STRINGSTRING
Npepps Npepps Apoe Apoe Atg7 Atg7 Lck Lck Ctsd Ctsd Rps6kb1 Rps6kb1 Srsf6 Srsf6 Syk Syk Dyrk1a Dyrk1a Cbx5 Cbx5 Sirt1 Sirt1 Klc2 Klc2 Pik3c3 Pik3c3 Gsk3b Gsk3b Snca Snca Dlg4 Dlg4 Jun Jun Ngf Ngf H3f3b H3f3b Fus Fus Sqstm1 Sqstm1 Mtor Mtor Selenos Selenos Psen1 Psen1 Mapt Mapt Fyn Fyn Tia1 Tia1 Map1a Map1a Hsp90aa1 Hsp90aa1 Src Src Sumo1 Sumo1 Klc1 Klc1 Tardbp Tardbp Syn1 Syn1 Plcg2 Plcg2 H3c8 H3c8 Phf6 Phf6 Abl1 Abl1 H3c7 H3c7 Gria2 Gria2 Phf1 Phf1 Dnajc5 Dnajc5 Syp Syp Capn2 Capn2 Cast Cast Grin2b Grin2b Creb1 Creb1 Bdnf Bdnf Pik3r1 Pik3r1 Xbp1 Xbp1 Ins1 Ins1 Ttbk1 Ttbk1 Sncb Sncb Stub1 Stub1 Klc3 Klc3 Opa1 Opa1 Anxa2 Anxa2 Apoa1 Apoa1 Hdac6 Hdac6 Vasp Vasp Casp2 Casp2 Cdk5 Cdk5 Fgr Fgr Casp6 Casp6 Il1b Il1b F2 F2 Grin1 Grin1 Hspa5 Hspa5 Atf6 Atf6 Il6 Il6 Oga Oga Capn1 Capn1 Bin1 Bin1 Sil1 Sil1 Eif2ak2 Eif2ak2 Spast Spast Hsp90ab1 Hsp90ab1 Zfp263 Zfp263 Grb2 Grb2 Wwc1 Wwc1 Ctss Ctss Htra1 Htra1 Ctsb Ctsb Trim28 Trim28 App App Mapk14 Mapk14 Traf6 Traf6 Klc4 Klc4 Ppp5c Ppp5c Akt1 Akt1 Dnm1l Dnm1l Ctsl Ctsl Cx3cr1 Cx3cr1 Casp3 Casp3 Ins2 Ins2 Pol Pol Tomm20 Tomm20 Hspa1b Hspa1b
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NpeppsPuromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase; Aminopeptidase with broad substrate specificity for several peptides. Involved in proteolytic events essential for cell growth and viability. May act as regulator of neuropeptide activity. Plays a role in the antigen-processing pathway for MHC class I molecules. Involved in the N-terminal trimming of cytotoxic T-cell epitope precursors. Digests the poly-Q peptides found in many cellular proteins. (920 aa)
ApoeApolipoprotein E; APOE is an apolipoprotein, a protein associating with lipid particles, that mainly functions in lipoprotein-mediated lipid transport between organs via the plasma and interstitial fluids. APOE is a core component of plasma lipoproteins and is involved in their production, conversion and clearance. Apoliproteins are amphipathic molecules that interact both with lipids of the lipoprotein particle core and the aqueous environment of the plasma. As such, APOE associates with chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate density [...] (311 aa)
Atg7Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7; E1-like activating enzyme involved in the 2 ubiquitin-like systems required for cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) and autophagy. Activates ATG12 for its conjugation with ATG5 as well as the ATG8 family proteins for their conjugation with phosphatidylethanolamine. Both systems are needed for the ATG8 association to Cvt vesicles and autophagosomes membranes. Required for autophagic death induced by caspase-8 inhibition. Required for mitophagy which contributes to regulate mitochondrial quantity and quality by eliminating the mitochondria [...] (741 aa)
LckProto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase LCK; Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays an essential role in the selection and maturation of developing T-cells in the thymus and in the function of mature T-cells. Plays a key role in T- cell antigen receptor (TCR)-linked signal transduction pathways. Constitutively associated with the cytoplasmic portions of the CD4 and CD8 surface receptors. Association of the TCR with a peptide antigen- bound MHC complex facilitates the interaction of CD4 and CD8 with MHC class II and class I molecules, respectively, thereby recruiting the associa [...] (520 aa)
CtsdCathepsin D; Acid protease active in intracellular protein breakdown. Plays a role in APP processing following cleavage and activation by ADAM30 which leads to APP degradation; Belongs to the peptidase A1 family. (410 aa)
Rps6kb1Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1; Serine/threonine-protein kinase that acts downstream of mTOR signaling in response to growth factors and nutrients to promote cell proliferation, cell growth and cell cycle progression. Regulates protein synthesis through phosphorylation of EIF4B, RPS6 and EEF2K, and contributes to cell survival by repressing the pro-apoptotic function of BAD. Under conditions of nutrient depletion, the inactive form associates with the EIF3 translation initiation complex. Upon mitogenic stimulation, phosphorylation by the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTO [...] (525 aa)
Srsf6Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 6; Plays a role in constitutive splicing and modulates the selection of alternative splice sites. Plays a role in the alternative splicing of MAPT/Tau exon 10. Binds to alternative exons of TNC pre- mRNA and promotes the expression of alternatively spliced TNC. Plays a role in wound healing and in the regulation of keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation via its role in alternative splicing (By similarity); Belongs to the splicing factor SR family. (339 aa)
SykTyrosine-protein kinase SYK; Non-receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates signal transduction downstream of a variety of transmembrane receptors including classical immunoreceptors like the B-cell receptor (BCR). Regulates several biological processes including innate and adaptive immunity, cell adhesion, osteoclast maturation, platelet activation and vascular development. Assembles into signaling complexes with activated receptors at the plasma membrane via interaction between its SH2 domains and the receptor tyrosine-phosphorylated ITAM domains. The association with the receptor can a [...] (629 aa)
Dyrk1aDual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A; Dual-specificity kinase which possesses both serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase activities. May play a role in a signaling pathway regulating nuclear functions of cell proliferation. Modulates alternative splicing by phosphorylating the splice factor SRSF6 (By similarity). Exhibits a substrate preference for proline at position P+1 and arginine at position P-3. Has pro-survival function and negatively regulates the apoptotic process. Promotes cell survival upon genotoxic stress through phosphorylation of SIRT1. This in tu [...] (763 aa)
Cbx5Chromobox protein homolog 5; Component of heterochromatin that recognizes and binds histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-9' (H3K9me), leading to epigenetic repression. In contrast, it is excluded from chromatin when 'Tyr-41' of histone H3 is phosphorylated (H3Y41ph). Can interact with lamin-B receptor (LBR). This interaction can contribute to the association of the heterochromatin with the inner nuclear membrane. Involved in the formation of functional kinetochore through interaction with MIS12 complex proteins (By similarity). (191 aa)
Sirt1NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1; NAD-dependent protein deacetylase that links transcriptional regulation directly to intracellular energetics and participates in the coordination of several separated cellular functions such as cell cycle, response to DNA damage, metabolism, apoptosis and autophagy. Can modulate chromatin function through deacetylation of histones and can promote alterations in the methylation of histones and DNA, leading to transcriptional repression (By similarity). Deacetylates a broad range of transcription factors and coregulators, thereby regulating ta [...] (737 aa)
Klc2Kinesin light chain 2; Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport. The light chain may function in coupling of cargo to the heavy chain or in the modulation of its ATPase activity. (619 aa)
Pik3c3Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; Catalytic subunit of the PI3K complex that mediates formation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; different complex forms are believed to play a role in multiple membrane trafficking pathways: PI3KC3-C1 is involved in initiation of autophagosomes and PI3KC3-C2 in maturation of autophagosomes and endocytosis. Involved in regulation of degradative endocytic trafficking and required for the abcission step in cytokinesis, probably in the context of PI3KC3-C2. Involved in the transport of lysosomal enzyme precursors to lysosomes. Requ [...] (887 aa)
Gsk3bGlycogen synthase kinase-3 beta; Constitutively active protein kinase that acts as a negative regulator in the hormonal control of glucose homeostasis, Wnt signaling and regulation of transcription factors and microtubules, by phosphorylating and inactivating glycogen synthase (GYS1 or GYS2), EIF2B, CTNNB1/beta-catenin, APC, AXIN1, DPYSL2/CRMP2, JUN, NFATC1/NFATC, MAPT/TAU and MACF1. Requires primed phosphorylation of the majority of its substrates. In skeletal muscle, contributes to insulin regulation of glycogen synthesis by phosphorylating and inhibiting GYS1 activity and hence glyc [...] (433 aa)
SncaAlpha-synuclein; Neuronal protein that plays several roles in synaptic activity such as regulation of synaptic vesicle trafficking and subsequent neurotransmitter release. Participates as a monomer in synaptic vesicle exocytosis by enhancing vesicle priming, fusion and dilation of exocytotic fusion pores. Mechanistically, acts by increasing local Ca(2+) release from microdomains which is essential for the enhancement of ATP-induced exocytosis. Acts also as a molecular chaperone in its multimeric membrane-bound state, assisting in the folding of synaptic fusion components called SNAREs [...] (140 aa)
Dlg4Disks large homolog 4; Interacts with the cytoplasmic tail of NMDA receptor subunits and shaker-type potassium channels. Required for synaptic plasticity associated with NMDA receptor signaling. Overexpression or depletion of DLG4 changes the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory synapses in hippocampal neurons. May reduce the amplitude of ASIC3 acid-evoked currents by retaining the channel intracellularly. May regulate the intracellular trafficking of ADR1B. Also regulates AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) immobilization at postsynaptic density keeping the channels in an activated stat [...] (724 aa)
JunTranscription factor AP-1; Transcription factor that recognizes and binds to the enhancer heptamer motif 5'-TGA[CG]TCA-3'. Promotes activity of NR5A1 when phosphorylated by HIPK3 leading to increased steroidogenic gene expression upon cAMP signaling pathway stimulation. Involved in activated KRAS-mediated transcriptional activation of USP28 (By similarity). Binds to the USP28 promoter (By similarity). (334 aa)
NgfBeta-nerve growth factor; Nerve growth factor is important for the development and maintenance of the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems. Extracellular ligand for the NTRK1 and NGFR receptors, activates cellular signaling cascades to regulate neuronal proliferation, differentiation and survival. The immature NGF precursor (proNGF) functions as ligand for the heterodimeric receptor formed by SORCS2 and NGFR, and activates cellular signaling cascades that lead to inactivation of RAC1 and/or RAC2, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and neuronal growth cone collapse. In contrast [...] (307 aa)
H3f3bHistone H3.3; Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in [...] (136 aa)
FusRNA-binding protein FUS; DNA/RNA-binding protein that plays a role in various cellular processes such as transcription regulation, RNA splicing, RNA transport, DNA repair and damage response. Binds to nascent pre-mRNAs and acts as a molecular mediator between RNA polymerase II and U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein thereby coupling transcription and splicing. Binds also its own pre-mRNA and autoregulates its expression; this autoregulation mechanism is mediated by non-sense-mediated decay. Plays a role in DNA repair mechanisms by promoting D-loop formation and homologous recombination [...] (518 aa)
Sqstm1Sequestosome-1; Autophagy receptor required for selective macroautophagy (aggrephagy). Functions as a bridge between polyubiquitinated cargo and autophagosomes. Interacts directly with both the cargo to become degraded and an autophagy modifier of the MAP1 LC3 family. Required both for the formation and autophagic degradation of polyubiquitin- containing bodies, called ALIS (aggresome-like induced structures) and links ALIS to the autophagic machinery. Involved in midbody ring degradation (By similarity). May regulate the activation of NFKB1 by TNF-alpha, nerve growth factor (NGF) and [...] (442 aa)
MtorSerine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR; Serine/threonine protein kinase which is a central regulator of cellular metabolism, growth and survival in response to hormones, growth factors, nutrients, energy and stress signals. MTOR directly or indirectly regulates the phosphorylation of at least 800 proteins. Functions as part of 2 structurally and functionally distinct signaling complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2 (mTOR complex 1 and 2). Activated mTORC1 up-regulates protein synthesis by phosphorylating key regulators of mRNA translation and ribosome synthesis (By similarity). This includes phosph [...] (2549 aa)
SelenosSelenoprotein S; Involved in the degradation process of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins. Participates in the transfer of misfolded proteins from the ER to the cytosol, where they are destroyed by the proteasome in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. Probably acts by serving as a linker between DERL1, which mediates the retrotranslocation of misfolded proteins into the cytosol, and the ATPase complex VCP, which mediates the translocation and ubiquitination (By similarity). (190 aa)
Psen1Presenilin-1 CTF subunit; Catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors and APP (amyloid- beta precursor protein). Requires the presence of the other members of the gamma-secretase complex for protease activity (By similarity). Plays a role in Notch and Wnt signaling cascades and regulation of downstream processes via its role in processing key regulatory proteins, and by regulating cytosolic CTNNB1 levels. Stimulates cell-cell adhesion via its interaction with CD [...] (467 aa)
MaptMicrotubule-associated protein. (430 aa)
FynTyrosine-protein kinase Fyn; Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays a role in many biological processes including regulation of cell growth and survival, cell adhesion, integrin-mediated signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, cell motility, immune response and axon guidance. Inactive FYN is phosphorylated on its C-terminal tail within the catalytic domain. Following activation by PKA, the protein subsequently associates with PTK2/FAK1, allowing PTK2/FAK1 phosphorylation, activation and targeting to focal adhesions. Involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and motility through [...] (537 aa)
Tia1Nucleolysin TIA-1; Involved in alternative pre-RNA splicing and regulation of mRNA translation by binding to AU-rich elements (AREs) located in mRNA 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs). Possesses nucleolytic activity against cytotoxic lymphocyte target cells. May be involved in apoptosis (By similarity). (386 aa)
Map1aMicrotubule-associated protein 1A; Structural protein involved in the filamentous cross-bridging between microtubules and other skeletal elements; Belongs to the MAP1 family. (3014 aa)
Hsp90aa1Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha; Molecular chaperone that promotes the maturation, structural maintenance and proper regulation of specific target proteins involved for instance in cell cycle control and signal transduction. Undergoes a functional cycle that is linked to its ATPase activity which is essential for its chaperone activity. This cycle probably induces conformational changes in the client proteins, thereby causing their activation. Interacts dynamically with various co-chaperones that modulate its substrate recognition, ATPase cycle and chaperone function. Engages with a ra [...] (733 aa)
SrcNeuronal proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src; Non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase which is activated following engagement of many different classes of cellular receptors including immune response receptors, integrins and other adhesion receptors, receptor protein tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors as well as cytokine receptors. Participates in signaling pathways that control a diverse spectrum of biological activities including gene transcription, immune response, cell adhesion, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, migration, and transformation. Due to functional redun [...] (541 aa)
Sumo1Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1; Ubiquitin-like protein that can be covalently attached to proteins as a monomer or a lysine-linked polymer. Covalent attachment via an isopeptide bond to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex SAE1-SAE2 and linkage to the E2 enzyme UBE2I, and can be promoted by E3 ligases such as PIAS1-4, RANBP2 or CBX4. This post- translational modification on lysine residues of proteins plays a crucial role in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and signal transduction. Involved for insta [...] (101 aa)
Klc1Kinesin light chain 1; Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport. The light chain may function in coupling of cargo to the heavy chain or in the modulation of its ATPase activity. (616 aa)
TardbpTAR DNA-binding protein 43; RNA-binding protein that is involved in various steps of RNA biogenesis and processing. Preferentially binds, via its two RNA recognition motifs RRM1 and RRM2, to GU-repeats on RNA molecules predominantly localized within long introns and in the 3'UTR of mRNAs. In turn, regulates the splicing of many non-coding and protein-coding RNAs including proteins involved in neuronal survival, as well as mRNAs that encode proteins relevant for neurodegenerative diseases. Plays a role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis by regulating the processing of mitochondria [...] (414 aa)
Syn1Synapsin-1; Neuronal phosphoprotein that coats synaptic vesicles, binds to the cytoskeleton, and is believed to function in the regulation of neurotransmitter release. Regulation of neurotransmitter release. The complex formed with NOS1 and CAPON proteins is necessary for specific nitric-oxide functions at a presynaptic level. (706 aa)
Plcg21-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2; The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes. It is a crucial enzyme in transmembrane signaling (By similarity). (1265 aa)
H3c8Histone H3.1; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (136 aa)
Phf6PHD finger protein 6; Transcriptional regulator that associates with ribosomal RNA promoters and suppresses ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription. (364 aa)
Abl1Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1; Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays a role in many key processes linked to cell growth and survival such as cytoskeleton remodeling in response to extracellular stimuli, cell motility and adhesion, receptor endocytosis, autophagy, DNA damage response and apoptosis. Coordinates actin remodeling through tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins controlling cytoskeleton dynamics like WASF3 (involved in branch formation); ANXA1 (involved in membrane anchoring); DBN1, DBNL, CTTN, RAPH1 and ENAH (involved in signaling); or MAPT and PXN (microtubule-bindin [...] (1142 aa)
H3c7Histone H3.2; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (136 aa)
Gria2Glutamate receptor 2; Receptor for glutamate that functions as ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate induces a conformation change, leading to the opening of the cation channel, and thereby converts the chemical signal to an electrical impulse. The receptor then desensitizes rapidly and enters a transient inactive state, characterized by the presence of [...] (883 aa)
Phf1PHD finger protein 1; Polycomb group (PcG) that specifically binds histone H3 trimethylated at 'Lys-36' (H3K36me3) and recruits the PRC2 complex. Involved in DNA damage response and is recruited at double-strand breaks (DSBs). Acts by binding to H3K36me3, a mark for transcriptional activation, and recruiting the PRC2 complex: it is however unclear whether recruitment of the PRC2 complex to H3K36me3 leads to enhance or inhibit H3K27me3 methylation mediated by the PRC2 complex. According to some reports, PRC2 recruitment by PHF1 promotes H3K27me3 and subsequent gene silencing by inducing [...] (559 aa)
Dnajc5DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 5; Acts as a co-chaperone for the SNARE protein SNAP-25. Involved in the calcium-mediated control of a late stage of exocytosis. Acts as a general chaperone in regulated exocytosis (By similarity). May have an important role in presynaptic function (By similarity). May be involved in calcium- dependent neurotransmitter release at nerve endings (By similarity). (198 aa)
SypSynaptophysin; Possibly involved in structural functions as organizing other membrane components or in targeting the vesicles to the plasma membrane (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity; Belongs to the synaptophysin/synaptobrevin family. (314 aa)
Capn2Calpain-2 catalytic subunit; Calcium-regulated non-lysosomal thiol-protease which catalyzes limited proteolysis of substrates involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and signal transduction. Proteolytically cleaves MYOC at 'Arg-226' (By similarity). Proteolytically cleaves CPEB3 following neuronal stimulation which abolishes CPEB3 translational repressor activity, leading to translation of CPEB3 target mRNAs. (700 aa)
CastCalpastatin; Specific inhibition of calpain (calcium-dependent cysteine protease). Plays a key role in postmortem tenderization of meat and have been proposed to be involved in muscle protein degradation in living tissue; Belongs to the protease inhibitor I27 (calpastatin) family. (754 aa)
Grin2bGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B; Component of NMDA receptor complexes that function as heterotetrameric, ligand-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Channel activation requires binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate to the epsilon subunit, glycine binding to the zeta subunit, plus membrane depolarization to eliminate channel inhibition by Mg(2+). Sensitivity to glutamate and channel kinetics depend on the subunit composition. In concert with DAPK1 at extrasynaptic sites, acts as a central mediator for stroke damage. [...] (1482 aa)
Creb1Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1; Phosphorylation-dependent transcription factor that stimulates transcription upon binding to the DNA cAMP response element (CRE), a sequence present in many viral and cellular promoters. Transcription activation is enhanced by the TORC coactivators which act independently of Ser-133 phosphorylation. Involved in different cellular processes including the synchronization of circadian rhythmicity and the differentiation of adipose cells. Belongs to the bZIP family. (341 aa)
BdnfBrain-derived neurotrophic factor; Important signaling molecule that activates signaling cascades downstream of NTRK2. During development, promotes the survival and differentiation of selected neuronal populations of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Participates in axonal growth, pathfinding and in the modulation of dendritic growth and morphology. Major regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity at adult synapses in many regions of the CNS. The versatility of BDNF is emphasized by its contribution to a range of adaptive neuronal responses including long-term potentia [...] (257 aa)
Pik3r1Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha; Binds to activated (phosphorylated) protein-Tyr kinases, through its SH2 domain, and acts as an adapter, mediating the association of the p110 catalytic unit to the plasma membrane. Necessary for the insulin-stimulated increase in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in insulin-sensitive tissues. Plays an important role in signaling in response to FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, KITLG/SCF, KIT, PDGFRA and PDGFRB. Likewise, plays a role in ITGB2 signaling (By similarity). Modulates the cellular response to ER stress by promoting nucle [...] (724 aa)
Xbp1X-box-binding protein 1, cytoplasmic form; Functions as a transcription factor during endoplasmic reticulum stress by regulating the unfolded protein response (UPR). Required for cardiac myogenesis and hepatogenesis during embryonic development and the development of secretory tissues such as exocrine pancreas and salivary gland. Involved in differentiation of B lymphocytes to plasma cells and production of immunoglobulins. Modulates the cellular response to ER stress in a PIK3R-dependent manner. Binds to the cis-acting X box present in the promoter regions of major histocompatibility [...] (267 aa)
Ins1Insulin-1 A chain; Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver. (108 aa)
Ttbk1Tau-tubulin kinase 1; Serine/threonine kinase which is able to phosphorylate TAU on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues. Induces aggregation of TAU (By similarity); Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (1308 aa)
SncbBeta-synuclein; May be involved in neuronal plasticity. (133 aa)
Stub1STIP1 homology and U box-containing protein 1; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which targets misfolded chaperone substrates towards proteasomal degradation. Collaborates with ATXN3 in the degradation of misfolded chaperone substrates: ATXN3 restricting the length of ubiquitin chain attached to STUB1/CHIP substrates and preventing further chain extension. Ubiquitinates NOS1 in concert with Hsp70 and Hsp40. Modulates the activity of several chaperone complexes, including Hsp70, Hsc70 and Hsp90. Mediates transfer of non-canonical short ubiquitin chains to HSPA8 that have no effect on HSPA8 de [...] (304 aa)
Klc3Kinesin light chain 3; Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport. (508 aa)
Opa1Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, mitochondrial; Dynamin-related GTPase that is essential for normal mitochondrial morphology by regulating the equilibrium between mitochondrial fusion and mitochondrial fission. Coexpression of isoform 1 with shorter alternative products is required for optimal activity in promoting mitochondrial fusion (By similarity). Binds lipid membranes enriched in negatively charged phospholipids, such as cardiolipin, and promotes membrane tubulation. The intrinsic GTPase activity is low, and is strongly increased by interaction with lipid membranes (By similarity). [...] (978 aa)
Anxa2Annexin A2; Calcium-regulated membrane-binding protein whose affinity for calcium is greatly enhanced by anionic phospholipids. It binds two calcium ions with high affinity. May be involved in heat-stress response (By similarity). Inhibits PCSK9-enhanced LDLR degradation, probably reduces PCSK9 protein levels via a translational mechanism but also competes with LDLR for binding with PCSK9. Belongs to the annexin family. (339 aa)
Apoa1Truncated apolipoprotein A-I; Participates in the reverse transport of cholesterol from tissues to the liver for excretion by promoting cholesterol efflux from tissues and by acting as a cofactor for the lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). As part of the SPAP complex, activates spermatozoa motility; Belongs to the apolipoprotein A1/A4/E family. (264 aa)
Hdac6Histone deacetylase 6; Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. In addition to histones, deacetylates other proteins: plays a central role in microtubule-dependent cell motility by mediating deacetylation of tubulin. In addition to its protein deacetylase activity, pla [...] (1149 aa)
VaspVasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein; Ena/VASP proteins are actin-associated proteins involved in a range of processes dependent on cytoskeleton remodeling and cell polarity such as axon guidance, lamellipodial and filopodial dynamics, platelet activation and cell migration. VASP promotes actin filament elongation. It protects the barbed end of growing actin filaments against capping and increases the rate of actin polymerization in the presence of capping protein. VASP stimulates actin filament elongation by promoting the transfer of profilin-bound actin monomers onto the barbed end [...] (375 aa)
Casp2Caspase-2 subunit p12; Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. Might function by either activating some proteins required for cell death or inactivating proteins necessary for cell survival. Associates with PIDD1 and CRADD to form the PIDDosome, a complex that activates CASP2 and triggers apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress (By similarity). (452 aa)
Cdk5Cyclin-dependent-like kinase 5; Proline-directed serine/threonine-protein kinase essential for neuronal cell cycle arrest and differentiation and may be involved in apoptotic cell death in neuronal diseases by triggering abortive cell cycle re-entry. Interacts with D1 and D3-type G1 cyclins. Phosphorylates SRC, NOS3, VIM/vimentin, p35/CDK5R1, MEF2A, SIPA1L1, SH3GLB1, PXN, PAK1, MCAM/MUC18, SEPT5, SYN1, DNM1, AMPH, SYNJ1, CDK16, RAC1, RHOA, CDC42, TONEBP/NFAT5, MAPT/TAU, MAP1B, histone H1, p53/TP53, HDAC1, APEX1, PTK2/FAK1, huntingtin/HTT, ATM, MAP2, NEFH and NEFM. Regulates several neu [...] (292 aa)
FgrTyrosine-protein kinase Fgr; Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that transmits signals from cell surface receptors devoid of kinase activity and contributes to the regulation of immune responses, including neutrophil, monocyte, macrophage and mast cell functions, cytoskeleton remodeling in response to extracellular stimuli, phagocytosis, cell adhesion and migration. Promotes mast cell degranulation, release of inflammatory cytokines and IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Acts downstream of receptors that bind the Fc region of immunoglobulins, such as MS4A2/FCER1B, FCER1G and FCGR2. Acts downs [...] (517 aa)
Casp6Caspase-6 subunit p11; Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. Cleaves poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in vitro, as well as lamins. Overexpression promotes programmed cell death (By similarity). (276 aa)
Il1bInterleukin-1 beta; Potent proinflammatory cytokine. Initially discovered as the major endogenous pyrogen, induces prostaglandin synthesis, neutrophil influx and activation, T-cell activation and cytokine production, B- cell activation and antibody production, and fibroblast proliferation and collagen production. Promotes Th17 differentiation of T-cells. Synergizes with IL12/interleukin-12 to induce IFNG synthesis from T- helper 1 (Th1) cells; Belongs to the IL-1 family. (269 aa)
F2Activation peptide fragment 1; Thrombin, which cleaves bonds after Arg and Lys, converts fibrinogen to fibrin and activates factors V, VII, VIII, XIII, and, in complex with thrombomodulin, protein C. Functions in blood homeostasis, inflammation and wound healing (By similarity). (618 aa)
Grin1Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1; Component of NMDA receptor complexes that function as heterotetrameric, ligand-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Channel activation requires binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate to the epsilon subunit, glycine binding to the zeta subunit, plus membrane depolarization to eliminate channel inhibition by Mg(2+). Sensitivity to glutamate and channel kinetics depend on the subunit composition. (938 aa)
Hspa5Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP; Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone that plays a key role in protein folding and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. Involved in the correct folding of proteins and degradation of misfolded proteins via its interaction with DNAJC10/ERdj5, probably to facilitate the release of DNAJC10/ERdj5 from its substrate. Acts as a key repressor of the ERN1/IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response (UPR) (By similarity). In the unstressed endoplasmic reticulum, recruited by DNAJB9/ERdj4 to the luminal region of ERN1/IRE1, leading to disrupt the dimeriz [...] (655 aa)
Atf6Processed cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha; Transmembrane glycoprotein of the endoplasmic reticulum that functions as a transcription activator and initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR) during endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cleaved upon ER stress, the N-terminal processed cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha translocates to the nucleus where it activates transcription of genes involved in the UPR. Binds DNA on the 5'-CCAC[GA]-3'half of the ER stress response element (ERSE) (5'-CCAAT- N(9)-CCAC[GA]-3') and of ERSE II (5'-ATTGG-N-CCACG-3'). Bi [...] (656 aa)
Il6Interleukin-6; Cytokine with a wide variety of biological functions. It is a potent inducer of the acute phase response. Plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B-cells into Ig-secreting cells Involved in lymphocyte and monocyte differentiation. Acts on B-cells, T-cells, hepatocytes, hematopoietic progenitor cells and cells of the CNS. Required for the generation of T(H)17 cells. Also acts as a myokine. It is discharged into the bloodstream after muscle contraction and acts to increase the breakdown of fats and to improve insulin resistance. It induces myeloma and plasm [...] (211 aa)
OgaProtein O-GlcNAcase; Cleaves GlcNAc but not GalNAc from O-glycosylated proteins. Can use p-nitrophenyl-beta-GlcNAc and 4-methylumbelliferone-GlcNAc as substrates but not p-nitrophenyl-beta-GalNAc or p-nitrophenyl-alpha- GlcNAc (in vitro). Does not bind acetyl-CoA and does not have histone acetyltransferase activity. (916 aa)
Capn1Calpain-1 catalytic subunit; Calcium-regulated non-lysosomal thiol-protease which catalyzes limited proteolysis of substrates involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and signal transduction. (713 aa)
Bin1Myc box-dependent-interacting protein 1; Is a key player in the control of plasma membrane curvature, and membrane shaping and remodeling. Required in muscle cells for the formation of T-tubules, tubular invaginations of the plasma membrane that function in depolarization-contraction coupling. Required in muscle cells for the formation of T-tubules, tubular invaginations of the plasma membrane that function in depolarization-contraction coupling. Is a negative regulator of endocytosis (By similarity). Is also involved in the regulation of intracellular vesicles sorting, modulation of B [...] (588 aa)
Sil1Nucleotide exchange factor SIL1; Required for protein translocation and folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Functions as a nucleotide exchange factor for the ER lumenal chaperone HSPA5 (By similarity). (465 aa)
Eif2ak2Interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase; IFN-induced dsRNA-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase which plays a key role in the innate immune response to viral infection and is also involved in the regulation of signal transduction, apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation. Exerts its antiviral activity on a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses including west nile virus (WNV), sindbis virus (SV), foot-and-mouth virus (FMDV), semliki Forest virus (SFV) and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Inhibits viral replication via phosphorylation of the a [...] (515 aa)
SpastSpastin; ATP-dependent microtubule severing protein that specifically recognizes and cuts microtubules that are polyglutamylated. Preferentially recognizes and acts on microtubules decorated with short polyglutamate tails: severing activity increases as the number of glutamates per tubulin rises from one to eight, but decreases beyond this glutamylation threshold (By similarity). Severing activity is not dependent on tubulin acetylation or detyrosination (By similarity). Microtubule severing promotes reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays and the release of microtubules from the [...] (614 aa)
Hsp90ab1Heat shock protein HSP 90-beta; Molecular chaperone that promotes the maturation, structural maintenance and proper regulation of specific target proteins involved for instance in cell cycle control and signal transduction. Undergoes a functional cycle that is linked to its ATPase activity. This cycle probably induces conformational changes in the client proteins, thereby causing their activation. Interacts dynamically with various co- chaperones that modulate its substrate recognition, ATPase cycle and chaperone function. Engages with a range of client protein classes via its interact [...] (724 aa)
Zfp263Zinc finger protein 263. (680 aa)
Grb2Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; Adapter protein that provides a critical link between cell surface growth factor receptors and the Ras signaling pathway; Belongs to the GRB2/sem-5/DRK family. (217 aa)
Wwc1Protein KIBRA; Probable regulator of the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo) signaling pathway, a signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. Along with NF2 can synergistically induce the phosphorylation of LATS1 and LATS2 and can probably function in the regulation of the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo) signaling pathway. Acts as a transcriptional coactivator of ESR1 which plays an essential role in DYNLL1-mediated ESR1 transactivation. Regulates collagen-stimulated activation of the ERK/MAPK cascade. Modulates directional migrati [...] (1104 aa)
CtssCathepsin S; Thiol protease. Key protease responsible for the removal of the invariant chain from MHC class II molecules. The bond-specificity of this proteinase is in part similar to the specificities of cathepsin L; Belongs to the peptidase C1 family. (341 aa)
Htra1Serine protease HTRA1; Serine protease with a variety of targets, including extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin. HTRA1-generated fibronectin fragments further induce synovial cells to up-regulate MMP1 and MMP3 production. May also degrade proteoglycans, such as aggrecan, decorin and fibromodulin. Through cleavage of proteoglycans, may release soluble FGF-glycosaminoglycan complexes that promote the range and intensity of FGF signals in the extracellular space. Regulates the availability of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) by cleaving IGF- binding proteins. Inhibits sign [...] (480 aa)
CtsbCathepsin B heavy chain; Thiol protease which is believed to participate in intracellular degradation and turnover of proteins (By similarity). Cleaves matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein MEPE (By similarity). Involved in the solubilization of cross-linked TG/thyroglobulin in the thyroid follicle lumen. Has also been implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis (By similarity). Belongs to the peptidase C1 family. (339 aa)
Trim28Transcription intermediary factor 1-beta; Nuclear corepressor for KRAB domain-containing zinc finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs). Mediates gene silencing by recruiting CHD3, a subunit of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylation (NuRD) complex, and SETDB1 (which specifically methylates histone H3 at 'Lys-9' (H3K9me)) to the promoter regions of KRAB target genes. Enhances transcriptional repression by coordinating the increase in H3K9me, the decrease in histone H3 'Lys-9 and 'Lys-14' acetylation (H3K9ac and H3K14ac, respectively) and the disposition of HP1 proteins to silence gene expression [...] (834 aa)
AppGamma-secretase C-terminal fragment 50; Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Interaction between APP molecules on neighboring cells promotes synaptogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibit Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(O) and JIP. Inhibits G [...] (695 aa)
Mapk14Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK14 is one of the four p38 MAPKs which play an important role in the cascades of cellular responses evoked by extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines or physical stress leading to direct activation of transcription factors. Accordingly, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate a broad range of proteins and it has been estimated that they may have approximately 200 to 300 substrates each. Some of the targets are downstream kinases which are a [...] (360 aa)
Traf6TNF receptor-associated factor 6; E3 ubiquitin ligase that, together with UBE2N and UBE2V1, mediates the synthesis of 'Lys-63'-linked-polyubiquitin chains conjugated to proteins, such as IKBKG, IRAK1, AKT1 and AKT2. Also mediates ubiquitination of free/unanchored polyubiquitin chain that leads to MAP3K7 activation (By similarity). Leads to the activation of NF-kappa-B and JUN. May be essential for the formation of functional osteoclasts. Seems to also play a role in dendritic cells (DCs) maturation and/or activation. Represses c-Myb-mediated transactivation, in B-lymphocytes. Adapter p [...] (530 aa)
Klc4Kinesin light chain 4; Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport. The light chain may function in coupling of cargo to the heavy chain or in the modulation of its ATPase activity (By similarity). (619 aa)
Ppp5cSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 5; Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates a myriad of proteins involved in different signaling pathways including the kinases CSNK1E, ASK1/MAP3K5, PRKDC and RAF1, the nuclear receptors NR3C1, PPARG, ESR1 and ESR2, SMAD proteins and TAU/MAPT. Implicated in wide ranging cellular processes, including apoptosis, differentiation, DNA damage response, cell survival, regulation of ion channels or circadian rhythms, in response to steroid and thyroid hormones, calcium, fatty acids, TGF-beta as well as oxidative and genotoxic stresses. Pa [...] (499 aa)
Akt1RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase; AKT1 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) called the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported. AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the [...] (480 aa)
Dnm1lDynamin-1-like protein; Functions in mitochondrial and peroxisomal division. Mediates membrane fission through oligomerization into membrane-associated tubular structures that wrap around the scission site to constrict and sever the mitochondrial membrane through a GTP hydrolysis-dependent mechanism. The specific recruitment at scission sites is mediated by membrane receptors like MFF, MIEF1 and MIEF2 for mitochondrial membranes. While the recruitment by the membrane receptors is GTP- dependent, the following hydrolysis of GTP induces the dissociation from the receptors and allows DNM1 [...] (716 aa)
CtslCathepsin L1 heavy chain; Thiol protease important for the overall degradation of proteins in lysosomes (Probable). Involved in the solubilization of cross-linked TG/thyroglobulin and in the subsequent release of thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) by limited proteolysis of TG/thyroglobulin in the thyroid follicle lumen. Belongs to the peptidase C1 family. (334 aa)
Cx3cr1CX3C chemokine receptor 1; Receptor for the CX3C chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1); binds to CX3CL1 and mediates both its adhesive and migratory functions. (354 aa)
Casp3Caspase-3 subunit p12; Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. At the onset of apoptosis it proteolytically cleaves poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) at a '216-Asp-|-Gly-217' bond. Cleaves and activates sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) between the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper domain and the membrane attachment domain. Cleaves and activates caspase-6, -7 and -9. Triggers cell adhesion in sympathetic neurons through RET cleavage (By similarity). Cleaves IL-1 beta between an Asp and an Ala, releasing the mature cytok [...] (277 aa)
Ins2Insulin-2 A chain; Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver. (110 aa)
PolLINE-1 retrotransposable element ORF2 protein; Has a reverse transcriptase activity required for target- primed reverse transcription of the LINE-1 element mRNA, a crucial step in LINE-1 retrotransposition. Has also an endonuclease activity that allows the introduction of nicks in the chromosomal target DNA. Cleaves DNA in AT-rich regions between a 5' stretch of purines and a 3' stretch of pyrimidines, corresponding to sites of LINE-1 integration in the genome. (500 aa)
Tomm20Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 homolog; Central component of the receptor complex responsible for the recognition and translocation of cytosolically synthesized mitochondrial preproteins. Together with TOM22 functions as the transit peptide receptor at the surface of the mitochondrion outer membrane and facilitates the movement of preproteins into the TOM40 translocation pore (By similarity). Required for the translocation across the mitochondrial outer membrane of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. (145 aa)
Hspa1bHeat shock 70 kDa protein 1B; Molecular chaperone implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including protection of the proteome from stress, folding and transport of newly synthesized polypeptides, activation of proteolysis of misfolded proteins and the formation and dissociation of protein complexes. Plays a pivotal role in the protein quality control system, ensuring the correct folding of proteins, the re-folding of misfolded proteins and controlling the targeting of proteins for subsequent degradation. This is achieved through cycles of ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis and AD [...] (642 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Mus musculus
NCBI taxonomy Id: 10090
Other names: LK3 transgenic mice, M. musculus, Mus sp. 129SV, house mouse, mouse, nude mice, transgenic mice
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