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| | coxA | Spore cortex protein; Evidence 2a: Function of homologous gene experimentally demonstrated in an other organism; Product type f: factor. (198 aa) |
| | bofA | Inhibitor of the pro-sigma(K) processing machinery; Involved in the mediation of the intercompartmental coupling of pro-sigma K processing to events in the forespore. Inhibits SpoIVFB- processing activity until a signal has been received from the forespore. Could inhibit SpoIVFB metalloprotease activity by coordinating a zinc in the SpoIVFB active site, preventing access of a water molecule and the sequence of pro-sigma K, which are necessary for peptide bond hydrolysis to produce sigma-K. (87 aa) |
| | csfB | Forespore-specific anti-sigma factor; An anti-sigma-G factor, prevents premature activation of sigma-G factor in the forespore; overexpression leads to 1000-fold reduction in spore formation, spore formation stops after engulfment. Overexpression also inhibits sigma- G transcription activation activity. When both Gin and sigma-G are expressed in E.coli Gin inhibits sigma-G, strongly suggesting Gin inhibits by direct physical interaction. (64 aa) |
| | yaaT | Conserved hypothetical protein; Essential for the phosphorelay during initiation of sporulation. May control the level of phosphorylated spo0A through spo0E activity during sporulation. (275 aa) |
| | abrB | Transcriptional regulator for transition state genes; Ambiactive repressor and activator of the transcription of genes expressed during the transition state between vegetative growth and the onset of stationary phase and sporulation. It controls the expression of genes spovG and tycA. AbrB binds to the tycA promoter region at two A- and T-rich sites, it may be the sole repressor of tycA transcription; To B.subtilis Abh and SpoVT. (96 aa) |
| | yabG | Sporulation-specific protease; Cleaves the spore coat proteins SpoIVA and SafA. May cooperate with tgl to mediate the temperature-dependent cross-linking of coat proteins like GerQ. (290 aa) |
| | veg | Conserved hypothetical protein; Stimulates biofilm formation via transcriptional activation of extracellular matrix genes. Acts by repressing SinR activity, independently of the SinI, SlrA and SlrR pathways. Could also be involved in the regulation of other genes during biofilm and spore formation. (86 aa) |
| | sspF | Small acid-soluble spore protein (alpha/beta-type SASP); May play some important role in either sporulation or the dormant spore. (61 aa) |
| | spoVG | Regulator required for spore cortex synthesis (stage V sporulation); Essential for sporulation. Interferes with or is a negative regulator of the pathway leading to asymmetric septation. Belongs to the SpoVG family. (97 aa) |
| | pth | peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase; The natural substrate for this enzyme may be peptidyl-tRNAs which drop off the ribosome during protein synthesis. Belongs to the PTH family. (188 aa) |
| | fin | Protein required for the switch from F to G during sporulation (anti sigma F); An anti-sigma factor for sporulation specific sigma-F factor, by antagonizing sigma-F it allows the switch to sigma-G factor and progression to the late sporulation development stages. Might stabilize or process Holliday junction intermediates, although this may be due to polar effects on the downstream mfd gene. (76 aa) |
| | spoVT | Transcriptional regulator; Transcriptional factor that regulates positively or negatively the expression of a large number of forespore-specific sigma G-dependent genes. May provide a mechanism of feedback control that is important for forespore development. SpoVT levels during spore formation have a major impact on the germination and the resistance of the resultant spores. To B.subtilis AbrB and Abh. (178 aa) |
| | yabP | Spore protein involved in the shaping of the spore coat; Required for sporulation. (100 aa) |
| | yabQ | Membrane protein of the forespore; Required for sporulation. Plays an important role in cortex and coat formation. (211 aa) |
| | spoIIE | SpoIIAA-phosphate serine phosphatase; Normally needed for pro-sigma E processing during sporulation but can be bypassed in vegetative cells. Activates SpoIIAA by dephosphorylation. (827 aa) |
| | sigH | RNA polymerase sigma-30 factor (sigma(H)); Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is involved in the transition to post- exponential phase in the beginning of sporulation. It is also required for transcription of several stationary phase genes. (218 aa) |
| | kbaA | Inner membrane protein involved in activation of the KinB signaling pathway to sporulation; Involved in the activation of the KinB signaling pathway of sporulation. (198 aa) |
| | ybaN | Polysaccharide deacetylase involved in sporulation; Necessary to maintain spores after the late stage of sporulation. Might be involved in cortex formation. (254 aa) |
| | csgA | Sporulation-specific SASP protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (82 aa) |
| | cwlJ | Cell wall hydrolase; Probable spore cortex-lytic enzyme involved in the depolymerization of cortex peptidoglycan during germination. (142 aa) |
| | nadE | Ammonium-dependent NAD+ synthetase; Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amidation of deamido-NAD to form NAD. Uses ammonia as a nitrogen source. (272 aa) |
| | srfAA | Surfactin synthetase; This protein is a multifunctional enzyme able to activate and polymerize the amino acids Leu, Glu, Asp and Val. Activation sites for these AA consist of individual domains. (3587 aa) |
| | srfAB | Surfactin synthetase; This protein is a multifunctional enzyme able to activate and polymerize the amino acids Leu, Glu, Asp and Val. Activation sites for these AA consist of individual domains. (3583 aa) |
| | srfAC | Surfactin synthetase; Probably activates a leucine. (1275 aa) |
| | srfAD | Surfactin synthetase; Probable thioesterase involved in the biosynthesis of surfactin; Belongs to the thioesterase family. (242 aa) |
| | glcU | Glucose uptake protein; Involved in the uptake of glucose. (287 aa) |
| | gdh | Glucose 1-dehydrogenase; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type e: enzyme; Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. (261 aa) |
| | kipI | Putative inhibitor of the autophosphorylation reaction of KinA; Catalyzes the cleavage of 5-oxoproline to form L-glutamate coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate. In addition, is a potent inhibitor of the autophosphorylation reaction of kinase A (kinA) and its reverse reaction, but does not inhibit phosphate transfer to the Spo0F response regulator once kinase A is phosphorylated. Is an inhibitor of the catalytic domain of kinase A affecting the ATP/ADP reactions and not the phosphotransferase functions of this domain. The inhibition is non- competitive with re [...] (240 aa) |
| | kipA | Putative hydrolase subunit antagonist of KipI; Catalyzes the cleavage of 5-oxoproline to form L-glutamate coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate. In addition, counteracts the inhibitory action of PxpB (KipI) on sporulation, by binding to PxpB and preventing its function as an inhibitor of kinase A. (335 aa) |
| | lipC | Spore coat phospholipase B; Lipase involved in spore germination. Belongs to the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family. (213 aa) |
| | ydcC | Putative lipoprotein; required for efficient sporulation. (338 aa) |
| | cotP | Spore coat protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor. (143 aa) |
| | ydhD | Spore cortex lytic enzyme; Evidence 2a: Function of homologous gene experimentally demonstrated in an other organism; Product type cp: cell process; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. Chitinase class II subfamily. (420 aa) |
| | cotA | Outer spore coat copper-dependent laccase; Involved in brown pigmentation during sporogenesis. (513 aa) |
| | yeeK | Spore associated protein; Part of the spore coat. (145 aa) |
| | pdaA | Exported N-acetylmuramic acid deacetylase; Catalyzes the deacetylation of N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) residues in glycan strands of peptidoglycan, leading to the formation of muramic delta-lactam residues in spore cortex, after transpeptidation of deacetylated muramic acid residues. PdaA probably carries out both deacetylation and lactam ring formation and requires the product of CwlD activity on peptidoglycan as a substrate. Is required for germination. Cannot use chitin oligomer (hexa-N- acetylchitohexaose) as a substrate; Belongs to the polysaccharide deacetylase family. (263 aa) |
| | sspH | Small acid-soluble spore protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process; Belongs to the SspH family. (59 aa) |
| | sspK | Small acid-soluble spore protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process; Belongs to the SspK family. (50 aa) |
| | sspE | Small acid-soluble spore protein (gamma-type SASP); SASP are proteins degraded in the first minutes of spore germination and provide amino acids for both new protein synthesis and metabolism. These proteins may be involved in dormant spore's high resistance to UV light. (84 aa) |
| | spo0M | Sporulation-control gene; Controls the expression of spo0A and is required to pass the morphological stage 0 of sporulation; Belongs to the spo0M family. (258 aa) |
| | ygzC | Hypothetical protein; Evidence 5: No homology to any previously reported sequences. (90 aa) |
| | yhcN | Putative lipoprotein; Probably contributes, directly or indirectly, to early events in germination. May play a role in spore outgrowth. (189 aa) |
| | yhcQ | Conserved hypothetical protein; Evidence 4: Homologs of previously reported genes of unknown function. (217 aa) |
| | ygxB | Putative integral inner membrane protein; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; Product type pm: putative membrane component. (552 aa) |
| | spoVR | Involved in spore cortex synthesis (stage V sporulation); Appears to be involved in spore cortex formation. (468 aa) |
| | sspB | Small acid-soluble spore protein (beta-type SASP); SASP are bound to spore DNA. They are double-stranded DNA- binding proteins that cause DNA to change to an a-like conformation. They protect the DNA backbone from chemical and enzymatic cleavage and are thus involved in dormant spore's high resistance to UV light. (67 aa) |
| | yheD | Spore coat associated protein; Involved in sporulation. (453 aa) |
| | yheC | Spore coat associated protein, similar to YheD; Involved in sporulation; Belongs to the YheC/YheD family. (363 aa) |
| | yhaL | Sporulation factor; Required for efficient sporulation. (70 aa) |
| | sscA | Spore assembly and germination protein; Spore protein involved in the assembly of several components of the spore coat, including CotB, CotG and CotH, and in spore germination. (28 aa) |
| | sscB | Spore and germination protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor. (28 aa) |
| | scoC | HTH-type transcriptional regulator Hpr; Negative regulator of protease production and sporulation. Acts by binding directly to the promoter of protease genes (aprE and nprE), and by repressing oligopeptide permease operons (appABCDF and oppABCDF), thereby preventing uptake of oligopeptides required for initiation of sporulation. Acts with SinR as a corepressor of epr expression. (203 aa) |
| | ecsA | ABC transporter (ATP-binding protein); Has a role in exoprotein production, sporulation and competence. (247 aa) |
| | ecsB | ABC transporter (membrane protein); Presumed to form part of an ABC-transporter, it may form a transport channel. (408 aa) |
| | aprE | Serine alkaline protease (subtilisin E); Subtilisin is an extracellular alkaline serine protease, it catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins and peptide amides; Belongs to the peptidase S8 family. (381 aa) |
| | gerPF | Spore germination protein; Required for the formation of functionally normal spores. Could be involved in the establishment of normal spore coat structure and/or permeability, which allows the access of germinants to their receptor. (72 aa) |
| | gerPE | Spore germination protein; Required for the formation of functionally normal spores. Could be involved in the establishment of normal spore coat structure and/or permeability, which allows the access of germinants to their receptor. (133 aa) |
| | gerPD | Spore germination protein; Required for the formation of functionally normal spores. Could be involved in the establishment of normal spore coat structure and/or permeability, which allows the access of germinants to their receptor. (58 aa) |
| | gerPC | Spore germination protein; Required for the formation of functionally normal spores. Could be involved in the establishment of normal spore coat structure and/or permeability, which allows the access of germinants to their receptor. (205 aa) |
| | gerPB | Spore germination protein; Required for the formation of functionally normal spores. Could be involved in the establishment of normal spore coat structure and/or permeability, which allows the access of germinants to their receptor. (77 aa) |
| | gerPA | Spore germination protein; Required for the formation of functionally normal spores. Could be involved in the establishment of normal spore coat structure and/or permeability, which allows the access of germinants to their receptor. (73 aa) |
| | yisI | Spo0A-P phosphatase; Aspartyl-phosphate phosphatase which specifically dephosphorylates the sporulation transcription factor Spo0A-P and negatively regulates the sporulation initiation pathway in order to control the proper timing of sporulation. Belongs to the spo0E family. (56 aa) |
| | yisJ | Putative spore coat protein; Involved in the assembly of several proteins in the inner and outer layer of the spore coat; Belongs to the CotH family. (307 aa) |
| | asnO | Asparagine synthetase; Asparagine synthetase involved in sporulation. (614 aa) |
| | appD | Oligopeptide ABC transporter (ATP-binding protein); This protein is a component of an oligopeptide permease, a binding protein-dependent transport system. This APP system can completely substitute for the OPP system in both sporulation and genetic competence, though, unlike OPP, is incapable of transporting tripeptides. Probably responsible for energy coupling to the transport system; Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. (328 aa) |
| | appF | Oligopeptide ABC transporter (ATP-binding protein); This protein is a component of an oligopeptide permease, a binding protein-dependent transport system. This APP system can completely substitute for the OPP system in both sporulation and genetic competence, though, unlike OPP, is incapable of transporting tripeptides. Probably responsible for energy coupling to the transport system; Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. (329 aa) |
| | appB | Oligopeptide ABC transporter (oligopeptide-binding lipoprotein); This protein is a component of an oligopeptide permease, a binding protein-dependent transport system. This APP system can completely substitute for the OPP system in both sporulation and genetic competence, though, unlike OPP, is incapable of transporting tripeptides. Probably responsible for the translocation of the substrate across the membrane (By similarity); Belongs to the binding-protein-dependent transport system permease family. OppBC subfamily. (316 aa) |
| | appC | Oligopeptide ABC transporter (permease); This protein is a component of an oligopeptide permease, a binding protein-dependent transport system. This APP system can completely substitute for the OPP system in both sporulation and genetic competence, though, unlike OPP, is incapable of transporting tripeptides. Probably responsible for the translocation of the substrate across the membrane (By similarity); Belongs to the binding-protein-dependent transport system permease family. OppBC subfamily. (303 aa) |
| | oppA | Oligopeptide ABC transporter (binding lipoprotein); This protein is a component of the oligopeptide permease, a binding protein-dependent transport system, It binds peptides up to five amino acids long with high affinity. Also required for sporulation and competence. (545 aa) |
| | oppB | Oligopeptide ABC transporter (permease); Part of the binding-protein-dependent transport system for oligopeptides; probably responsible for the translocation of the substrate across the membrane. Also required for sporulation and competence. (311 aa) |
| | oppC | Oligopeptide ABC transporter (permease); Part of the binding-protein-dependent transport system for oligopeptides; probably responsible for the translocation of the substrate across the membrane. Also required for sporulation and competence. (305 aa) |
| | oppD | Oligopeptide ABC transporter (ATP-binding protein); Part of the binding protein-dependent transport system for oligopeptides. Probably responsible for energy coupling to the transport system. Required for sporulation and competence. (358 aa) |
| | oppF | Oligopeptide ABC transporter (ATP-binding protein); Component of the oligopeptide permease, a binding protein- dependent transport system. Necessary for genetic competence but not sporulation. Probably responsible for energy coupling to the transport system. (305 aa) |
| | mecA | Adaptor protein controlling oligomerization of the AAA+ protein ClpC; Enables the recognition and targeting of unfolded and aggregated proteins to the ClpC protease or to other proteins involved in proteolysis. Acts negatively in the development of competence by binding ComK and recruiting it to the ClpCP protease. When overexpressed, inhibits sporulation. Also involved in Spx degradation by ClpC. (218 aa) |
| | cotO | Spore outer coat protein; Has an important morphogenetic role. Involved in the assembly of at least five coat proteins, including CotB, CotG, CotS, CotSA and CotW. Required for appearance of a morphologically normal outer coat. To a large degree, CotO and CotH act at a late stage of coat assembly from within the outer coat to direct maturation of this structure. (227 aa) |
| | cotZ | Spore coat protein (insoluble fraction, outermost layer); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type s: structure. (148 aa) |
| | cotY | Outer spore coat protein (insoluble fraction); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (162 aa) |
| | cotX | Spore coat protein (insoluble fraction); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (172 aa) |
| | cotW | Spore coat protein (insoluble fraction); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (105 aa) |
| | cotV | Spore coat protein (insoluble fraction); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (128 aa) |
| | yjcA | Sporulation-specific protein; Involved in sporulation. (118 aa) |
| | yjcZ | Putative type I toxin; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; Product type h: extrachromosomal origin. (49 aa) |
| | spoVIF | Sporulation-specific protein needed for heat resistance; Transcription factor involved in spore coat assembly and spore resistance. Regulates the transcription of at least cgeA, cotG and cotS. (84 aa) |
| | cotT | Spore coat protein (inner coat); Inner spore coat protein which seems to play a role in germination. (82 aa) |
| | rapA | Response regulator aspartate phosphatase; Prevents sporulation by dephosphorylating Spo0F. Belongs to the RAP family. (378 aa) |
| | xlyB | N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase; Autolysins are involved in some important biological processes such as cell separation, cell-wall turnover, competence for genetic transformation, formation of the flagella and sporulation. (317 aa) |
| | xlyA | Bacteriophage PBSX N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase; Autolysins are involved in some important biological processes such as cell separation, cell-wall turnover, competence for genetic transformation, formation of the flagella and sporulation. (297 aa) |
| | spoIISB | Two-component apoptotic control system component B (antitoxin); Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Antitoxin that binds cognate toxin SpoIISA and neutralizes its toxic activity; unlike most antitoxins it does not seem to be highly labile upon expression in E.coli. (56 aa) |
| | spoIISA | Two-component apoptosis factor (toxin/antitoxin system); Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Its toxic activity is neutralized by cognate antitoxin SpoIISB. Expression in the absence of SpoIISB permits sporulation to stage II, when plasmolysis zones and holes in the peptidoglycan layer are observed, resulting in cell death. Lethal when synthesized during vegetative growth in the absence of SpoIISB. In E.coli both the membrane bound and soluble domain are required in cis for toxin activity. (248 aa) |
| | dppA | D-alanyl-aminopeptidase; Hydrolyzes N-terminal residues in D-amino acid containing peptides. Among the tested substrates, the highest activities are with D-Ala-D-Ala and D-Ala-Gly-Gly. The physiological role is not clear; Belongs to the peptidase M55 family. (274 aa) |
| | dppB | Dipeptide ABC transporter (permease); Part of the binding-protein-dependent transport system for dipeptides; probably responsible for the translocation of the substrate across the membrane. Is expressed to facilitate adaptation to nutrient deficiency conditions. (308 aa) |
| | dppC | Dipeptide ABC transporter (permease); Part of the binding-protein-dependent transport system for dipeptides; probably responsible for the translocation of the substrate across the membrane. Is expressed to facilitate adaptation to nutrient deficiency conditions, which also induce sporulation. (320 aa) |
| | dppD | Dipeptide ABC transporter (ATP-binding protein); Part of the binding-protein-dependent transport system for dipeptides. Probably responsible for energy coupling to the transport system. Expressed to facilitate adaptation to nutrient deficiency conditions, which also induce sporulation; Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. (335 aa) |
| | dppE | Dipeptide ABC transporter (dipeptide-binding lipoprotein); Part of the binding-protein-dependent transport system for dipeptides; probably responsible for the binding of dipeptides with high affinity. Is expressed to facilitate adaptation to nutrient deficiency conditions, which also induce sporulation; Belongs to the bacterial solute-binding protein 5 family. (549 aa) |
| | ykoU | ATP-dependent DNA ligase subunit; With Ku forms a non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair enzyme, which repairs dsDNA breaks with reduced fidelity (Probable). Probably involved in DNA repair during spore germination. In the N-terminal section; belongs to the LigD polymerase family. (611 aa) |
| | sspD | Small acid-soluble spore protein (alpha/beta-type SASP); SASP are bound to spore DNA. They are double-stranded DNA- binding proteins that cause DNA to change to an a-like conformation. They protect the DNA backbone from chemical and enzymatic cleavage and are thus involved in dormant spore's high resistance to UV light. (64 aa) |
| | kinE | Two-component sensor histidine kinase; Phosphorylates the sporulation-regulatory protein spo0A under biofilm growth conditions. Also able to weakly phosphorylate spo0F. (738 aa) |
| | spo0E | Negative regulatory phosphatase acting on Spo0A-P (sporulation); Aspartyl-phosphate phosphatase which specifically dephosphorylates the sporulation transcription factor Spo0A-P and negatively regulates the sporulation initiation pathway in order to control the proper timing of sporulation. Belongs to the spo0E family. (85 aa) |
| | eag | Putative small membrane protein; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; Product type pm: putative membrane component. (143 aa) |
| | kinD | Histidine kinase phosphorylating Spo0A; Phosphorylates the sporulation-regulatory protein spo0F and, to a minor extent, is responsible for heterogeneous expression of spo0A during logarithmical growth. Also phosphorylates spo0A under biofilm growth conditions. (506 aa) |
| | ykvP | Spore protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor. (399 aa) |
| | ykvU | Spore membrane protein involved in germination; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type m: membrane component. (445 aa) |
| | stoA | Thiol-disulfide isomerase; Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase with a reductive function, involved in spore cortex synthesis. It could be involved either in breaking disulfide bonds in cortex components or in proteins that are important for cortex synthesis, or in thiol/disulfide bond interchange. Belongs to the thioredoxin family. (165 aa) |
| | splB | Spore photoproduct (thymine dimer) lyase; Involved in repair of UV radiation-induced DNA damage during spore germination. Can repair thymine dimer 5-thyminyl-5,6- dihydrothymine (known as spore photoproduct (SP)) by in situ monomerization of SP to two thymines. (342 aa) |
| | kinA | Sporulation-specific ATP-dependent protein histidine kinase; Phosphorylates the sporulation-regulatory proteins spo0A and spo0F. It also autophosphorylates in the presence of ATP. (606 aa) |
| | ykuD | Murein transglycosylase; Probable enzyme that may play an important role in cell wall biology; Belongs to the YkuD family. (164 aa) |
| | yknT | Hypothetical protein; Evidence 5: No homology to any previously reported sequences; PubMedId: 15383836, 15743949. (321 aa) |
| | kinC | Two-component sensor histidine kinase; Phosphorylates the sporulation-regulatory protein spo0A. (428 aa) |
| | ylaJ | Putative lipoprotein; Probably contributes, directly or indirectly, to early events in germination. (209 aa) |
| | ylbF | Putative regulatory protein; Regulates sporulation prior to stage II. Positively controls the competence regulator ComK at a post-transcriptional level. May modulate the translation, stability or activity of ComS. May work together with YmcA to regulate community development. (149 aa) |
| | ylbJ | Putative factor required for spore cortex formation; Required for spore cortex formation. (408 aa) |
| | pbpB | Penicillin-binding protein 2B; Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) function in the late steps of murein biosynthesis. PBP-2B is required for vegetative cell division and sporulation septation. Beta-lactamase inactivates the PBPs by acylating an essential serine residue in the active site of these proteins, thereby interrupting normal cell wall synthesis; Belongs to the transpeptidase family. (716 aa) |
| | spoVD | Penicillin-binding protein; Penicillin-binding protein with an unknown catalytic activity. May have a specialized role in the morphogenesis of spore cortex, which is a modified form of peptidoglycan. Pore cortex formation is determined primarily by the mother cell. (646 aa) |
| | spoVE | Factor for spore cortex peptidoglycan synthesis (stage V sporulation); May play an essential role not only during sporulation, but also during vegetative growth; Belongs to the SEDS family. SpoVE subfamily. (366 aa) |
| | divIB | Cell-division initiation protein; Cell division protein that may be involved in stabilizing or promoting the assembly of the division complex. Plays an essential role in division at high temperatures, maybe by protecting FtsL from degradation or by promoting formation of the FtsL-DivIC complex. May modulate the transpeptidase activity of PBP-2B. Also required for efficient sporulation at all temperatures. Could be directly involved in the engulfment process or be required to form a sporulation septum competent for engulfment. Influences the Spo0J/Soj system of chromosome segregation. B [...] (263 aa) |
| | ylxW | Conserved hypothetical protein; May be involved in cell division and sporulation. Belongs to the UPF0749 family. (231 aa) |
| | ftsA | Cell-division protein essential fo Z-ring assembly; Cell division protein that is required for the assembly of the Z ring. May serve as a membrane anchor for the Z ring (By similarity). Binds and hydrolyzes ATP. Also involved in sporulation (Probable). Belongs to the FtsA/MreB family. (440 aa) |
| | spoIIGA | Protease processing pro-sigma-E; Probable aspartic protease that is responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of the RNA polymerase sigma E factor (SigE/spoIIGB) to yield the active peptide in the mother cell during sporulation. Responds to a signal from the forespore that is triggered by the extracellular signal protein SpoIIR. Belongs to the peptidase U4 family. (309 aa) |
| | sigE | RNA polymerase sporulation-specific sigma-29 factor (sigma-E); Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is responsible for the expression of sporulation specific genes. (239 aa) |
| | sigG | RNA polymerase sporulation-specific sigma factor (sigma-G); Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is responsible for the expression of sporulation specific genes in the forespore. (260 aa) |
| | ylmC | Conserved hypothetical protein; Evidence 4: Homologs of previously reported genes of unknown function; PubMedId: 12429060. (81 aa) |
| | divIVA | Cell-division initiation protein; May act as a pilot protein, directing MinCD to the polar septation sites or by inhibiting MinCD at the midcell site of division. Required for polar localization of the chromosome during sporulation. (164 aa) |
| | prpC | Phosphorylated protein phosphatase; Protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates PrkC and EF-G (elongation factor G, fusA). prpC and prkC are cotranscribed, which suggests that they form a functional couple in vivo, PrpC's primary role being possibly to counter the action of PrkC. May be involved in sporulation and biofilm formation. Does not seem to be involved in stress response. Dephosphorylates phosphorylated CgsA, EF-Tu and YezB. (254 aa) |
| | spoVM | Factor required for normal spore cortex and coat synthesis (stage V sporulation); Coordinates cortex and coat assembly during sporulation. Associates with the spore coat protein SpoIVA and with the outer forespore membrane, thereby serving as a membrane anchor that tethers SpoIVA and the entire spore coat to the forespore surface. May also serve as a competitive inhibitor of FtsH activity during sporulation. (26 aa) |
| | ymxH | Conserved hypothetical protein; Evidence 4: Homologs of previously reported genes of unknown function; Belongs to the YlmC/YmxH family. (85 aa) |
| | spoVFA | Spore dipicolinate synthase subunit A; Together with DpaB, catalyzes the conversion of dihydrodipicolinate to dipicolinate (DPA), which constitutes up to 10% of the dry weight of the spore. (297 aa) |
| | spoVFB | Spore dipicolinate synthase subunit B; Together with DpaA, catalyzes the conversion of dihydrodipicolinate to dipicolinate (DPA), which constitutes up to 10% of the dry weight of the spore. (200 aa) |
| | spoIIIE | Spore DNA translocase; Plays an essential role during sporulation. Required for the translocation of the chromosomal DNA from mother cell into the forespore during polar septation, for the final steps of compartmentalization in the presence of trapped DNA, and for the final steps of engulfment. The N-terminus mediates localization to the division septum and is required for both septal membrane fusion and engulfment membrane fusion. May form DNA-conducting channels across the two lipid bilayers of the septum after cell division. The C-terminus functions as a DNA motor that exports DNA i [...] (787 aa) |
| | pbpX | Penicillin-binding endopeptidase X; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type e: enzyme; Belongs to the beta-lactamase family. (391 aa) |
| | spoVS | Stage V sporulation protein S; Induced early in sporulation under the control of sigma-H. Interferes with sporulation at an early stage. Seems to play a positive role in allowing cells to progress beyond stage V of sporulation. (86 aa) |
| | cotE | Morphogenic spore protein; Morphogenic protein required for the assembly of the outer coat of the endospore. Is also a regulatory protein for the expression of cotA, cotB, cotC, cotH and other genes encoding spore outer coat proteins. (181 aa) |
| | cwlC | N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase; Autolysins are involved in some important biological processes such as cell separation, cell-wall turnover, competence for genetic transformation, formation of the flagella - in particular of its basal body - and sporulation. CwlC is able to hydrolyze type A cell walls such as B.subtilis. Its main function is to lyze the mother cell wall peptidoglycan, playing a role during sporulation. Belongs to the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 3 family. (255 aa) |
| | spoVK | Mother cell sporulation ATPase; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (322 aa) |
| | cotC | Spore coat protein (outer); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type s: structure. (66 aa) |
| | pcfA | Factor controlling DNA replication; Inhibits DNA replication in growing cells, thus reducing chromosome copy number and playing a significant role during the onset of sporulation. (148 aa) |
| | ynzD | Spo0A-P phosphatase; Aspartyl-phosphate phosphatase which specifically dephosphorylates the sporulation transcription factor Spo0A-P and negatively regulates the sporulation initiation pathway in order to control the proper timing of sporulation. Belongs to the spo0E family. (57 aa) |
| | ccdA | Cytochrome c-type biogenesis protein CcdA; Required for cytochrome c synthesis and stage V of sporulation. Might transfer reducing equivalents across the cytoplasmic membrane, promoting efficient disulfide bond isomerization of proteins localized on the outer surface of the membrane or in the spore coat. (235 aa) |
| | cotM | Spore coat protein (outer); Involved in spore outer coat assembly. May be part of a cross-linked insoluble skeleton that surrounds the spore, serves as a matrix for the assembly of additional outer coat material, and confers structural stability to the final structure. (130 aa) |
| | sspP | Small acid-soluble spore protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor; Belongs to the SspP family. (48 aa) |
| | sspO | Small acid-soluble spore protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor; Belongs to the SspO family. (48 aa) |
| | sspN | Small acid-soluble spore protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor; Belongs to the SspN family. (48 aa) |
| | tlp | Small acid-soluble spore protein (thioredoxin-like protein); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor; Belongs to the Tlp family. (83 aa) |
| | yobW | Mother cell-specific membrane sporulation protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor. (181 aa) |
| | sspC | Small acid-soluble spore protein (alpha/beta-type SASP); SASP are bound to spore DNA. They are double-stranded DNA- binding proteins that cause DNA to change to an a-like conformation. They protect the DNA backbone from chemical and enzymatic cleavage and are thus involved in dormant spore's high resistance to UV light. (72 aa) |
| | blyA | Bacteriophage SPbeta N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase; Autolysins are involved in some important biological processes such as cell separation, cell-wall turnover, competence for genetic transformation, formation of the flagella and sporulation. Involved in prophage SP-beta-mediated cell lysis. (367 aa) |
| | sspL | Small acid-soluble spore protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (42 aa) |
| | cotD | Spore coat protein (inner); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; cell process. (75 aa) |
| | sspM | Small acid-soluble spore protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (34 aa) |
| | hepT | Heptaprenyl diphosphate synthase component II; Supplies heptaprenyl diphosphate, the precursor for the side chain of the isoprenoid quinone menaquinone-7 (MQ-7). Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family. (348 aa) |
| | hepS | Heptaprenyl diphosphate synthase component I; Supplies heptaprenyl diphosphate, the precursor for the side chain of the isoprenoid quinone menaquinone-7 (MQ-7). (251 aa) |
| | spoIVA | Morphogenetic stage IV sporulation protein; ATPase. Has a role at an early stage in the morphogenesis of the spore coat outer layers. Its ATP hydrolysis is required for proper assembly of the spore coat. Forms a basement layer around the outside surface of the forespore and self-assembles irreversibly into higher order structures by binding and hydrolyzing ATP thus creating a durable and stable platform upon which thereafter morphogenesis of the coat can take place. Required for proper localization of spore coat protein CotE and sporulation-specific proteins including SpoVM. (492 aa) |
| | ypeB | Spore membrane component; Required for spore cortex hydrolysis during germination. Appears to be required for either expression, localization, activation or function of SleB. (450 aa) |
| | sleB | Spore cortex-lytic enzyme; Could be a lytic transglycosylase. Required for spore cortex hydrolysis during germination. Interacts strongly but noncovalently with spore components. (305 aa) |
| | mecB | Regulator of competence and sporulation; Enables the recognition and targeting of unfolded and aggregated proteins to the ClpC protease or to other proteins involved in proteolysis. Also involved in Spx degradation by ClpC (By similarity). Acts negatively in the development of competence by binding ComK and recruiting it to the ClpCP protease. When overexpressed, inhibits sporulation. (194 aa) |
| | spmB | Spore maturation protein; Involved in spore core dehydration; might be involved in the transport of something into or out of the forespore or could be required for some modification of the cortex peptidoglycan structure; Belongs to the SpmB family. (178 aa) |
| | spmA | Spore maturation protein; Involved in spore core dehydration; might be involved in the transport of something into or out of the forespore or could be required for some modification of the cortex peptidoglycan structure. (196 aa) |
| | dacB | D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase (penicillin-binding protein 5*); Removes C-terminal D-alanyl residues from sugar-peptide cell wall precursors. Required specifically for the synthesis of the spore form of peptidoglycan (cortex). (382 aa) |
| | spoVAF | Stage V sporulation protein AF; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (493 aa) |
| | spoVAEA | Stage V sporulation germinant protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (203 aa) |
| | spoVAEB | Spore germinant protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (116 aa) |
| | spoVAD | Stage V sporulation protein AD; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (338 aa) |
| | spoVAC | Stage V sporulation protein AC; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (150 aa) |
| | spoVAB | Stage V sporulation protein AB; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (141 aa) |
| | spoVAA | Stage V sporulation protein AA; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (206 aa) |
| | sigF | RNA polymerase sporulation-specific sigma factor (sigma-F); Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is responsible for the expression of sporulation specific genes. Interaction with SpoIIAB inhibits sigma-F activity throughout the cell before the formation of the asymmetric septum; after septation the interaction is confined to the mother cell, and sigma F activity is released in the prespore. Responsible for expression of csfB (the anti-sigma-G factor Gin). (255 aa) |
| | spoIIAB | Anti-sigma factor (antagonist of sigma(F)) and serine kinase; Binds to sigma F and blocks its ability to form an RNA polymerase holoenzyme (E-sigma F). Phosphorylates SpoIIAA on a serine residue. This phosphorylation may enable SpoIIAA to act as an anti- anti-sigma factor that counteracts SpoIIAB and thus releases sigma F from inhibition. (146 aa) |
| | spoIIAA | Anti-anti-sigma factor (antagonist of SpoIIAB); In the phosphorylated form it could act as an anti-anti-sigma factor that counteracts SpoIIAB and thus releases sigma f from inhibition; Belongs to the anti-sigma-factor antagonist family. (117 aa) |
| | spoIIM | Autolysin component for dissolution of the septal cell wall (stage II sporulation); Required for complete septum migration and engulfment of the forespore compartment during sporulation. Required for stabilizing and recruiting of SpoIIP to the septal membrane. (214 aa) |
| | mciZ | Cell division factor; Blocks Z-ring formation in the mother cell during sporulation by inhibiting the polymerization of FtsZ. Binds to the minus end of FtsZ and functions as a filament-capping protein. At high concentrations, is capable of both capping and sequestration of FtsZ. Decreases the GTPase activity of FtsZ. (40 aa) |
| | mmgE | 2-methylcitrate dehydratase; Involved in both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and methylcitric acid cycles. Has both 2-methylcitrate dehydratase and citrate dehydratase activities. Catalyzes the dehydration of 2-methylcitrate (2-MC) to yield 2-methyl-cis-aconitate, and the dehydration of citrate to yield cis-aconitate. Cannot form isocitrate. Uses either (2S,3R)- or (2R,3S)-2-methylcitrate. (472 aa) |
| | mmgD | 2-methylcitrate synthase/citrate synthase III; Involved in both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and methylcitric acid cycles. Has both 2-methylcitrate synthase and citrate synthase activities. Catalyzes the condensation of propionyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to yield 2-methylcitrate (2-MC) and CoA, and the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to yield citrate and CoA. Has 2.3-fold higher activity as a 2-methylcitrate synthase. Catalyzes the formation of either (2S,3R)- or (2R,3S)-2-methylcitrate. (372 aa) |
| | mmgC | Short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; Evidence 2a: Function of homologous gene experimentally demonstrated in an other organism; Product type e: enzyme; Belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. (379 aa) |
| | mmgB | 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase; Evidence 2a: Function of homologous gene experimentally demonstrated in an other organism; Product type e: enzyme; Belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. (287 aa) |
| | mmgA | Degradative acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type e: enzyme; Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Thiolase family. (393 aa) |
| | spo0A | Response regulator; May play the central regulatory role in sporulation. It may be an element of the effector pathway responsible for the activation of sporulation genes in response to nutritional stress. Spo0A may act in concert with Spo0H (a sigma factor) to control the expression of some genes that are critical to the sporulation process. Repressor of abrB, activator of the spoIIa operon. Binds the DNA sequence 5'-TGNCGAA-3' (0A box). (267 aa) |
| | spoIVB | Regulatory membrane-associated serine protease; Plays a central role in the sigma-K checkpoint which coordinates gene expression during the later stages of spore formation. The protease is activated by trans cleavage of the zymogen precursor producing SpoIVB-45 kDa. This undergoes further trimming by cis cleavage to form SpoIVB-43 kDa and SpoIVB-42 kDa. The protease then cleaves the C-terminus of the SpoIVFA metalloprotease activating the latter. (426 aa) |
| | spoIIIAH | Stage III sporulation ratchet engulfment protein; Involved in forespore engulfment. Forms a channel with SpoIIIAH that is open on the forespore end and closed (or gated) on the mother cell end. This allows sigma-E-directed gene expression in the mother-cell compartment of the sporangium to trigger the activation of sigma-G forespore-specific gene expression by a pathway of intercellular signaling. (218 aa) |
| | spoIIIAG | Stage III sporulation engulfment assembly protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (229 aa) |
| | spoIIIAF | Stage III sporulation protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (206 aa) |
| | spoIIIAE | Stage III sporulation protein; Required during sporulation for activation of sigma factor SpoIIIG/SigG after engulfment is completed in the prespore. Overexpression in the absence of SpoIIIJ is synthetically lethal. (399 aa) |
| | spoIIIAD | Stage III sporulation protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (133 aa) |
| | spoIIIAC | Stage III sporulation protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (68 aa) |
| | spoIIIAB | Stage III sporulation protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (171 aa) |
| | spoIIIAA | ATP-binding stage III sporulation protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (307 aa) |
| | sinR | Master regulator of biofilm formation; Negative as well as positive regulator of alternate developmental processes that are induced at the end of vegetative growth in response to nutrient depletion. Binds to the alkaline protease (aprE) gene at two sites. Also acts as a repressor of the key sporulation gene spo0A. Negatively regulates transcription of the eps operon, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of an exopolysaccharide involved in biofilm formation; therefore it could govern the transition between a state in which bacteria swim or swarm and a state in which bacteria assemb [...] (111 aa) |
| | tasA | Major biofilm matrix component; TasA is the major protein component of the biofilm extracellular matrix. It forms amyloid fibers that bind cells together in the biofilm. Exhibits an antibacterial activity against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In laboratory strains, is also involved in proper spore coat assembly. (261 aa) |
| | antE | Hypothetical protein; Evidence 5: No homology to any previously reported sequences; PubMedId: 9864351. (98 aa) |
| | dgkA | Undecaprenol kinase; Catalyzes the phosphorylation of undecaprenol in vitro, which is probably the physiological substrate. Exhibits no detectable activity against other substrates such as monoacylglycerol, ceramide, or diacylglycerol (DAG). Appears indispensable for the maintenance of spore stability and viability in B.subtilis. (123 aa) |
| | yqfD | Stage IV sporulation protein; Evidence 2a: Function of homologous gene experimentally demonstrated in an other organism; Product type cp: cell process. (398 aa) |
| | spoIIP | Spore autolysin (stage II sporulation); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (401 aa) |
| | sda | Check point factor coupling initiation of sporulation and replication initiation; Mediates a developmental checkpoint inhibiting initiation of sporulation (by preventing phosphorylation of spo0A) in response to defects in the replication initiation machinery. Inhibits autophosphorylation of the histidine protein kinase KinA, forming a molecular barricade that prevents productive interaction between the ATP-binding site in the catalytic domain and the phosphorylatable His in the phosphotransfer domain of KinA. Probably also inhibits the activity of KinB, but has relatively little effect [...] (52 aa) |
| | cwlH | N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase; Autolysins are involved in some important biological processes such as cell separation, cell-wall turnover, competence for genetic transformation, formation of the flagella and sporulation. Could play a role in mother cell lysis with CwlC; Belongs to the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 2 family. (250 aa) |
| | nucB | Nuclease; Degrades both double-stranded linear and covalently closed circular DNA. Likely to play a scavenging role in order to supply nutrients under starvation conditions; To B.subtilis NucA/ComI. (136 aa) |
| | spoIVCA | RNA polymerase sporulation-specific sigma-K factor precursor (Sigma-27) (N-terminal half); Putative site-specific recombinase having a very important role in sporulation. It probably plays a role in the recombination of SpoIIIC and SpoIVCB to form sigma K factor. (500 aa) |
| | cwlA | N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase; Autolysins are involved in some important biological processes such as cell separation, cell-wall turnover, competence for genetic transformation, formation of the flagella and sporulation; Belongs to the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 2 family. (272 aa) |
| | yrkS | RNA polymerase sporulation-specific sigma-K factor precursor (Sigma-27) (C-terminal fragment); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor. (54 aa) |
| | yraG | Putative spore coat protein; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; cell process. (81 aa) |
| | yraF | Putative spore coat protein; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; cell process. (122 aa) |
| | yraD | Putative spore coat protein; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; cell process. (99 aa) |
| | pbpI | Penicillin-binding protein PBP4B; Penicillin-binding protein with an unknown catalytic activity. Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) function in the late steps of murein biosynthesis. Beta-lactamase inactivates the PBPs by acylating an essential serine residue in the active site of these proteins, thereby interrupting normal cell wall synthesis; Belongs to the transpeptidase family. (584 aa) |
| | spoVB | Putative putative translocase with flippase function for teichoic acid synthesis; Involved, directly or indirectly, in spore cortex biosynthesis. Affects only indirectly the expression of late sporulation genes. (518 aa) |
| | bofC | Bypass of forespore C, intercompartmental signaling factor; Inhibits the SpoIVB zymogen from undergoing autocatalytic activation by an unknown mechanism, and in this way plays a role in the sigma-K checkpoint of sporulation. (170 aa) |
| | safA | Morphogenetic protein associated with SpoVID; Probably involved in the assembly of some coat protein components implicated in both lysozyme resistance and germination. Could be required for the assembly of CotG. Associates with SpoIVD during the early stage of coat assembly. (387 aa) |
| | obg | GTPase involved in cell partioning and DNA repair; Necessary for the transition from vegetative growth to stage 0 or stage II of sporulation, but sporulation subsequent to these stages is unaffected at 45 degrees Celsius. This ts effect is probably due solely to the E-79 mutation. Required for expression of early sporulation genes, further suggesting a role in the induction of sporulation. Depletion effects on sporulation can be partially suppressed by missense mutations in spo0A. Strains depleted for obg stop growing after about 3 hours and do not induce the sigma-B factor following e [...] (428 aa) |
| | spo0B | Sporulation initiation phosphotransferase; Key element in the phosphorelay regulating sporulation initiation. Acts on spo0A. Mediates reversible phosphoryl transfer from spo0F to spo0A. (192 aa) |
| | spoIVFB | Membrane metalloprotease; Implicated in the coupling of mother cell to forespore gene expression. Required for spore formation. Processes the pro-sigma K factor. (288 aa) |
| | spoIVFA | Regulator of SpoIVFB (stage IV sporulation); Implicated in the coupling of mother cell to forespore gene expression. Required for spore formation at 37 degrees Celsius, but not at 30 degrees Celsius. SpoIVFA plays a central role in both maintaining the SpoIVFA/BofA/SpoIVFB complex and anchoring it to the outer forespore membrane. SpoIVFA brings BofA into close proximity to SpoIVFB, allowing BofA to inhibit SpoIVFB. Increased accumulation of SpoIVFA seems to inhibit the activity of SpoIVFB and thus regulates the activation of sigma-K. (264 aa) |
| | spoIIB | Stage II sporulation protein B; Involved in endospore development. (332 aa) |
| | comC | Membrane protease and transmethylase; Cleaves type-4 fimbrial leader sequence and methylates the N- terminal (generally Phe) residue; Belongs to the peptidase A24 family. (248 aa) |
| | spoVID | Morphogenetic spore protein (stage VI sporulation); Required for assembly of a normal spore coat. May be a component of the innermost layer of the spore coat that aids in its adherence to the prespore. (575 aa) |
| | gerM | Germination (cortex hydrolysis) and sporulation (stage II, multiple polar septa) lytic enzyme; Unknown. Affects both sporulation and germination. (366 aa) |
| | sspI | Small acid-soluble spore protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor; Belongs to the SspI family. (71 aa) |
| | ytaF | Putative integral inner membrane protein; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; Product type pm: putative membrane component. (210 aa) |
| | ytrH | Membrane protein involved in a sporulation process; Involved in sporulation. May contribute to cortex formation or stability. (113 aa) |
| | ytfJ | Conserved hypothetical protein; Evidence 4: Homologs of previously reported genes of unknown function. (151 aa) |
| | sspA | Small acid-soluble spore protein (alpha-type SASP); SASP are bound to spore DNA. They are double-stranded DNA- binding proteins that cause DNA to change to an a-like conformation. They protect the DNA backbone from chemical and enzymatic cleavage and are thus involved in dormant spore's high resistance to UV light. (69 aa) |
| | acuA | Protein acetyltransferase; Part of the acuABC operon, which is possibly involved in the breakdown of acetoin and butanediol. Acts as an acetyltransferase inactivating acetyl-CoA synthetase AcsA via acetylation at a Lys residue. (210 aa) |
| | acuB | Component of the acetoin degradation regulation pathway; Role in growth and sporulation on acetoin or butanediol. Involved in the breakdown of these compounds used as a carbon source. (214 aa) |
| | acuC | Protein deacetylase; Role in growth and sporulation on acetoin or butanediol. Involved in the breakdown of these compounds used as a carbon source; Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. (387 aa) |
| | yteV | Conserved hypothetical protein; Evidence 4: Homologs of previously reported genes of unknown function; PubMedId: 8990290. (60 aa) |
| | ythA | Putative cytochrome bd menaquinol oxidase subunit I; May have a role in sporulation. Can compensate for the loss of cytochrome aa3; Belongs to the cytochrome ubiquinol oxidase subunit 1 family. (443 aa) |
| | ythB | Putative cytochrome bd menaquinol oxidase subunit II; May have a role in sporulation. Can compensate for the loss of cytochrome aa3; Belongs to the cytochrome ubiquinol oxidase subunit 2 family. (346 aa) |
| | cotS | Spore coat protein; Seems to be required for the assembly of the CotSA protein in spores. (351 aa) |
| | cotSA | Spore coat protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process; Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily. (377 aa) |
| | cotI | Spore coat kinase; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type e: enzyme. (357 aa) |
| | tgl | Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase (transglutaminase); Probably plays a role in the assembly of the spore coat proteins by catalyzing epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links. In wild-type spores at 37 degrees Celsius, tgl mediates the cross-linking of GerQ in higher molecular mass forms, probably in cooperation with YabG; Belongs to the bacillus TGase family. (245 aa) |
| | kinB | Two-component sensor histidine kinase; Phosphorylates the sporulation-regulatory proteins spo0A and spo0F. Spo0F is required for the KinB activity. (428 aa) |
| | kapD | Putative exoribonuclease (3'-5'); Specifically inhibits the KinA pathway to sporulation. (205 aa) |
| | mrpA | Sodium transporter component of a Na+/H+ antiporter; Mrp complex is a Na(+)/H(+) antiporter that is considered to be the major Na(+) excretion system in B.subtilis. Has a major role in Na(+) resistance and a minor role in Na(+)- and K(+)-dependent pH homeostasis as compared to TetB. MrpA may be the actual Na(+)/H(+) antiporter, although the six other Mrp proteins are all required for Na(+)/H(+) antiport activity and Na(+) resistance. MrpA is required for initiation of sporulation when external Na(+) concentration increases. Also transports Li(+) but not K(+), Ca(2+) or Mg(2+). Belongs [...] (801 aa) |
| | comP | Two-component sensor histidine kinase; Sensor in the two-component regulatory system ComP/ComA involved in a major quorum response pathway that regulates the development of genetic competence. Plays a role in sporulation, at least partly interchangeable with that of SpoIIJ. Probably activates ComA by phosphorylation. (769 aa) |
| | comX | Competence pheromone precursor (pheromone peptide aa 46->55, geranyl-modified); Part of a major quorum-sensing system that regulates the development of genetic competence. Acts through the activation of the two-component regulatory system ComP/ComA composed of a sensor histidine kinase, ComP, and a response regulator, ComA, that regulates directly the transcription of over 20 genes. Transport through the membrane may involve Spo0K. Under certain conditions plays a role in sporulation. (55 aa) |
| | yukF | Putative transcriptional regulator; Mediates ald expression in response to alanine availability and is important for normal sporulation in B.subtilis. Belongs to the CdaR family. (422 aa) |
| | ald | L-alanine dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of L-alanine to pyruvate. This enzyme is a key factor in the assimilation of L- alanine as an energy source through the tricarboxylic acid cycle during sporulation. (378 aa) |
| | paiB | Putative enzyme; Involved in the reduction of extracellular and cell- associated protease levels, as well as in the reduced levels of alpha- amylase, levansucrase, alkaline phosphatase and sporulation inhibition, when present in high copy number. (207 aa) |
| | paiA | Polyamine N-acetyltransferase; Involved in the protection against polyamine toxicity by regulating their concentration. Also could be involved in the negative control of sporulation as well as production of degradative enzymes such as alpha-amylase, levansucrase and alkaline phosphatase. Catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) to an acceptor substrate and releases both CoA and the acetylated product. It possesses N1-acetyltransferase activity toward polyamine substrates including spermidine, spermine, aminopropylcadaverine, norspermidine, homospermidine [...] (172 aa) |
| | yutH | Spore coat-associated protein; Involved in sporulation; Belongs to the CotS family. (339 aa) |
| | lytH | Sporulation-specific L-Ala-D-Glu endopeptidase; L-Ala--D-Glu endopeptidase involved in production of single L-alanine side chains from tetrapeptides in the spore cortex peptidoglycan. Therefore, is required for the endospore cortex maturation. (326 aa) |
| | yunB | Putative protein involved in spore formation; Required for sporulation. (254 aa) |
| | sspG | Small acid-soluble spore protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor. (48 aa) |
| | sspJ | Small acid-soluble spore protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (46 aa) |
| | smpB | tmRNA-binding protein; Required for rescue of stalled ribosomes mediated by trans- translation. Binds to transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA), required for stable association of tmRNA with ribosomes. tmRNA and SmpB together mimic tRNA shape, replacing the anticodon stem-loop with SmpB. tmRNA is encoded by the ssrA gene; the 2 termini fold to resemble tRNA(Ala) and it encodes a 'tag peptide', a short internal open reading frame. During trans-translation Ala-aminoacylated tmRNA acts like a tRNA, entering the A-site of stalled ribosomes, displacing the stalled mRNA. The ribosome then switches t [...] (156 aa) |
| | eno | Enolase; Catalyzes the reversible conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate into phosphoenolpyruvate. It is essential for the degradation of carbohydrates via glycolysis; Belongs to the enolase family. (430 aa) |
| | pgm | Phosphoglycerate mutase; Essential for rapid growth and for sporulation. Catalyzes the interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate. (511 aa) |
| | racX | Amino acid racemase; Amino-acid racemase able to utilize a broad range of substrates. Preferentially catalyzes the epimerization of LL- diaminopimelate, as well as the racemization of D-lysine, L-arginine, L-ornithine, L-lysine and D-arginine. Has lower activity against D- ornithine, L-histidine, L-alanine, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L- serine, L-glutamine, L-methionine, L-asparagine and L-homoserine. Has weak activity against L-norleucine, L-aminobutyric acid and L- norvaline. Has no activity toward nine L-amino acids (Thr, Glu, Asp, Val, Leu, Ile, Trp, Cit and Aad). D-amino acids m [...] (227 aa) |
| | pbpE | Penicillin-binding protein 4*; Probably involved in peptidoglycan modification during cortex synthesis. (451 aa) |
| | yvdP | Spore coat protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor; Belongs to the oxygen-dependent FAD-linked oxidoreductase family. (447 aa) |
| | cotR | Spore coat protein assembly factor CotR; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor. (320 aa) |
| | ctpB | Swarming motility protein; Involved in the signal transduction pathway leading to the proteolytic activation of the mother cell transcription factor pro- sigma-K during sporulation. The signaling serine protease CtpB triggers pro-sigma-K processing by cleaving the pre-processed regulatory protein SpoIVFA and is necessary for the proper timing of sigma-K activation. Belongs to the peptidase S41A family. (480 aa) |
| | lytB | Modifier protein of major autolysin LytC; Possibly involved in cell wall metabolism during spore formation. Enhances the amidase activity approximately threefold. (705 aa) |
| | cotB | Spore coat protein (outer); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type s: structure. (380 aa) |
| | cotH | Spore coat protein (inner); Involved in the assembly of several proteins in the inner and outer layer of the spore coat. Stabilizes CotC and CotU in the mother cell compartment of sporulating cells and promotes the assembly of both early and late forms of CotC-related polypeptides on the spore surface. Belongs to the CotH family. (362 aa) |
| | cotG | Spore morphogenetic protein; May be a morphogenetic protein that is required for the incorporation of protein CotB into the spore coat. (195 aa) |
| | spoIIID | Transcriptional regulator; This protein regulates the transcription of sigK, which encodes mother cell chamber RNA polymerase sigma-factor (sigma K). (93 aa) |
| | spoIIQ | Forespore protein required for alternative engulfment; Involved in forespore engulfment and required for anchoring membrane proteins on the forespore side of the septal membrane. Forms a channel with SpoIIIAH that is open on the forespore end and closed (or gated) on the mother cell end. This allows sigma-E-directed gene expression in the mother-cell compartment of the sporangium to trigger the activation of sigma-G forespore-specific gene expression by a pathway of intercellular signaling. (283 aa) |
| | rapB | Response regulator aspartate phosphatase; Prevents sporulation by dephosphorylating Spo0F. (377 aa) |
| | spoIID | Autolysin required for complete dissolution of the asymmetric septum (stage II sporulation); May act at the level of sigma-G activity or its stability. SpoIID is probably required for engulfment. (343 aa) |
| | spoIIR | pro-sigma(E) endopeptidase (stage II sporulation); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type e: enzyme. (224 aa) |
| | racA | Chromosome-anchoring protein RacA; Required for the formation of axial filaments and for anchoring the origin regions at the cell poles in sporulating cells, thus ensuring proper chromosome segregation in the prespore. Binds in a dispersed manner throughout the chromosome but preferentially to sites clustered in the origin portion of the chromosome, causing condensation of the chromosome and its remodeling into an elongated, anchored structure; Belongs to the RacA family. (184 aa) |
| | fbaA | Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase; Catalyzes the aldol condensation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP or glycerone-phosphate) with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) in gluconeogenesis and the reverse reaction in glycolysis. (285 aa) |
| | spo0F | Two-component response regulator; Key element in the phosphorelay regulating sporulation initiation. Phosphorylation of spo0B during sporulation initiation. (124 aa) |
| | rsfA | Prespore-specific regulatory gene; Seems to improve the efficiency of sporulation by fine-tuning the expression of genes in the sigma F regulon, particularly the timing of their expression. Negatively regulates spoIIR and its own synthesis. (258 aa) |
| | gerQ | Inner spore coat protein; Essential for the localization of CwlJ in the spore coat and for spore germination triggered by calcium and dipicolinic acid (DPA). Its assembly into the spore coat is dependent on the coat morphogenetic proteins CotE and SpoIVA. (181 aa) |
| | katE | Catalase 2; Decomposes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen; serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. Involved in sporulation. (686 aa) |
| | cdnD | Phosphodiesterase acting on cyclic dinucleotides; Has phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity against cyclic-di-AMP (c-di-AMP) and to a much lesser extent against cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) in the DHH/DHHA1 domains. Also has ATPase activity, probably via the GGDEF domain. Overexpression leads to increased sensitivity to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and H(2)O(2). Overexpression leads to extreme sensitivity to the beta-lactam antibiotic cefuroxime (CEF), probably dependent on PDE activity. May monitor cellular heme or NO levels. In B.subtilis c-di-AMP is a second messenger that mediates growth, [...] (659 aa) |
| | cotF | Spore coat protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type s: structure. (160 aa) |
| | parB | Site-specific DNA-binding protein; Required for the initiation of sporulation and for normal chromosome segregation. Antagonizes sporulation inhibition by Soj. It probably interacts with a specific DNA site and other proteins involved in partitioning and cell division, and antagonizes Soj in response to cell cycle events related to chromosome partitioning. (282 aa) |
| | parA | Chromosome partitioning protein; Inhibits the initiation of sporulation, Spo0J antagonizes this inhibition. Soj ultimately inhibits the activation (phosphorylation) of Spo0A; Belongs to the ParA family. (253 aa) |
