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| | copB | copper(I)-transporting ATPase; Couples the hydrolysis of ATP with the transport of cadmium, zinc and cobalt out of the cell. Does not seem to transport copper. (702 aa) |
| | ctc | Ribosomal protein Ctc, binding 5S RNA; Not required for exponential growth; probably functions in vegetatively growing cells, maybe required for accurate translation under stress conditions. (204 aa) |
| | ftsH | Cell-division protein and general stress protein (class III heat-shock); Acts as a processive, ATP-dependent zinc metallopeptidase for both cytoplasmic and membrane proteins. Plays a role in the quality control of integral membrane proteins; In the central section; belongs to the AAA ATPase family. (637 aa) |
| | ctsR | Transcriptional regulator; Controls the expression of the cellular protein quality control genes clpC, clpE and clpP, as well as mcsA and mcsB. Acts as a repressor of these class III stress genes by binding to a directly repeated heptanucleotide operator sequence (A/GGTCAAA NAN A/GGTCAAA). After heat shock, CtsR is degraded by the ClpCP and ClpEP proteolytic systems, ensuring the derepression of clpE, clpP and the clpC operon. CtsR negatively autoregulates its own synthesis. (154 aa) |
| | radA | DNA repair protein; DNA-dependent ATPase involved in processing of recombination intermediates, plays a role in repairing DNA breaks. Stimulates the branch migration of RecA-mediated strand transfer reactions, allowing the 3' invading strand to extend heteroduplex DNA faster. Binds ssDNA in the presence of ADP but not other nucleotides, has ATPase activity that is stimulated by ssDNA and various branched DNA structures, but inhibited by SSB. Does not have RecA's homology-searching function. (458 aa) |
| | rplJ | Ribosomal protein L10 (BL5); Forms part of the ribosomal stalk, playing a central role in the interaction of the ribosome with GTP-bound translation factors (such as IF-2, EF-Tu, EF-G and RF3). (166 aa) |
| | sigW | RNA polymerase ECF(extracytoplasmic function)-type sigma factor W; Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. Sigma-W controls genes involved in response to cell envelope stress such as antimicrobial peptides , alkaline pH , transport processes and detoxification. (187 aa) |
| | rsiW | anti-sigma(W) factor; The anti-sigma factor for extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor sigma-W (SigW). Holds SigW, its cognate ECF sigma factor, in an inactive form until released by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). SigW and RsiW mediate cell response to cell wall stress. RIP occurs when an extracytoplasmic signal triggers a concerted proteolytic cascade to transmit information and elicit cellular responses. The membrane-spanning regulatory substrate protein is first cut periplasmically (site-1 protease, S1P, PrsW) , then within the membrane itself (site-2 protease, S2P [...] (208 aa) |
| | phoD | Alkaline phosphatase D; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; enzyme. (583 aa) |
| | ycdF | Putative glucose 1-dehydrogenase; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; Product type pe: putative enzyme; Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. (258 aa) |
| | yceC | Putative stress adaptation protein; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; Product type pf: putative factor; Belongs to the CAPAB/TerDEXZ family. (199 aa) |
| | yceD | Putative stress adaptation protein; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; Product type pf: putative factor. (193 aa) |
| | nadE | Ammonium-dependent NAD+ synthetase; Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amidation of deamido-NAD to form NAD. Uses ammonia as a nitrogen source. (272 aa) |
| | srfAD | Surfactin synthetase; Probable thioesterase involved in the biosynthesis of surfactin; Belongs to the thioesterase family. (242 aa) |
| | ydaD | Putative dehydrogenase; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; Product type pe: putative enzyme. (286 aa) |
| | ydaG | Putative general stress protein; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; putative factor. (140 aa) |
| | gsiB | General stress protein; Involved in an adaptive response to nutrient deprivation other than sporulation. (123 aa) |
| | ydbD | Putative manganese-containing catalase; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; putative enzyme; Belongs to the manganese catalase family. (273 aa) |
| | cshA | ATP-dependent RNA helicase; The most abundant DEAD-box RNA helicase. An ATP-dependent RNA helicase with RNA-dependent ATPase activity. May work in conjunction with the cold shock proteins to ensure proper initiation of transcription at low and optimal temperatures. In vitro, unwinds dsRNA in both 5'- and 3'- directions. Plays a role in ribosomal 50S subunit assembly. Its deletion leads to changes in mRNA levels for over 200 transcripts. (494 aa) |
| | rsbW | Switch protein/serine kinase and anti-sigma factor (inhibitory sigma-B binding protein); Negative regulator of sigma-B activity. Phosphorylates and inactivates its specific antagonist protein, RsbV. Upon phosphorylation of RsbV, RsbW is released and binds to sigma-B, thereby blocking its ability to form an RNA polymerase holoenzyme (E-sigma-B). (160 aa) |
| | sigB | RNA polymerase sigma-37 factor (sigma(B)); Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. Sigma B is not essential for sporulation; rather it is required for maximal expression of ctc and csbA which are transcribed in the early stationary phase under conditions inimical to sporulation. May play a role in the ability of the bacterium to adapt to various stresses but is not essential for its survival under these conditions. Positively regulates expression of its own operon; Belongs to the sigma-70 fac [...] (262 aa) |
| | cspC | Cold-shock protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor. (66 aa) |
| | groES | Chaperonin small subunit; Binds to Cpn60 in the presence of Mg-ATP and suppresses the ATPase activity of the latter; Belongs to the GroES chaperonin family. (94 aa) |
| | groEL | Chaperonin large subunit; Prevents misfolding and promotes the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under stress conditions. (544 aa) |
| | pspA | Phage shock protein A homolog; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type h: extrachromosomal origin. (227 aa) |
| | opuE | Proline transporter; Catalyzes the uptake of extracellular proline under high- osmolarity growth conditions. Essential for the use of proline present in the environment as an osmoprotectant. (492 aa) |
| | yflT | Heat stress induced protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor. (115 aa) |
| | yfkM | General stress protein 18; Functions in the protection against aldehyde-stress, possibly by degrading damaged proteins. (172 aa) |
| | yhbH | Factor involved in shape determination (sporulation); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor. (392 aa) |
| | cspB | Major cold-shock protein, RNA helicase co-factor, RNA co-chaperone; Binds to the pentamer sequences ATTGG and CCAAT with highest affinity in single-stranded DNA, and also to other sequences. Has greater affinity for ATTGG than CCAAT. Can act as transcriptional activator of cold shock genes by recognizing putative ATTGG-box elements present in promoter regions of genes induced under cold shock conditions. (67 aa) |
| | yhdN | Aldo/keto reductase specific for NADPH; Aldo-keto reductase (AKR) that displays broad substrate specificity in vitro. Is able to reduce the standard AKR substrates DL- glyceraldehyde, D-erythrose, methylglyoxal, p-nitrobenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde and butyraldehyde, in the presence of NADPH. Cannot use NADH as a cosubstrate. Does not act on glucose, 2-pyridine carboxyaldehyde, fructose and xylose. The physiological function of this enzyme is not clear. May play a role in bacterial stress response and/or in detoxification of reactive aldehydes. Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family. A [...] (331 aa) |
| | nhaX | Stress response protein, UspA family; Evidence 2b: Function of strongly homologous gene; factor. (166 aa) |
| | yhaX | Putative hydrolase; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; putative enzyme. (288 aa) |
| | spxA | Redox-sensitive regulator enzyme; Interferes with activator-stimulated transcription by interaction with the RNA polymerase alpha-CTD. May function to globally reduce transcription of genes involved in growth- and development- promoting processes and to increase transcription of genes involved in thiol homeostasis, during periods of extreme stress. Negatively affects competence and sporulation. Its degradation by the MecA/ClpXP complex is needed for competence development; Belongs to the ArsC family. Spx subfamily. (131 aa) |
| | fabI | Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase; Catalyzes the reduction of a carbon-carbon double bond in an enoyl moiety that is covalently linked to an acyl carrier protein (ACP). Involved in the elongation cycle of fatty acid which are used in the lipid metabolism. (258 aa) |
| | htrA | Membrane bound serine protease Do, quality control protease (heat-shock protein); Degrades abnormal exported proteins and responsible for the propeptide processing of a natural pro-protein and for the maturation of a native protein. It also plays a prominent role in stress (heat shock, ethanol, puromycin and NaCl) resistance during active exponential growth (Probable); Belongs to the peptidase S1C family. (449 aa) |
| | ohrB | Organic hydroperoxide resistance reductase B; Involved in organic hydroperoxide resistance. Belongs to the OsmC/Ohr family. (136 aa) |
| | ykoL | Hypothetical protein; Evidence 5: No homology to any previously reported sequences; PubMedId: 10671441. (60 aa) |
| | sigI | RNA polymerase sigma factor; Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is involved in regulation of cell wall metabolism in response to heat stress. Acts by regulating the expression of genes such as bcrC, mreBH and lytE. Also plays a role in survival at low temperatures. Belongs to the sigma-70 factor family. SigI subfamily. (251 aa) |
| | rsgI | sigmaI modulating factor; Anti-sigma factor for SigI. Negatively regulates SigI activity through direct interaction. (381 aa) |
| | mtnK | Methylthioribose kinase (methionine salvage pathway); Catalyzes the phosphorylation of methylthioribose into methylthioribose-1-phosphate. (397 aa) |
| | clpE | ATP-dependent Clp protease (class III stress gene); ATPase essential both for efficient CtsR-dependent gene derepression during heat stress and for rerepression. Together with ClpP, degrades the global regulator CtsR after heat shock. Is also involved in disaggregation of heat-denatured proteins. Has thus a role in overall protein quality control in response to heat stress. (699 aa) |
| | hfq | Hfq RNA chaperone; RNA chaperone that binds small regulatory RNA (sRNAs) and mRNAs to facilitate mRNA translational regulation in response to envelope stress, environmental stress and changes in metabolite concentrations. Also binds with high specificity to tRNAs. Belongs to the Hfq family. (73 aa) |
| | yocK | Putative general stress protein; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; putative factor. (163 aa) |
| | yocM | Putative spore coat protein; Part of the cellular protein quality control system with a specific role in salt stress response. May facilitate protein homeostasis, together with chemical chaperones that accumulate during the salt stress response. Increased levels of YocM protects against both heat and salt stress. In vitro, displays an unusual aggregase chaperone activity. (158 aa) |
| | yorD | Hypothetical protein; Evidence 5: No homology to any previously reported sequences. (104 aa) |
| | cspD | Cold-shock protein, molecular chaperone, RNA-helicase co-factor; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor. (66 aa) |
| | yqjM | NADPH-dependent flavin oxidoreductase; Catalyzes the reduction of the double bond of an array of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. It also reduces the nitro group of nitroester and nitroaromatic compounds. It could have a role in detoxification processes; Belongs to the NADH:flavin oxidoreductase/NADH oxidase family. NamA subfamily. (338 aa) |
| | mgsR | Transcriptional regulator of stress; Regulates transcription of a subregulon within the general stress response. Exerts positive and negative effects in response to ethanol stress. (126 aa) |
| | sodA | Superoxide dismutase; Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems; Belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. (202 aa) |
| | cshB | ATP-dependent RNA helicase; DEAD-box RNA helicase that plays a role in 70S ribosome assembly. May work in conjunction with the cold shock proteins to ensure proper initiation of transcription at low and optimal temperatures. (438 aa) |
| | dnaJ | Co-factor of molecular chaperone; Participates actively in the response to hyperosmotic and heat shock by preventing the aggregation of stress-denatured proteins and by disaggregating proteins, also in an autonomous, DnaK-independent fashion. Unfolded proteins bind initially to DnaJ; upon interaction with the DnaJ-bound protein, DnaK hydrolyzes its bound ATP, resulting in the formation of a stable complex. GrpE releases ADP from DnaK; ATP binding to DnaK triggers the release of the substrate protein, thus completing the reaction cycle. Several rounds of ATP-dependent interactions betwe [...] (375 aa) |
| | dnaK | Molecular chaperone; Acts as a chaperone; Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family. (611 aa) |
| | grpE | Nucleotide exchange factor for DnaK activity; Participates actively in the response to hyperosmotic and heat shock by preventing the aggregation of stress-denatured proteins, in association with DnaK and GrpE. It is the nucleotide exchange factor for DnaK and may function as a thermosensor. Unfolded proteins bind initially to DnaJ; upon interaction with the DnaJ-bound protein, DnaK hydrolyzes its bound ATP, resulting in the formation of a stable complex. GrpE releases ADP from DnaK; ATP binding to DnaK triggers the release of the substrate protein, thus completing the reaction cycle. S [...] (187 aa) |
| | hrcA | Transcriptional regulator of heat-shock genes; Negative regulator of class I heat shock genes (grpE-dnaK- dnaJ and groELS operons). Prevents heat-shock induction of these operons. (343 aa) |
| | yraB | Putative transcriptional regulator (MerR family); Transcriptional regulator involved in the response to aldehyde stress. Binds to the promoter region of the adhA-yraA operon, the yraC and its own promoter region; binding is unchanged in the presence of aldehydes. (140 aa) |
| | adhA | Putative dehydrogenase; Functions in the protection against aldehyde-stress. Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. (349 aa) |
| | yraA | General stress protein; Functions in the protection against aldehyde-stress, possibly by degrading damaged proteins. (169 aa) |
| | yrhH | Putative methyltransferase; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; putative enzyme. (180 aa) |
| | greA | Transcription elongation factor; Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites. The arresting sites in DNA have the property of trapping a certain fraction of elongating RNA polymerases that pass through, resulting in locked ternary complexes. Cleavage of the nascent transcript by cleavage factors such as GreA or GreB allows the resumption of elongation from the new 3'terminus. GreA releases sequences of 2 to 3 nucleotides (By similarity); Belongs to the GreA/GreB family. (157 aa) |
| | nadC | Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase; Involved in the catabolism of quinolinic acid (QA). (289 aa) |
| | lonA | Class III heat-shock ATP-dependent LonA protease; ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of mutant and abnormal proteins as well as certain short- lived regulatory proteins. Required for cellular homeostasis and for survival from DNA damage and developmental changes induced by stress. Degrades polypeptides processively to yield small peptide fragments that are 5 to 10 amino acids long. Binds to DNA in a double-stranded, site-specific manner (By similarity). Has been implicated in preventing sigma(G) activity under non-sporulation conditions. (774 aa) |
| | lonB | LonB ATP-dependent protease; ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of mutant and abnormal proteins as well as certain short- lived regulatory proteins. Required for cellular homeostasis and for survival from DNA damage and developmental changes induced by stress. Degrades polypeptides processively to yield small peptide fragments that are 5 to 10 amino acids long. Binds to DNA in a double-stranded, site-specific manner (By similarity); Belongs to the peptidase S16 family. (552 aa) |
| | clpX | Protein unfolding ATPase required for presentation of proteins to proteases; ATP-dependent specificity component of the Clp protease. It directs the protease to specific substrates. Can perform chaperone functions in the absence of ClpP (By similarity). Probably the major protease that degrades proteins tagged by trans-translation. (420 aa) |
| | ysnF | Putative stress response protein; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; phenotype. (273 aa) |
| | refZ | Regulator of FtsZ; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type r: regulator. (207 aa) |
| | dps | DNA-protecting protein, ferritin; Evidence 2a: Function of homologous gene experimentally demonstrated in an other organism; Product type e: enzyme. (145 aa) |
| | yugI | Putative RNA degradation protein; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; Product type pe: putative enzyme. (130 aa) |
| | dhbA | 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase; Evidence 2a: Function of homologous gene experimentally demonstrated in an other organism; Product type e: enzyme; Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. (261 aa) |
| | mrgA | Metalloregulation DNA-binding stress protein; Forms highly stable, multimeric protein-DNA complexes which accumulate in stationary-phase cells and protect against oxidative killing; Belongs to the Dps family. (153 aa) |
| | htrB | HtrA-like serine protease; Degrades abnormal exported proteins and responsible for the propeptide processing of a natural pro-protein and for the maturation of a native protein. It also plays a prominent role in stress (heat shock, ethanol, puromycin and NaCl) resistance during active exponential growth (Probable); Belongs to the peptidase S1C family. (458 aa) |
| | liaG | Conserved hypothetical protein (response to antibiotic stress); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; PubMedId: 15273097, 16816187. (290 aa) |
| | yvgO | Conserved hypothetical protein; Evidence 4: Homologs of previously reported genes of unknown function; PubMedId: 11988534. (161 aa) |
| | clpP | ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit; Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Has a limited peptidase activity in the absence of ATP-binding subunits ClpC, ClpE or ClpX. Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins (By similarity). ClpXP is involved in the complete degradation of the site-2 clipped anti-sigma-W factor RsiW. This results in the release of SigW and the transcriptional activation of genes under the control of the sigma-W factor. Probably the major protease that degrades prot [...] (197 aa) |
| | trxB | Thioredoxin reductase; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type e: enzyme; Belongs to the class-II pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. (316 aa) |
| | hpf | Ribosome-associated sigma 54 modulation protein; Required for dimerization of active 70S ribosomes into 100S ribosomes in stationary phase; 100S ribosomes are translationally inactive and sometimes present during exponential growth. May not be the only factor implicated. Might negatively regulate the activity of the sigma-54 factor (SigL). (189 aa) |
| | tuaH | Putative glycosyltransferase; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; Product type pe: putative enzyme. (397 aa) |
| | tuaG | Putative glycosyltransferase; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; Product type pe: putative enzyme. (252 aa) |
| | tuaF | Putative hydrolase involved in teichuronic acid synthesis; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; Product type pe: putative enzyme. (226 aa) |
| | tuaE | Putative polymerase of teichuronic acid repeating units; Might be involved in the polymerization of teichuronic acid repeating units after their translocation to the outer surface of the membrane. (488 aa) |
| | tuaD | UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the conversion of UDP-glucose into UDP-glucuronate, one of the precursors of teichuronic acid; Belongs to the UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose dehydrogenase family. (461 aa) |
| | tuaC | Putative glycosyltransferase; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; Product type pe: putative enzyme. (389 aa) |
| | tuaB | Putative exporter involved in biosynthesis of teichuronic acid; Might be involved in the translocation of teichuronic acid repeating units from the inner to the outer surface of the membrane. (483 aa) |
| | gtaB | UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase; Catalyzes the formation of UDP-glucose from glucose-1- phosphate and UTP. This is an intermediate step in the biosynthesis of diglucosyl-diacylglycerol (Glc2-DAG), i.e. the predominant glycolipid found in B.subtilis membrane, which is also used as a membrane anchor for lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Has a role in the biosynthesis of all phosphate-containing envelope polymers, since UDP-glucose serves as a glucosyl donor not only for the biosynthesis of LTA but also for wall teichoic acids (WTAs). Is required for biofilm formation. This is likely d [...] (292 aa) |
| | ywrO | Nitroreductase; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type e: enzyme. (175 aa) |
| | csbD | Conserved hypothetical protein; Evidence 7: Gene remnant. (62 aa) |
| | gspA | Putative glycosyl transferase (general stress protein); Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; putative enzyme. (286 aa) |
| | aldY | Putative aldehyde dehydrogenase; May contribute to protect cells against stress due to ethanol and related compounds; Belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family. (485 aa) |
| | htpG | Class III heat-shock protein (molecular chaperone); Molecular chaperone. Has ATPase activity. (626 aa) |
| | yxaB | Putative exopolysaccharide pyruvyl transferase; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; Product type pe: putative enzyme. (343 aa) |
| | ahpC | Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (small subunit); Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides; Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. AhpC/Prx1 subfamily. (187 aa) |
