RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase; AKT1 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) called the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported. AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the [...]

Phosphodiesterase.

RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase; AKT1 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) called the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported. AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the [...]

Phosphodiesterase.

RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase; AKT1 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) called the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported. AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the [...]

Rhodopsin; Photoreceptor required for image-forming vision at low light intensity. Required for photoreceptor cell viability after birth. Light-induced isomerization of 11-cis to all-trans retinal triggers a conformational change that activates signaling via G-proteins. Subsequent receptor phosphorylation mediates displacement of the bound G-protein alpha subunit by the arrestin SAG and terminates signaling.

Arrestin-C; May play a role in an as yet undefined retina-specific signal transduction. Could binds to photoactivated-phosphorylated red/green opsins.

Calbindin; Buffers cytosolic calcium. May stimulate a membrane Ca(2+)- ATPase and a 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.

Arrestin-C; May play a role in an as yet undefined retina-specific signal transduction. Could binds to photoactivated-phosphorylated red/green opsins.

Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel alpha-3; Visual signal transduction is mediated by a G-protein coupled cascade using cGMP as second messenger. This protein can be activated by cyclic GMP which leads to an opening of the cation channel and thereby causing a depolarization of cone photoreceptors. Essential for the generation of light-evoked electrical responses in the red-, green- and blue sensitive cones (By similarity). Induced a flickering channel gating, weakened the outward rectification in the presence of extracellular calcium, increased sensitivity for L-cis diltiazem and e [...]

Arrestin-C; May play a role in an as yet undefined retina-specific signal transduction. Could binds to photoactivated-phosphorylated red/green opsins.

Phosphodiesterase.

Arrestin-C; May play a role in an as yet undefined retina-specific signal transduction. Could binds to photoactivated-phosphorylated red/green opsins.

Melanopsin; Photoreceptor required for regulation of circadian rhythm. Contributes to pupillar reflex and other non-image forming responses to light. May be able to isomerize covalently bound all-trans retinal back to 11-cis retinal.

Arrestin-C; May play a role in an as yet undefined retina-specific signal transduction. Could binds to photoactivated-phosphorylated red/green opsins.

Phosphodiesterase.

Arrestin-C; May play a role in an as yet undefined retina-specific signal transduction. Could binds to photoactivated-phosphorylated red/green opsins.

Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta; This protein participates in processes of transmission and amplification of the visual signal. Necessary for the formation of a functional phosphodiesterase holoenzyme.

Arrestin-C; May play a role in an as yet undefined retina-specific signal transduction. Could binds to photoactivated-phosphorylated red/green opsins.

POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 1; Multifunctional transcription factor with different regions mediating its different effects. Acts by binding (via its C-terminal domain) to sequences related to the consensus octamer motif 5'- ATGCAAAT-3' in the regulatory regions of its target genes. Regulates the expression of specific genes involved in differentiation and survival within a subset of neuronal lineages. It has been shown that activation of some of these genes requires its N-terminal domain, maybe through a neuronal-specific cofactor. Ativates BCL2 expression and protects ne [...]

Arrestin-C; May play a role in an as yet undefined retina-specific signal transduction. Could binds to photoactivated-phosphorylated red/green opsins.

Protein kinase C alpha type; Calcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)- dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in positive and negative regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration and adhesion, cardiac hypertrophy, angiogenesis, platelet function and inflammation, by directly phosphorylating targets such as RAF1, BCL2, CSPG4, TNNT2/CTNT, or activating signaling cascades involving MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) and RAP1GAP. Depending on the cell type, is involved in cell proliferation and cell growth arrest by positive and negative regul [...]

Arrestin-C; May play a role in an as yet undefined retina-specific signal transduction. Could binds to photoactivated-phosphorylated red/green opsins.

Rhodopsin; Photoreceptor required for image-forming vision at low light intensity. Required for photoreceptor cell viability after birth. Light-induced isomerization of 11-cis to all-trans retinal triggers a conformational change that activates signaling via G-proteins. Subsequent receptor phosphorylation mediates displacement of the bound G-protein alpha subunit by the arrestin SAG and terminates signaling.

Calbindin; Buffers cytosolic calcium. May stimulate a membrane Ca(2+)- ATPase and a 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.

Arrestin-C; May play a role in an as yet undefined retina-specific signal transduction. Could binds to photoactivated-phosphorylated red/green opsins.

Calbindin; Buffers cytosolic calcium. May stimulate a membrane Ca(2+)- ATPase and a 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.

Melanopsin; Photoreceptor required for regulation of circadian rhythm. Contributes to pupillar reflex and other non-image forming responses to light. May be able to isomerize covalently bound all-trans retinal back to 11-cis retinal.

Calbindin; Buffers cytosolic calcium. May stimulate a membrane Ca(2+)- ATPase and a 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.

Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta; This protein participates in processes of transmission and amplification of the visual signal. Necessary for the formation of a functional phosphodiesterase holoenzyme.

Calbindin; Buffers cytosolic calcium. May stimulate a membrane Ca(2+)- ATPase and a 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.

POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 1; Multifunctional transcription factor with different regions mediating its different effects. Acts by binding (via its C-terminal domain) to sequences related to the consensus octamer motif 5'- ATGCAAAT-3' in the regulatory regions of its target genes. Regulates the expression of specific genes involved in differentiation and survival within a subset of neuronal lineages. It has been shown that activation of some of these genes requires its N-terminal domain, maybe through a neuronal-specific cofactor. Ativates BCL2 expression and protects ne [...]

Calbindin; Buffers cytosolic calcium. May stimulate a membrane Ca(2+)- ATPase and a 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.

Protein kinase C alpha type; Calcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)- dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in positive and negative regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration and adhesion, cardiac hypertrophy, angiogenesis, platelet function and inflammation, by directly phosphorylating targets such as RAF1, BCL2, CSPG4, TNNT2/CTNT, or activating signaling cascades involving MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) and RAP1GAP. Depending on the cell type, is involved in cell proliferation and cell growth arrest by positive and negative regul [...]

Calbindin; Buffers cytosolic calcium. May stimulate a membrane Ca(2+)- ATPase and a 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.

Rhodopsin; Photoreceptor required for image-forming vision at low light intensity. Required for photoreceptor cell viability after birth. Light-induced isomerization of 11-cis to all-trans retinal triggers a conformational change that activates signaling via G-proteins. Subsequent receptor phosphorylation mediates displacement of the bound G-protein alpha subunit by the arrestin SAG and terminates signaling.

Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel alpha-3; Visual signal transduction is mediated by a G-protein coupled cascade using cGMP as second messenger. This protein can be activated by cyclic GMP which leads to an opening of the cation channel and thereby causing a depolarization of cone photoreceptors. Essential for the generation of light-evoked electrical responses in the red-, green- and blue sensitive cones (By similarity). Induced a flickering channel gating, weakened the outward rectification in the presence of extracellular calcium, increased sensitivity for L-cis diltiazem and e [...]

Arrestin-C; May play a role in an as yet undefined retina-specific signal transduction. Could binds to photoactivated-phosphorylated red/green opsins.

Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel alpha-3; Visual signal transduction is mediated by a G-protein coupled cascade using cGMP as second messenger. This protein can be activated by cyclic GMP which leads to an opening of the cation channel and thereby causing a depolarization of cone photoreceptors. Essential for the generation of light-evoked electrical responses in the red-, green- and blue sensitive cones (By similarity). Induced a flickering channel gating, weakened the outward rectification in the presence of extracellular calcium, increased sensitivity for L-cis diltiazem and e [...]

Phosphodiesterase.