Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial; This is one of the enzymes that catalyzes the last step of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway, an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Using free coenzyme A/CoA, catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of medium- to long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbon atoms. The activity of the enzyme is reversible and it can also catalyze the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules into acetoacetyl-CoA. Thereby, it plays a major role in ketone body metabolism. Belongs to the thiolase-l [...]

D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial.

Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial; This is one of the enzymes that catalyzes the last step of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway, an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Using free coenzyme A/CoA, catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of medium- to long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbon atoms. The activity of the enzyme is reversible and it can also catalyze the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules into acetoacetyl-CoA. Thereby, it plays a major role in ketone body metabolism. Belongs to the thiolase-l [...]

Citrate synthase, mitochondrial; Belongs to the citrate synthase family.

Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial; This is one of the enzymes that catalyzes the last step of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway, an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Using free coenzyme A/CoA, catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of medium- to long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbon atoms. The activity of the enzyme is reversible and it can also catalyze the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules into acetoacetyl-CoA. Thereby, it plays a major role in ketone body metabolism. Belongs to the thiolase-l [...]

Citrate synthase; Belongs to the citrate synthase family.

Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial; This is one of the enzymes that catalyzes the last step of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway, an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Using free coenzyme A/CoA, catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of medium- to long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbon atoms. The activity of the enzyme is reversible and it can also catalyze the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules into acetoacetyl-CoA. Thereby, it plays a major role in ketone body metabolism. Belongs to the thiolase-l [...]

Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase, mitochondrial; Mitochondrial 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase that catalyzes a cation-dependent cleavage of (S)-3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA into acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate, a key step in ketogenesis. Terminal step in leucine catabolism. Ketone bodies (beta- hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone) are essential as an alternative source of energy to glucose, as lipid precursors and as regulators of metabolism.

Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial; This is one of the enzymes that catalyzes the last step of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway, an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Using free coenzyme A/CoA, catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of medium- to long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbon atoms. The activity of the enzyme is reversible and it can also catalyze the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules into acetoacetyl-CoA. Thereby, it plays a major role in ketone body metabolism. Belongs to the thiolase-l [...]

Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, mitochondrial; This enzyme condenses acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA, which is the substrate for HMG-CoA reductase.

Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial; This is one of the enzymes that catalyzes the last step of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway, an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Using free coenzyme A/CoA, catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of medium- to long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbon atoms. The activity of the enzyme is reversible and it can also catalyze the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules into acetoacetyl-CoA. Thereby, it plays a major role in ketone body metabolism. Belongs to the thiolase-l [...]

Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase 1, mitochondrial; Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism. Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate. Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate (By similarity).

Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial; This is one of the enzymes that catalyzes the last step of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway, an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Using free coenzyme A/CoA, catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of medium- to long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbon atoms. The activity of the enzyme is reversible and it can also catalyze the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules into acetoacetyl-CoA. Thereby, it plays a major role in ketone body metabolism. Belongs to the thiolase-l [...]

Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase 2A, mitochondrial; Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism. Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate. Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate (By similarity). Probably play and important roles in the energy metabolism of spermatozoa.

D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial.

Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial; This is one of the enzymes that catalyzes the last step of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway, an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Using free coenzyme A/CoA, catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of medium- to long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbon atoms. The activity of the enzyme is reversible and it can also catalyze the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules into acetoacetyl-CoA. Thereby, it plays a major role in ketone body metabolism. Belongs to the thiolase-l [...]

D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial.

Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase, mitochondrial; Mitochondrial 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase that catalyzes a cation-dependent cleavage of (S)-3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA into acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate, a key step in ketogenesis. Terminal step in leucine catabolism. Ketone bodies (beta- hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone) are essential as an alternative source of energy to glucose, as lipid precursors and as regulators of metabolism.

D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial.

Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, mitochondrial; This enzyme condenses acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA, which is the substrate for HMG-CoA reductase.

D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial.

Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase 1, mitochondrial; Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism. Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate. Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate (By similarity).

D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial.

Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase 2A, mitochondrial; Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism. Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate. Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate (By similarity). Probably play and important roles in the energy metabolism of spermatozoa.

D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial.

Monocarboxylate transporter 1; Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine, valine and isoleucine, and the ketone bodies acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetate. Depending on the tissue and on cicumstances, mediates the import or export of lactic acid and ketone bodies. Required for normal nutrient assimilation, increase of white adipose tissue and body weight gain when on a high-fat diet. Plays a role in cellular responses to [...]

C-C motif chemokine 2; Acts as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR2 (By similarity). Signals through binding and activation of CCR2 and induces a strong chemotactic response and mobilization of intracellular calcium ions (By similarity). Exhibits a chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils (By similarity). Plays an important role in mediating peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. Increases NMDA-mediated synaptic transmission in both dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-containing neurons, which may be caused by MAPK/ERK-dependent phospho [...]

C-reactive protein; Displays several functions associated with host defense: it promotes agglutination, bacterial capsular swelling, phagocytosis and complement fixation through its calcium-dependent binding to phosphorylcholine. Can interact with DNA and histones and may scavenge nuclear material released from damaged circulating cells; Belongs to the pentraxin family.

C-C motif chemokine 2; Acts as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR2 (By similarity). Signals through binding and activation of CCR2 and induces a strong chemotactic response and mobilization of intracellular calcium ions (By similarity). Exhibits a chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils (By similarity). Plays an important role in mediating peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. Increases NMDA-mediated synaptic transmission in both dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-containing neurons, which may be caused by MAPK/ERK-dependent phospho [...]

Glicentin-related polypeptide; Glucagon plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (By similarity). GLP-2 stimulates intestinal growth and up-regulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. The gastrointestinal tract, from the stomach to the colon is the principal target for GLP-2 action. Plays a [...]

C-C motif chemokine 2; Acts as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR2 (By similarity). Signals through binding and activation of CCR2 and induces a strong chemotactic response and mobilization of intracellular calcium ions (By similarity). Exhibits a chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils (By similarity). Plays an important role in mediating peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. Increases NMDA-mediated synaptic transmission in both dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-containing neurons, which may be caused by MAPK/ERK-dependent phospho [...]

Heme oxygenase 1; Heme oxygenase cleaves the heme ring at the alpha methene bridge to form biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Under physiological conditions, the activity of heme oxygenase is highest in the spleen, where senescent erythrocytes are sequestrated and destroyed. Exhibits cytoprotective effects since excess of free heme sensitizes cells to undergo apoptosis.

C-C motif chemokine 2; Acts as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR2 (By similarity). Signals through binding and activation of CCR2 and induces a strong chemotactic response and mobilization of intracellular calcium ions (By similarity). Exhibits a chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils (By similarity). Plays an important role in mediating peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. Increases NMDA-mediated synaptic transmission in both dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-containing neurons, which may be caused by MAPK/ERK-dependent phospho [...]

Interferon gamma; Produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens or mitogens. IFN-gamma, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions. It is a potent activator of macrophages, it has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I interferons.

C-C motif chemokine 2; Acts as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR2 (By similarity). Signals through binding and activation of CCR2 and induces a strong chemotactic response and mobilization of intracellular calcium ions (By similarity). Exhibits a chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils (By similarity). Plays an important role in mediating peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. Increases NMDA-mediated synaptic transmission in both dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-containing neurons, which may be caused by MAPK/ERK-dependent phospho [...]

Interleukin-1 beta; Potent proinflammatory cytokine. Initially discovered as the major endogenous pyrogen, induces prostaglandin synthesis, neutrophil influx and activation, T-cell activation and cytokine production, B- cell activation and antibody production, and fibroblast proliferation and collagen production. Promotes Th17 differentiation of T-cells. Synergizes with IL12/interleukin-12 to induce IFNG synthesis from T- helper 1 (Th1) cells; Belongs to the IL-1 family.

C-C motif chemokine 2; Acts as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR2 (By similarity). Signals through binding and activation of CCR2 and induces a strong chemotactic response and mobilization of intracellular calcium ions (By similarity). Exhibits a chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils (By similarity). Plays an important role in mediating peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. Increases NMDA-mediated synaptic transmission in both dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-containing neurons, which may be caused by MAPK/ERK-dependent phospho [...]

Interleukin-6; Cytokine with a wide variety of biological functions. It is a potent inducer of the acute phase response. Plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B-cells into Ig-secreting cells Involved in lymphocyte and monocyte differentiation. Acts on B-cells, T-cells, hepatocytes, hematopoietic progenitor cells and cells of the CNS. Required for the generation of T(H)17 cells. Also acts as a myokine. It is discharged into the bloodstream after muscle contraction and acts to increase the breakdown of fats and to improve insulin resistance. It induces myeloma and plasm [...]

C-C motif chemokine 2; Acts as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR2 (By similarity). Signals through binding and activation of CCR2 and induces a strong chemotactic response and mobilization of intracellular calcium ions (By similarity). Exhibits a chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils (By similarity). Plays an important role in mediating peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. Increases NMDA-mediated synaptic transmission in both dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-containing neurons, which may be caused by MAPK/ERK-dependent phospho [...]

Insulin-1 A chain; Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver.