is degraded in the endoplasmic reticulum. (437 aa) |
| | Ikbkg | NF-kappa-B essential modulator; Regulatory subunit of the IKK core complex which phosphorylates inhibitors of NF-kappa-B thus leading to the dissociation of the inhibitor/NF-kappa-B complex and ultimately the degradation of the inhibitor. Its binding to scaffolding polyubiquitin seems to play a role in IKK activation by multiple signaling receptor pathways. Also considered to be a mediator for TAX activation of NF- kappa-B. Could be implicated in NF-kappa-B-mediated protection from cytokine toxicity. Involved in TLR3- and IFIH1-mediated antiviral innate response; this function requires [...] (430 aa) |
| | Tyr | Tyrosinase; This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the initial and rate limiting step in the cascade of reactions leading to melanin production from tyrosine. In addition to hydroxylating tyrosine to DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), also catalyzes the oxidation of DOPA to DOPA-quinone, and possibly the oxidation of DHI (5,6-dihydroxyindole) to indole-5,6 quinone. Belongs to the tyrosinase family. (533 aa) |
| | Zbtb17 | Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 17; Transcription factor that can function as an activator or repressor depending on its binding partners, and by targeting negative regulators of cell cycle progression. Has been shown to bind to the promoters of adenovirus major late protein and cyclin D1 and activate transcription. Required for early embryonic development during gastrulation. Plays a critical role in early lymphocyte development, where it is essential to prevent apoptosis in lymphoid precursors, allowing them to survive in response to IL7 and undergo proper lineage commi [...] (794 aa) |
| | Sod2 | Superoxide dismutase [Mn], mitochondrial; Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems; Belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. (222 aa) |
| | Krt14 | Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14; The nonhelical tail domain is involved in promoting KRT5- KRT14 filaments to self-organize into large bundles and enhances the mechanical properties involved in resilience of keratin intermediate filaments in vitro. (484 aa) |
| | Plg | Plasmin heavy chain A, short form; Plasmin dissolves the fibrin of blood clots and acts as a proteolytic factor in a variety of other processes including embryonic development, tissue remodeling, tumor invasion, and inflammation. In ovulation, weakens the walls of the Graafian follicle. It activates the urokinase-type plasminogen activator, collagenases and several complement zymogens, such as C1 and C5. Cleavage of fibronectin and laminin leads to cell detachment and apoptosis. Also cleaves fibrin, thrombospondin and von Willebrand factor. Its role in tissue remodeling and tumor invas [...] (812 aa) |
| | Ift27 | Intraflagellar transport protein 27 homolog; Small GTPase-like component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B that promotes the exit of the BBSome complex from cilia via its interaction with ARL6. Not involved in entry of the BBSome complex into cilium. Prevents aggregation of GTP-free ARL6. Required for hedgehog signaling. Forms a subcomplex within the IFT complex B with IFT25 (By similarity). Its role in intraflagellar transport is mainly seen in tissues rich in ciliated cells such as kidney and testis. Essential for male fertility, spermiogenesis and sperm flagella format [...] (186 aa) |
| | Brca1 | Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein homolog; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that specifically mediates the formation of 'Lys-6'-linked polyubiquitin chains and plays a central role in DNA repair by facilitating cellular responses to DNA damage. It is unclear whether it also mediates the formation of other types of polyubiquitin chains. The E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is required for its tumor suppressor function. The BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer coordinates a diverse range of cellular pathways such as DNA damage repair, ubiquitination and transcriptional regulation to maintain [...] (1812 aa) |
| | Perp | P53 apoptosis effector related to PMP-22; Component of intercellular desmosome junctions. Plays a role in stratified epithelial integrity and cell-cell adhesion by promoting desmosome assembly. Plays a role as an effector in the TP53-dependent apoptotic pathway. (193 aa) |
| | Itgb3 | Integrin beta-3; Integrin alpha-V/beta-3 (ITGAV:ITGB3) is a receptor for cytotactin, fibronectin, laminin, matrix metalloproteinase-2, osteopontin, osteomodulin, prothrombin, thrombospondin, vitronectin and von Willebrand factor. Integrin alpha-IIB/beta-3 (ITGA2B:ITGB3) is a receptor for fibronectin, fibrinogen, plasminogen, prothrombin, thrombospondin and vitronectin. Integrins alpha-IIB/beta-3 and alpha- V/beta-3 recognize the sequence R-G-D in a wide array of ligands. Integrin alpha-IIB/beta-3 recognizes the sequence H-H-L-G-G-G-A-K-Q-A- G-D-V in fibrinogen gamma chain. Following ac [...] (787 aa) |
| | Sgpp1 | Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1; Specifically dephosphorylates sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), dihydro-S1P, and phyto-S1P. Does not act on ceramide 1-phosphate, lysophosphatidic acid or phosphatidic acid. Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase activity is needed for efficient recycling of sphingosine into the sphingolipid synthesis pathway. Regulates the intracellular levels of the bioactive sphingolipid metabolite S1P that regulates diverse biological processes acting both as an extracellular receptor ligand or as an intracellular second messenger. Involved in efficient ceramide syn [...] (430 aa) |
| | Ppm1a | Protein phosphatase 1A; Enzyme with a broad specificity. Negatively regulates TGF- beta signaling through dephosphorylating SMAD2 and SMAD3, resulting in their dissociation from SMAD4, nuclear export of the SMADs and termination of the TGF-beta-mediated signaling (By similarity). Dephosphorylates PRKAA1 and PRKAA2. Plays an important role in the termination of TNF-alpha-mediated NF-kappa-B activation through dephosphorylating and inactivating IKBKB/IKKB. (382 aa) |
| | Fos | Proto-oncogene c-Fos; Nuclear phosphoprotein which forms a tight but non-covalently linked complex with the JUN/AP-1 transcription factor. On TGF-beta activation, forms a multimeric SMAD3/SMAD4/JUN/FOS complex, at the AP1/SMAD-binding site to regulate TGF-beta-mediated signaling (By similarity). Has a critical function in regulating the development of cells destined to form and maintain the skeleton. It is thought to have an important role in signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation. In growing cells, activates phospholipid synthesis, possibly by activating CDS1 and [...] (380 aa) |
| | Sharpin | Sharpin; Component of the LUBAC complex which conjugates linear polyubiquitin chains in a head-to-tail manner to substrates and plays a key role in NF-kappa-B activation and regulation of inflammation. LUBAC conjugates linear polyubiquitin to IKBKG and RIPK1 and is involved in activation of the canonical NF-kappa-B and the JNK signaling pathways. Linear ubiquitination mediated by the LUBAC complex interferes with TNF-induced cell death and thereby prevents inflammation. LUBAC is recruited to the TNF-R1 signaling complex (TNF-RSC) following polyubiquitination of TNF-RSC components by BI [...] (380 aa) |
| | Snap29 | Synaptosomal-associated protein 29; SNAREs, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptors, are essential proteins for fusion of cellular membranes. SNAREs localized on opposing membranes assemble to form a trans-SNARE complex, an extended, parallel four alpha-helical bundle that drives membrane fusion. SNAP29 is a SNARE involved in autophagy through the direct control of autophagosome membrane fusion with the lysososome membrane. Plays also a role in ciliogenesis by regulating membrane fusions. (260 aa) |
| | Krt2 | Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal; Probably contributes to terminal cornification (By similarity). Associated with keratinocyte activation, proliferation and keratinization (By similarity). Plays a role in the establishment of the epidermal barrier on plantar skin. (707 aa) |
| | Tnf | Tumor necrosis factor, membrane form; Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia, Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation (By similarity). Induces insulin resistance in adipocytes via inhibition of insulin-induced IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation and insulin-induced glucose uptake. Induces [...] (235 aa) |
| | Smad4 | Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4; Common SMAD (co-SMAD) is the coactivator and mediator of signal transduction by TGF-beta (transforming growth factor). Component of the heterotrimeric SMAD2/SMAD3-SMAD4 complex that forms in the nucleus and is required for the TGF-mediated signaling. Promotes binding of the SMAD2/SMAD4/FAST-1 complex to DNA and provides an activation function required for SMAD1 or SMAD2 to stimulate transcription. Component of the multimeric SMAD3/SMAD4/JUN/FOS complex which forms at the AP1 promoter site; required for synergistic transcriptional activity in r [...] (551 aa) |
| | Cst6 | Cystatin E/M. (149 aa) |
| | Chuk | Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha; Serine kinase that plays an essential role in the NF-kappa-B signaling pathway which is activated by multiple stimuli such as inflammatory cytokines, bacterial or viral products, DNA damages or other cellular stresses. Acts as part of the canonical IKK complex in the conventional pathway of NF-kappa-B activation and phosphorylates inhibitors of NF-kappa-B on serine residues. These modifications allow polyubiquitination of the inhibitors and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. In turn, free NF-kappa-B is translocated into t [...] (745 aa) |
| | Pkp1 | Plakophilin-1; Seems to play a role in junctional plaques; Belongs to the beta-catenin family. (728 aa) |
| | Map3k6 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 6; Component of a protein kinase signal transduction cascade. Activates the JNK, but not ERK or p38 kinase pathways. (1291 aa) |
| | Wasl | Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein; Regulates actin polymerization by stimulating the actin- nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex. Involved in various processes, such as mitosis and cytokinesis, via its role in the regulation of actin polymerization. Together with CDC42, involved in the extension and maintenance of the formation of thin, actin-rich surface projections called filopodia. In addition to its role in the cytoplasm, also plays a role in the nucleus by regulating gene transcription, probably by promoting nuclear actin polymerization (By similarity). Binds to HSF1/HS [...] (501 aa) |
| | Ilk | Integrin-linked protein kinase; Receptor-proximal protein kinase regulating integrin-mediated signal transduction. May act as a mediator of inside-out integrin signaling. Focal adhesion protein part of the complex ILK-PINCH. This complex is considered to be one of the convergence points of integrin- and growth factor-signaling pathway. Could be implicated in mediating cell architecture, adhesion to integrin substrates and anchorage-dependent growth in epithelial cells. Phosphorylates beta-1 and beta-3 integrin subunit on serine and threonine residues, but also AKT1 and GSK3B. (452 aa) |
| | Trex2 | Three prime repair exonuclease 2; Exonuclease with a preference for double-stranded DNA with mismatched 3' termini. May play a role in DNA repair. (236 aa) |
| | Smad3 | Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3; Receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) that is an intracellular signal transducer and transcriptional modulator activated by TGF-beta (transforming growth factor) and activin type 1 receptor kinases. Binds the TRE element in the promoter region of many genes that are regulated by TGF-beta and, on formation of the SMAD3/SMAD4 complex, activates transcription. Also can form a SMAD3/SMAD4/JUN/FOS complex at the AP- 1/SMAD site to regulate TGF-beta-mediated transcription. Has an inhibitory effect on wound healing probably by modulating both growth and m [...] (425 aa) |
| | Fntb | Protein farnesyltransferase subunit beta; Essential subunit of the farnesyltransferase complex. Catalyzes the transfer of a farnesyl moiety from farnesyl diphosphate to a cysteine at the fourth position from the C-terminus of several proteins having the C-terminal sequence Cys-aliphatic-aliphatic-X. (437 aa) |
| | Taf4 | TATA-box-binding protein-associated factor 4. (1042 aa) |
| | Vhl | Von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor; Involved in the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. Seems to act as a target recruitment subunit in the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and recruits hydroxylated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) under normoxic conditions. Involved in transcriptional repression through interaction with HIF1A, HIF1AN and histone deacetylases. Ubiquitinates, in an oxygen-responsive manner, ADRB2 (By similarity); Belongs to the VHL family. (181 aa) |
| | Clic4 | Chloride intracellular channel protein 4; Can insert into membranes and form poorly selective ion channels that may also transport chloride ions. Channel activity depends on the pH. Membrane insertion seems to be redox-regulated and may occur only under oxydizing conditions. Promotes cell-surface expression of HRH3 (By similarity). May play a role in angiogenesis. (253 aa) |
| | Arl6ip5 | PRA1 family protein 3; Regulates intracellular concentrations of taurine and glutamate (By similarity). Negatively modulates SLC1A1/EAAC1 glutamate transport activity by decreasing its affinity for glutamate in a PKC activity-dependent manner. May be involved in membrane traffic (By similarity). (188 aa) |
| | Lgr4 | Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 4; Receptor for R-spondins that potentiates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and is involved in the formation of various organs. Upon binding to R-spondins (RSPO1, RSPO2, RSPO3 or RSPO4), associates with phosphorylated LRP6 and frizzled receptors that are activated by extracellular Wnt receptors, triggering the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to increase expression of target genes. In contrast to classical G-protein coupled receptors, does not activate heterotrimeric G-proteins to transduce the signal. Its function as activat [...] (951 aa) |
| | Fermt1 | Fermitin family homolog 1; Involved in cell adhesion. Contributes to integrin activation. When coexpressed with talin, potentiates activation of ITGA2B. Required for normal keratinocyte proliferation. Required for normal polarization of basal keratinocytes in skin, and for normal cell shape. Required for normal adhesion of keratinocytes to fibronectin and laminin, and for normal keratinocyte migration to wound sites (By similarity). (677 aa) |
| | Ppp1r13l | RelA-associated inhibitor; Regulator that plays a central role in regulation of apoptosis and transcription via its interaction with NF-kappa-B and p53/TP53 proteins. Inhibits p53/TP53 function, possibly by preventing the association between p53/TP53 and ASPP1 or ASPP2, and therefore suppressing the subsequent activation of apoptosis (By similarity). (824 aa) |
| | Kdf1 | Keratinocyte differentiation factor 1; Plays a role in the regulation of the epidermis formation during early development. Required both as an inhibitor of basal cell proliferation and a promoter of differentiation of basal progenitor cell progeny. (397 aa) |
| | Ctnna1 | Catenin alpha-1; Associates with the cytoplasmic domain of a variety of cadherins. The association of catenins to cadherins produces a complex which is linked to the actin filament network, and which seems to be of primary importance for cadherins cell-adhesion properties. Can associate with both E- and N-cadherins. Originally believed to be a stable component of E-cadherin/catenin adhesion complexes and to mediate the linkage of cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton at adherens junctions. In contrast, cortical actin was found to be much more dynamic than E-cadherin/catenin complexes and [...] (906 aa) |
| | Snai1 | Zinc finger protein SNAI1; Involved in induction of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), formation and maintenance of embryonic mesoderm, growth arrest, survival and cell migration. Binds to 3 E-boxes of the E-cadherin gene promoter and to the promoters of CLDN7 and KRT8 and, in association with histone demethylase KDM1A which it recruits to the promoters, causes a decrease in dimethylated H3K4 levels and represses transcription. Involved in induction of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), formation and maintenance of embryonic mesoderm, growth arrest, survival a [...] (264 aa) |
| | Slurp2 | Secreted Ly-6/uPAR domain-containing protein 2; Binds and may modulate the functional properties of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. May regulate keratinocytes proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In vitro moderately inhibits ACh-evoked currents of alpha-3:beta-2-containing nAChRs, strongly these of alpha-4:beta-2-containing nAChRs, modulates alpha-7- containing nAChRs, and inhibits nicotine-induced signaling probably implicating alpha-3:beta-4-containing nAChRs. Proposed to act on alpha- 3:beta-2 and alpha-7 nAChRs in an orthosteric, and on mAChRs, such as CH [...] (97 aa) |
| | Dact2 | Dapper homolog 2; Involved in regulation of intracellular signaling pathways during development. Negatively regulates the Nodal signaling pathway, possibly by promoting the lysosomal degradation of Nodal receptors, such as TGFBR1. May be involved in control of the morphogenetic behavior of kidney ureteric bud cells by keeping cells epithelial and restraining their mesenchymal character. May play an inhibitory role in the re-epithelialization of skin wounds by attenuating TGF-beta signaling. (757 aa) |
| | Trpv3 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 3; Putative receptor-activated non-selective calcium permeant cation channel. It is activated by innocuous (warm) temperatures and shows an increased response at noxious temperatures greater than 39 degrees Celsius. Activation exhibits an outward rectification. May associate with TRPV1 and may modulate its activity. Is a negative regulator of hair growth and cycling: TRPV3-coupled signaling suppresses keratinocyte proliferation in hair follicles and induces apoptosis and premature hair follicle regression (catagen) (By simi [...] (791 aa) |
| | Gjb2 | Gap junction beta-2 protein; Structural component of gap junctions. Gap junctions are dodecameric channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining cells. They are formed by the docking of two hexameric hemichannels, one from each cell membrane (By similarity). Small molecules and ions diffuse from one cell to a neighboring cell via the central pore. (226 aa) |
| | Krt9 | Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9; May serve an important special function either in the mature palmar and plantar skin tissue or in the morphogenetic program of the formation of these tissues. Plays a role in keratin filament assembly (By similarity). Plays an essential role in the correct development of sperm; Belongs to the intermediate filament family. (743 aa) |
| | Il17c | Interleukin-17C; Cytokine that plays a crucial role in innate immunity of the epithelium, including to intestinal bacterial pathogens, in an autocrine manner. Stimulates the production of antibacterial peptides and proinflammatory molecules for host defense by signaling through the NFKB and MAPK pathways. Acts synergically with IL22, TNF and IL1B in inducing antibacterial peptides. May have protective function by maintaining epithelial homeostasis after an inflammatory challenge, such as that caused in the intestine by dextran sulfate sodium in a colitis model. May also promote an infl [...] (182 aa) |
| | Acer1 | Alkaline ceramidase 1; Endoplasmic reticulum ceramidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ceramides into sphingosine and free fatty acids at alkaline pH. Ceramides, sphingosine, and its phosphorylated form sphingosine-1-phosphate are bioactive lipids that mediate cellular signaling pathways regulating several biological processes including cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. Exhibits a strong substrate specificity towards the natural stereoisomer of ceramides with D-erythro-sphingosine as a backbone and has a higher activity towards very long-chain unsaturated fatty acids [...] (273 aa) |
| | Il17re | Interleukin-17 receptor E; Specific functional receptor for IL17C, signaling through the NF-kappa-B and MAPK pathways. Requires TRAF3IP2 /ACT1 for signaling. Crucial regulator in innate immunity to bacterial pathogens, such as Citrobacter rodentium. Isoform 4 and isoform 5 may be either cytoplasmic inactive or dominant active forms. Isoform 2 and isoform 3 may act as soluble decoy receptors. (637 aa) |
| | E4f1 | Transcription factor E4F1; May function as a transcriptional repressor. May also function as a ubiquitin ligase mediating ubiquitination of chromatin- associated TP53. Functions in cell survival and proliferation through control of the cell cycle. Functions in the p53 and pRB tumor suppressor pathways and regulates the cyclin CCNA2 transcription. (782 aa) |
| | Dsg3 | Desmoglein-3; Component of intercellular desmosome junctions. Involved in the interaction of plaque proteins and intermediate filaments mediating cell-cell adhesion. (993 aa) |
| | Cdkn1b | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; Important regulator of cell cycle progression. Inhibits the kinase activity of CDK2 bound to cyclin A, but has little inhibitory activity on CDK2 bound to SPDYA (By similarity). Involved in G1 arrest. Potent inhibitor of cyclin E- and cyclin A-CDK2 complexes. Forms a complex with cyclin type D-CDK4 complexes and is involved in the assembly, stability, and modulation of CCND1-CDK4 complex activation. Acts either as an inhibitor or an activator of cyclin type D-CDK4 complexes depending on its phosphorylation state and/or stoichometry. Belongs to the [...] (197 aa) |
| | Wls | Protein wntless homolog; Regulates Wnt proteins sorting and secretion in a feedback regulatory mechanism. This reciprocal interaction plays a key role in the regulation of expression, subcellular location, binding and organelle-specific association of Wnt proteins. Plays also an important role in establishment of the anterior-posterior body axis formation during development. (541 aa) |
| | Cers3 | Ceramide synthase 3; Ceramide synthase that catalyzes formation of ceramide from sphinganine and acyl-CoA substrates, with high selectivity toward very- long (C22:0-C24:0) and ultra long chain (more than C26:0) as acyl donor. It is crucial for the synthesis of ultra long-chain ceramides in the epidermis, to maintain epidermal lipid homeostasis and terminal. differentiation. (419 aa) |
| | Cebpb | CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta; Important transcription factor regulating the expression of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. Plays also a significant role in adipogenesis, as well as in the gluconeogenic pathway, liver regeneration, and hematopoiesis. The consensus recognition site is 5'-T[TG]NNGNAA[TG]-3'. Its functional capacity is governed by protein interactions and post-translational protein modifications. During early embryogenesis, plays essential and redundant functions with CEBPA. Has a promitotic effect on many cell types such as hepatocytes and adipo [...] (296 aa) |
| | Trpv4 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4; Non-selective calcium permeant cation channel involved in osmotic sensitivity and mechanosensitivity. Activation by exposure to hypotonicity within the physiological range exhibits an outward rectification. Also activated by heat, low pH, citrate and phorbol esters. Increase of intracellular Ca(2+) potentiates currents. Channel activity seems to be regulated by a calmodulin-dependent mechanism with a negative feedback mechanism (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of intracellular Ca(2+) in synoviocytes (By similarity). [...] (871 aa) |
| | Plec | Plectin; Interlinks intermediate filaments with microtubules and microfilaments and anchors intermediate filaments to desmosomes or hemidesmosomes. May be involved not only in the cross-linking and stabilization of cytoskeletal intermediate filaments network, but also in the regulation of their dynamics; Belongs to the plakin or cytolinker family. (4691 aa) |
| | Klf10 | Krueppel-like factor 10; Transcriptional repressor which binds to the consensus sequence 5'-GGTGTG-3'. May play a role in the cell cycle regulation (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of the circadian clock; binds to the GC box sequence in the promoter of the core clock component ARTNL/BMAL1 and represses its transcriptional activity. Regulates the circadian expression of genes involved in lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and glycolysis in the liver. Represses the expression of PCK2, a rate-limiting step enzyme of gluconeogenesis. Belongs to the Sp1 C2H2-type zinc-finger prote [...] (479 aa) |
| | Aldh3a2 | Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 member A2; Catalyzes the oxidation of medium and long-chain aliphatic aldehydes to fatty acids. Active on a variety of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes between 6 and 24 carbons in length. Responsible for conversion of the sphingosine 1- phosphate (S1P) degradation product hexadecenal to hexadecenoic acid. (484 aa) |
| | Irf6 | Interferon regulatory factor 6; Probable DNA-binding transcriptional activator. Key determinant of the keratinocyte proliferation-differentiation switch involved in appropriate epidermal development. Plays a role in regulating mammary epithelial cell proliferation. May regulate WDR65 transcription. Belongs to the IRF family. (467 aa) |
| | Rxra | Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha; Receptor for retinoic acid that acts as a transcription factor. Forms homo- or heterodimers with retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and binds to target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9- cis retinoic acid, to regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5 to regulate transcription. The high affinity ligand for retinoid X receptors (RXRs) is 9-cis retinoic acid. In the absence of ligand, t [...] (467 aa) |
| | Slc27a4 | Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 4; Involved in translocation of long-chain fatty acids (LFCA) across the plasma membrane. Appears to be the principal fatty acid transporter in small intestinal enterocytes. Plays a role in the formation of the epidermal barrier. Required for fat absorption in early embryogenesis. Has acyl-CoA ligase activity for long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Indirectly inhibits RPE65 via substrate competition and via production of VLCFA derivatives like lignoceroyl-CoA. Prevents light-induced degeneration of rods and cones. Belongs to the [...] (643 aa) |
| | Birc5 | Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5; Multitasking protein that has dual roles in promoting cell proliferation and preventing apoptosis. Component of a chromosome passage protein complex (CPC) which is essential for chromosome alignment and segregation during mitosis and cytokinesis (By similarity). Acts as an important regulator of the localization of this complex; directs CPC movement to different locations from the inner centromere during prometaphase to midbody during cytokinesis and participates in the organization of the center spindle by associating with polymerized micro [...] (140 aa) |
| | Lgals7 | Galectin-7; Could be involved in cell-cell and/or cell-matrix interactions necessary for normal growth control. Pro-apoptotic protein that functions intracellularly upstream of JNK activation and cytochrome c release (By similarity). (136 aa) |
| | Abca12 | ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 12. (2595 aa) |
| | Itgb1 | Integrin beta-1; Integrins alpha-1/beta-1, alpha-2/beta-1, alpha-10/beta-1 and alpha-11/beta-1 are receptors for collagen. Integrins alpha-1/beta-1 and alpha-2/beta-2 recognize the proline-hydroxylated sequence G-F-P-G- E-R in collagen. Integrins alpha-2/beta-1, alpha-3/beta-1, alpha- 4/beta-1, alpha-5/beta-1, alpha-8/beta-1, alpha-10/beta-1, alpha- 11/beta-1 and alpha-V/beta-1 are receptors for fibronectin. Alpha- 4/beta-1 recognizes one or more domains within the alternatively spliced CS-1 and CS-5 regions of fibronectin. Integrin alpha-5/beta-1 is a receptor for fibrinogen. Integrin [...] (798 aa) |
| | Relb | Transcription factor RelB; NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor which is present in almost all cell types and is involved in many biological processed such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishab [...] (558 aa) |
| | Macf1 | Microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 1; [Isoform 2]: F-actin-binding protein which plays a role in cross-linking actin to other cytoskeletal proteins and also binds to microtubules. Plays an important role in ERBB2-dependent stabilization of microtubules at the cell cortex (By similarity). Acts as a positive regulator of Wnt receptor signaling pathway and is involved in the translocation of AXIN1 and its associated complex (composed of APC, CTNNB1 and GSK3B) from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. Has actin- regulated ATPase activity and is essential for controlling focal adhesions [...] (7355 aa) |
| | Mc1r | Melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor; Receptor for MSH (alpha, beta and gamma) and ACTH. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylate cyclase; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (315 aa) |
| | Cebpa | CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha; Transcription factor that coordinates proliferation arrest and the differentiation of myeloid progenitors, adipocytes, hepatocytes, and cells of the lung and the placenta. Binds directly to the consensus DNA sequence 5'-T[TG]NNGNAA[TG]-3' acting as an activator on distinct target genes. During early embryogenesis, plays essential and redundant functions with CEBPB. Essential for the transition from common myeloid progenitors (CMP) to granulocyte/monocyte progenitors (GMP). Critical for the proper development of the liver and the lung. Necessary for [...] (359 aa) |
| | Rac1 | Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1; Plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses such as secretory processes, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, epithelial cell polarization, neurons adhesion, migration and differentiation, and growth-factor induced formation of membrane ruffles. Rac1 p21/rho GDI heterodimer is the active component of the cytosolic factor sigma 1, which is involved in stimulation of the NADPH oxidase activity [...] (211 aa) |
| | Lrig1 | Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1; Acts as a feedback negative regulator of signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases, through a mechanism that involves enhancement of receptor ubiquitination and accelerated intracellular degradation. (1091 aa) |
| | Rhbdf2 | Inactive rhomboid protein 2; Regulates ADAM17 protease, a sheddase of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligands and TNF, thereby plays a role in sleep, cell survival, proliferation, migration and inflammation. Does not exhibit any protease activity on its own. Belongs to the peptidase S54 family. (827 aa) |
| | Arnt | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator; Required for activity of the Ah (dioxin) receptor. This protein is required for the ligand-binding subunit to translocate from the cytosol to the nucleus after ligand binding. The complex then initiates transcription of genes involved in the activation of PAH procarcinogens (By similarity). The heterodimer binds to core DNA sequence 5'-TACGTG-3' within the hypoxia response element (HRE) of target gene promoters and functions as a transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia. The heterodimer ARNT:AHR binds to core DNA sequ [...] (791 aa) |
| | Grhl3 | Grainyhead-like protein 3 homolog; Transcription factor playing important roles in primary neurulation and in the differentiation of stratified epithelia of both ectodermal and endodermal origin. Binds directly to the consensus DNA sequence 5'-AACCGGTT-3' acting as an activator and repressor on distinct target genes. Essential for epidermal differentiation and barrier formation at the end of embryogenesis with TGM3 as critical direct target. Exhibits functional redundancy with GRHL2 in epidermal morphogenetic events such as eyelid fusion and epidermal wound repair. Despite being dispen [...] (603 aa) |
| | Cd151 | CD151 antigen; Essential for the proper assembly of the glomerular and tubular basement membranes in kidney; Belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family. (253 aa) |
| | Pkp3 | Plakophilin-3; May play a role in junctional plaques. (822 aa) |
| | Card14 | Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 14; Acts as a scaffolding protein that can activate the inflammatory transcription factor NF-kappa-B and p38/JNK MAP kinase signaling pathways. Forms a signaling complex with BCL10 and MALT1, and activates MALT1 proteolytic activity and inflammatory gene expression. MALT1 is indispensable for CARD14-induced activation of NF-kappa-B and p38/JNK MAP kinases. May play a role in signaling mediated by TRAF2, TRAF3 and TRAF6 and protects cells against apoptosis. (999 aa) |
| | Jun | Transcription factor AP-1; Transcription factor that recognizes and binds to the enhancer heptamer motif 5'-TGA[CG]TCA-3'. Promotes activity of NR5A1 when phosphorylated by HIPK3 leading to increased steroidogenic gene expression upon cAMP signaling pathway stimulation. Involved in activated KRAS-mediated transcriptional activation of USP28 (By similarity). Binds to the USP28 promoter (By similarity). (334 aa) |
| | Cdkn2a | Tumor suppressor ARF; Capable of inducing cell cycle arrest in G1 and G2 phases. Acts as a tumor suppressor. Binds to MDM2 and blocks its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling by sequestering it in the nucleolus. This inhibits the oncogenic action of MDM2 by blocking MDM2-induced degradation of p53 and enhancing p53-dependent transactivation and apoptosis. Also induces G2 arrest and apoptosis in a p53-independent manner by preventing the activation of cyclin B1/CDC2 complexes. Binds to BCL6 and down-regulates BCL6-induced transcriptional repression. Binds to E2F1 and MYC and blocks their transcr [...] (169 aa) |
| | Klf4 | Krueppel-like factor 4; Transcription factor; can act both as activator and as repressor. Binds the 5'-CACCC-3' core sequence. Binds to the promoter region of its own gene and can activate its own transcription. Regulates the expression of key transcription factors during embryonic development. Plays an important role in maintaining embryonic stem cells, and in preventing their differentiation. Required for establishing the barrier function of the skin and for postnatal maturation and maintenance of the ocular surface. Involved in the differentiation of epithelial cells and may also fu [...] (483 aa) |
| | Bcl2l1 | Bcl-2-like protein 1; Potent inhibitor of cell death. Inhibits activation of caspases. Appears to regulate cell death by blocking the voltage- dependent anion channel (VDAC) by binding to it and preventing the release of the caspase activator, CYC1, from the mitochondrial membrane. Also acts as a regulator of G2 checkpoint and progression to cytokinesis during mitosis. Isoform Bcl-X(S) promotes apoptosis; Belongs to the Bcl-2 family. (233 aa) |
| | Ptk2 | Focal adhesion kinase 1; Non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase that plays an essential role in regulating cell migration, adhesion, spreading, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, formation and disassembly of focal adhesions and cell protrusions, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Required for early embryonic development and placenta development. Required for embryonic angiogenesis, normal cardiomyocyte migration and proliferation, and normal heart development. Regulates axon growth and neuronal cell migration, axon branching and synapse formation; required f [...] (1052 aa) |
| | Paqr3 | Progestin and adipoQ receptor family member 3; Functions as a spatial regulator of RAF1 kinase by sequestrating it to the Golgi; Belongs to the ADIPOR family. (311 aa) |
| | Il1rn | Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein; Inhibits the activity of interleukin-1 by binding to receptor IL1R1 and preventing its association with the coreceptor IL1RAP for signaling. Has no interleukin-1 like activity; Belongs to the IL-1 family. (178 aa) |
| | Trp63 | Tumor protein 63; Acts as a sequence specific DNA binding transcriptional activator or repressor. The isoforms contain a varying set of transactivation and auto-regulating transactivation inhibiting domains thus showing an isoform specific activity. May be required in conjunction with TP73/p73 for initiation of p53/TP53 dependent apoptosis in response to genotoxic insults and the presence of activated oncogenes. Involved in Notch signaling by probably inducing JAG1 and JAG2. Activates transcription of the p21 promoter (By similarity). Activates RIPK4 transcription. Plays a role in the [...] (680 aa) |
| | Ahr | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor; Ligand-activated transcriptional activator. Binds to the XRE promoter region of genes it activates. Activates the expression of multiple phase I and II xenobiotic chemical metabolizing enzyme genes (such as the CYP1A1 gene). Mediates biochemical and toxic effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Involved in cell-cycle regulation. Likely to play an important role in the development and maturation of many tissues. Regulates the circadian clock by inhibiting the basal and circadian expression of the core circadian component PER1. Inhibits PER1 by repressing [...] (805 aa) |
| | Fgfr2 | Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2; Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as cell-surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors and plays an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis, and in the regulation of embryonic development. Required for normal embryonic patterning, trophoblast function, limb bud development, lung morphogenesis, osteogenesis and skin development. Plays an essential role in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, and is required for normal skeleton development. Promotes cell p [...] (840 aa) |
| | Terf2 | Telomeric repeat-binding factor 2; Binds the telomeric double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeat and plays a central role in telomere maintenance and protection against end-to-end fusion of chromosomes. In addition to its telomeric DNA- binding role, required to recruit a number of factors and enzymes required for telomere protection, including the shelterin complex, TERF2IP/RAP1 and DCLRE1B/Apollo. Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) that is involved in the regulation of telomere length and protection. Shelterin associates with arrays of double-stranded 5'- TTAGGG-3' repeats added [...] (540 aa) |
| | Stat3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; Signal transducer and transcription activator that mediates cellular responses to interleukins, KITLG/SCF, LEP and other growth factors (By similarity). Once activated, recruits coactivators, such as NCOA1 or MED1, to the promoter region of the target gene (By similarity). May mediate cellular responses to activated FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 and FGFR4 (By similarity). Binds to the interleukin-6 (IL-6)- responsive elements identified in the promoters of various acute-phase protein genes (By similarity). Activated by IL31 through IL31RA (By s [...] (770 aa) |
| | Itgb4 | Integrin beta-4; Integrin alpha-6/beta-4 is a receptor for laminin. It plays a critical structural role in the hemidesmosome of epithelial cells. Is required for the regulation of keratinocyte polarity and motility. ITGA6:ITGB4 binds to NRG1 (via EGF domain) and this binding is essential for NRG1-ERBB signaling. ITGA6:ITGB4 binds to IGF1 and this binding is essential for IGF1 signaling. ITGA6:ITGB4 binds to IGF2 and this binding is essential for IGF2 signaling. (1802 aa) |
| | Odc1 | Ornithine decarboxylase; Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of polyamine biosynthesis that converts ornithine into putrescine, which is the precursor for the polyamines, spermidine and spermine. Polyamines are essential for cell proliferation and are implicated in cellular processes, ranging from DNA replication to apoptosis. (461 aa) |
| | Smad2 | Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2; Receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) that is an intracellular signal transducer and transcriptional modulator activated by TGF-beta (transforming growth factor) and activin type 1 receptor kinases. Binds the TRE element in the promoter region of many genes that are regulated by TGF-beta and, on formation of the SMAD2/SMAD4 complex, activates transcription. May act as a tumor suppressor in colorectal carcinoma. Positively regulates PDPK1 kinase activity by stimulating its dissociation from the 14-3-3 protein YWHAQ which acts as a negative regulator [...] (467 aa) |
| | Terf1 | Telomeric repeat-binding factor 1; Binds the telomeric double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeat and negatively regulates telomere length. Involved in the regulation of the mitotic spindle. Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) that is involved in the regulation of telomere length and protection. Shelterin associates with arrays of double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats added by telomerase and protects chromosome ends; without its protective activity, telomeres are no longer hidden from the DNA damage surveillance and chromosome ends are inappropriately processed by DNA repair pathways. (421 aa) |
| | Slurp1 | Secreted Ly-6/uPAR-related protein 1; Has an antitumor activity. Was found to be a marker of late differentiation of the skin. Implicated in maintaining the physiological and structural integrity of the keratinocyte layers of the skin. In vitro down-regulates keratinocyte proliferation; the function may involve the proposed role as modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) activity. In vitro inhibits alpha-7- dependent nAChR currents in an allosteric manner (By similarity). In T cells may be involved in regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) signaling. Seems to have a immunom [...] (110 aa) |
| | Adam9 | Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 9; Cleaves and releases a number of molecules with important roles in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis, such as TEK, KDR, EPHB4, CD40, VCAM1 and CDH5. May mediate cell-cell, cell-matrix interactions and regulate the motility of cells via interactions with integrins. (863 aa) |
| | Cyld | Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase CYLD; Deubiquitinase that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'- and linear 'Met-1'-linked polyubiquitin chains and is involved in NF-kappa-B activation and TNF-alpha-induced necroptosis. Plays an important role in the regulation of pathways leading to NF-kappa-B activation. Contributes to the regulation of cell survival, proliferation and differentiation via its effects on NF-kappa-B activation. Negative regulator of Wnt signaling. Inhibits HDAC6 and thereby promotes acetylation of alpha-tubulin and stabilization of microtubules. Plays a role in the regul [...] (955 aa) |
| | Casp3 | Caspase-3 subunit p12; Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. At the onset of apoptosis it proteolytically cleaves poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) at a '216-Asp-|-Gly-217' bond. Cleaves and activates sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) between the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper domain and the membrane attachment domain. Cleaves and activates caspase-6, -7 and -9. Triggers cell adhesion in sympathetic neurons through RET cleavage (By similarity). Cleaves IL-1 beta between an Asp and an Ala, releasing the mature cytok [...] (277 aa) |
| | Gab1 | GRB2-associated-binding protein 1; Adapter protein that plays a role in intracellular signaling cascades triggered by activated receptor-type kinases. Plays a role in FGFR1 signaling. Probably involved in signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the insulin receptor (INSR). Involved in the MET/HGF-signaling pathway. (725 aa) |
| | Esr2 | Estrogen receptor beta; Nuclear hormone receptor. Binds estrogens with an affinity similar to that of ESR1 (ER-alpha), and activates expression of reporter genes containing estrogen response elements (ERE) in an estrogen-dependent manner. May play a role in ovarian follicular growth and maturation; Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR3 subfamily. (567 aa) |
| | Rassf9 | Ras association domain-containing protein 9; May play a role in regulating vesicuar trafficking in cells. (435 aa) |
| | Ctsl | Cathepsin L1 heavy chain; Thiol protease important for the overall degradation of proteins in lysosomes (Probable). Involved in the solubilization of cross-linked TG/thyroglobulin and in the subsequent release of thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) by limited proteolysis of TG/thyroglobulin in the thyroid follicle lumen. Belongs to the peptidase C1 family. (334 aa) |
| | Dsc3 | Desmocollin-3; Component of intercellular desmosome junctions. Involved in the interaction of plaque proteins and intermediate filaments mediating cell-cell adhesion. May contribute to epidermal cell positioning (stratification) by mediating differential adhesiveness between cells that express different isoforms. (896 aa) |
| | Eppk1 | Epiplakin; Cytoskeletal linker protein that connects to intermediate filaments and controls their reorganization in response to stress. In response to mechanical stress like wound healing, is associated with the machinery for cellular motility by slowing down keratinocyte migration and proliferation and accelerating keratin bundling in proliferating keratinocytes thus contributing to tissue architecture. However in wound healing in corneal epithelium also positively regulates cell differentiation and proliferation and negatively regulates migration thereby controlling corneal epitheliu [...] (3458 aa) |
| | Cdkn1a | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1; May be involved in p53/TP53 mediated inhibition of cellular proliferation in response to DNA damage. Binds to and inhibits cyclin- dependent kinase activity, preventing phosphorylation of critical cyclin-dependent kinase substrates and blocking cell cycle progression. Functions in the nuclear localization and assembly of cyclin D-CDK4 complex and promotes its kinase activity towards RB1. At higher stoichiometric ratios, inhibits the kinase activity of the cyclin D- CDK4 complex. Inhibits DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase delta by competing with POLD3 [...] (159 aa) |
| | Pggt1b | Geranylgeranyl transferase type-1 subunit beta; Catalyzes the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl moiety from geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate to a cysteine at the fourth position from the C-terminus of proteins having the C-terminal sequence Cys- aliphatic-aliphatic-X. Known substrates include RAC1, RAC2, RAP1A and RAP1B (By similarity); Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit beta family. (377 aa) |
