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sbcC sbcC sbcD sbcD addA addA addB addB cspB cspB mutY mutY recX recX bst bst adaB adaB topB topB cspC cspC rex rex ligA ligA adaA adaA ybbP ybbP radA radA hslO hslO mfd mfd gyrA gyrA gyrB gyrB ahpF ahpF katE katE relQ relQ ywjD ywjD ywqL ywqL uvrB uvrB uvrA uvrA trxB trxB sufU sufU glgC glgC mntC mntC tpx tpx mutM mutM polX polX mutSB mutSB trxA trxA uvrC uvrC rdgB rdgB ruvA ruvA ruvB ruvB recJ recJ rarA rarA recD recD arsR arsR zur zur sodA sodA mntR mntR xseA xseA xseB xseB recN recN yqiW yqiW polYB polYB recQ recQ bshA bshA nth nth cspD cspD bshR bshR msrA msrA sodC sodC rtbI rtbI mutL mutL recA recA cinA cinA lspA lspA bshC bshC splB splB ykoU ykoU ohrR ohrR xre xre recF recF
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proteins of unknown 3D structure
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sbcCDNA ATP-dependent repair enzyme; SbcCD cleaves DNA hairpin structures. These structures can inhibit DNA replication and are intermediates in certain DNA recombination reactions. The complex acts as a 3'->5' double strand exonuclease that can open hairpins. It also has a 5' single-strand endonuclease activity (By similarity); Belongs to the SMC family. SbcC subfamily. (1130 aa)
sbcDDNA repair exonuclease; SbcCD cleaves DNA hairpin structures. These structures can inhibit DNA replication and are intermediates in certain DNA recombination reactions. The complex acts as a 3'->5' double strand exonuclease that can open hairpins. It also has a 5' single-strand endonuclease activity (By similarity); Belongs to the SbcD family. (391 aa)
addAATP-dependent deoxyribonuclease (subunit A); An essential component of the DNA double-stranded break repair machinery, the heterodimer acts as both an ATP-dependent DNA helicase and an ATP-dependent, dual-direction single-stranded exonuclease. Recognizes the B.subtilis chi site (5'-AGCGG-3') which transforms the enzyme from a helicase which degrades both DNA strands to one with only 5' -> 3' exonuclease activity. This generates a double-stranded DNA with a protruding 3'-terminated single-stranded tail suitable for the initiation of homologous recombination (chi fragment). The AddA nucl [...] (1232 aa)
addBATP-dependent deoxyribonuclease (subunit B); The heterodimer acts as both an ATP-dependent DNA helicase and an ATP-dependent single-stranded exonuclease, acting in both directions. Recognizes the B.subtilis chi site (5'-AGCGG-3') which transforms the enzyme from a helicase which degrades both DNA strands to one with only 5' to 3' exonuclease activity. This generates a double-stranded DNA with a protruding 3'-terminated single-stranded tail suitable for the initiation of homologous recombination (chi fragment). The AddB nuclease domain is not required for chi fragment generation; this s [...] (1166 aa)
cspBMajor cold-shock protein, RNA helicase co-factor, RNA co-chaperone; Binds to the pentamer sequences ATTGG and CCAAT with highest affinity in single-stranded DNA, and also to other sequences. Has greater affinity for ATTGG than CCAAT. Can act as transcriptional activator of cold shock genes by recognizing putative ATTGG-box elements present in promoter regions of genes induced under cold shock conditions. (67 aa)
mutYA/G-specific adenine glycosylase or DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase; Base excision repair (BER) glycosylase that initiates repair of A:oxoG to C:G by removing the inappropriately paired adenine base from the DNA backbone, generating an abasic site product. 8-oxoguanine (oxoG) is a genotoxic DNA lesion resulting from oxidation of guanine; this residue is misread by replicative DNA polymerases, that insert adenine instead of cytosine opposite the oxidized damaged base. Shows a powerful dicrimination of A versus C, since it does not cleave cytosine in oxoG:C pairs. May also be a [...] (369 aa)
recXRegulatory protein RecX; Modulates RecA activity; Belongs to the RecX family. (264 aa)
bstBacillithiol S-transferase; Possible metal-dependent hydrolase; Belongs to the metal hydrolase YfiT family. (178 aa)
adaBO6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; Involved in the cellular defense against the biological effects of O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) and O4-methylthymine (O4-MeT) in DNA. Repairs the methylated nucleobase in DNA by stoichiometrically transferring the methyl group to a cysteine residue in the enzyme. This is a suicide reaction: the enzyme is irreversibly inactivated. (179 aa)
topBDNA topoisomerase III; Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA, which is introduced during the DNA replication and transcription, by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA- (5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand then undergoes passage around the unbroken strand, thus removing DNA su [...] (727 aa)
cspCCold-shock protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor. (66 aa)
rexTranscription repressor of cydABCD and yjlC-ndh expression; Modulates transcription in response to changes in cellular NADH/NAD(+) redox state. (215 aa)
ligADNA ligase; DNA ligase that catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester linkages between 5'-phosphoryl and 3'-hydroxyl groups in double- stranded DNA using NAD as a coenzyme and as the energy source for the reaction. It is essential for DNA replication and repair of damaged DNA. (668 aa)
adaAmethylphosphotriester-DNA alkyltransferase and transcriptional regulator (AraC/XylS family); Is involved in the adaptive response to alkylation damage in DNA caused by alkylating agents. Repairs the methylphosphotriester lesions in DNA by a direct and irreversible transfer of the methyl group to one of its own cysteine residues. (211 aa)
ybbPPutative enzyme with DAC domain protein; One of 3 paralogous diadenylate cyclases (DAC) in this bacteria, catalyzing the condensation of 2 ATP molecules into cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) (Probable). Upon expression in E.coli leads to c-di- AMP synthesis. Probably the main producer of c-di-AMP for the cell; is probably implicated in control of peptidogylcan synthesis. In B.subtilis c-di-AMP is a second messenger that mediates growth, DNA repair and cell wall homeostasis; it is toxic when present in excess. (273 aa)
radADNA repair protein; DNA-dependent ATPase involved in processing of recombination intermediates, plays a role in repairing DNA breaks. Stimulates the branch migration of RecA-mediated strand transfer reactions, allowing the 3' invading strand to extend heteroduplex DNA faster. Binds ssDNA in the presence of ADP but not other nucleotides, has ATPase activity that is stimulated by ssDNA and various branched DNA structures, but inhibited by SSB. Does not have RecA's homology-searching function. (458 aa)
hslODisulfide bond chaperone (heat shock protein HSP33); Redox regulated molecular chaperone. Protects both thermally unfolding and oxidatively damaged proteins from irreversible aggregation. Plays an important role in the bacterial defense system toward oxidative stress. (291 aa)
mfdTranscription-repair coupling factor; Couples transcription and DNA repair by recognizing RNA polymerase (RNAP) stalled at DNA lesions. Mediates ATP-dependent release of RNAP and its truncated transcript from the DNA, and recruitment of nucleotide excision repair machinery to the damaged site; In the N-terminal section; belongs to the UvrB family. (1177 aa)
gyrADNA gyrase (subunit A); A type II topoisomerase that negatively supercoils closed circular double-stranded (ds) DNA in an ATP-dependent manner to modulate DNA topology and maintain chromosomes in an underwound state. Negative supercoiling favors strand separation, and DNA replication, transcription, recombination and repair, all of which involve strand separation. Also able to catalyze the interconversion of other topological isomers of dsDNA rings, including catenanes and knotted rings. Type II topoisomerases break and join 2 DNA strands simultaneously in an ATP-dependent manner. (821 aa)
gyrBDNA gyrase (subunit B); A type II topoisomerase that negatively supercoils closed circular double-stranded (ds) DNA in an ATP-dependent manner to modulate DNA topology and maintain chromosomes in an underwound state. Negative supercoiling favors strand separation, and DNA replication, transcription, recombination and repair, all of which involve strand separation. Also able to catalyze the interconversion of other topological isomers of dsDNA rings, including catenanes and knotted rings. Type II topoisomerases break and join 2 DNA strands simultaneously in an ATP-dependent manner. (638 aa)
ahpFAlkyl hydroperoxide reductase (large subunit); Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity). (509 aa)
katECatalase 2; Decomposes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen; serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. Involved in sporulation. (686 aa)
relQ(p)ppGpp synthetase; Functions as a (p)ppGpp synthase; GDP can be used instead of GTP, resulting in an increase of (p)ppGpp synthesis. Overexpression in relA mutants (triple relA-yjbM-ywaC deletions and single relA deletions) leads to growth arrest; GTP levels fall drastically, various guanine-related nucleotides are synthesized (ppGp or pGpp), the cellular transcriptional profile changes dramatically and 70S ribosome dimerization occurs. Overexpression in the presence of a wild-type relA gene does not have these effects. In eubacteria ppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5-' diphosphate) i [...] (210 aa)
ywjDPutative UV damage repair endonuclease; Component in a DNA repair pathway. Removal of UV LIGHT damaged nucleotides. Recognizes pyrimidine dimers and cleave a phosphodiester bond immediately 5' to the lesion (By similarity). (320 aa)
ywqLPutative deoxyribonuclease V; DNA repair enzyme involved in the repair of deaminated bases. Selectively cleaves double-stranded DNA at the second phosphodiester bond 3' to a deoxyinosine leaving behind the intact lesion on the nicked DNA. (238 aa)
uvrBExcinuclease ABC (subunit B); The UvrABC repair system catalyzes the recognition and processing of DNA lesions. A damage recognition complex composed of 2 UvrA and 2 UvrB subunits scans DNA for abnormalities. Upon binding of the UvrA(2)B(2) complex to a putative damaged site, the DNA wraps around one UvrB monomer. DNA wrap is dependent on ATP binding by UvrB and probably causes local melting of the DNA helix, facilitating insertion of UvrB beta-hairpin between the DNA strands. Then UvrB probes one DNA strand for the presence of a lesion. If a lesion is found the UvrA subunits dissociat [...] (661 aa)
uvrAExcinuclease ABC (subunit A); The UvrABC repair system catalyzes the recognition and processing of DNA lesions. UvrA is an ATPase and a DNA-binding protein. A damage recognition complex composed of 2 UvrA and 2 UvrB subunits scans DNA for abnormalities. When the presence of a lesion has been verified by UvrB, the UvrA molecules dissociate. (957 aa)
trxBThioredoxin reductase; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type e: enzyme; Belongs to the class-II pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. (316 aa)
sufUIron-sulfur cluster assembly scaffold protein; Its function is controversial. Has been generally assumed to be an iron-sulfur cluster assembly scaffold protein , but more recent evidence suggest it is a sulfurtransferase rather than a scaffold assembly protein. Has been shown to bind low levels of a labile, air- sensitive Fe-S cluster; this can be assembled under anaerobic conditions from FeCl(3) and Li(2)S. Has been shown to be able to transfer this Fe-S cluster to an acceptor protein. Stimulates the cysteine desulfurase activity of SufS, for which it acts as a second substrate. Alkyl [...] (147 aa)
glgCGlucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase (ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) subunit alpha; Involved in the biosynthesis of ADP-glucose, a building block required for the elongation reactions to produce glycogen. Catalyzes the reaction between ATP and alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate (G1P) to produce pyrophosphate and ADP-Glc. (380 aa)
mntCManganese ABC transporter (permease); Probably part of the ABC transporter complex MntABCD involved in manganese import. Probably responsible for the translocation of the substrate across the membrane; Belongs to the ABC-3 integral membrane protein family. (435 aa)
tpxPutative peroxiredoxin; Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides. (167 aa)
mutMformamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosidase; Involved in the GO system responsible for removing an oxidatively damaged form of guanine (7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine, 8-oxo- dGTP) from DNA and the nucleotide pool. 8-oxo-dGTP is inserted opposite dA and dC residues of template DNA with almost equal efficiency thus leading to A.T to G.C transversions (By similarity). Involved in base excision repair of DNA damaged by oxidation or by mutagenic agents. Acts as DNA glycosylase that recognizes and removes damaged bases. Has a preference for oxidized purines, such as 8-oxo-dGTP. Has AP (apurinic/apyrimidi [...] (276 aa)
polXDNA polymerase/3'-5' exonuclease X; Strictly DNA-template-directed DNA polymerase, preferentially acting on DNA structures containing gaps from one to a few nucleotides and bearing a phosphate group at the 5' end of the downstream DNA. The fact that PolX is able to conduct filling of a single-nucleotide gap, allowing further sealing of the resulting nick by a DNA ligase, points to a putative role in base excision repair (BER) during the B.subtilis life cycle. Moreover, also possesses a 3'-5' exonuclease activity able to edit unpaired 3'-termini in a gapped DNA substrate and likely invo [...] (570 aa)
mutSBPutative DNA mismatch repair enzyme; Endonuclease that is involved in the suppression of homologous recombination and may therefore have a key role in the control of bacterial genetic diversity; Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutS family. MutS2 subfamily. (785 aa)
trxAThioredoxin; Participates in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol to a disulfide and catalyzes dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. (104 aa)
uvrCExcinuclease ABC (subunit C); The UvrABC repair system catalyzes the recognition and processing of DNA lesions. UvrC both incises the 5' and 3' sides of the lesion. The N-terminal half is responsible for the 3' incision and the C-terminal half is responsible for the 5' incision. (590 aa)
rdgBInosine/xanthosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (subunit A); Pyrophosphatase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates to their monophosphate derivatives, with a high preference for the non-canonical purine nucleotides XTP (xanthosine triphosphate), dITP (deoxyinosine triphosphate) and ITP. Seems to function as a house-cleaning enzyme that removes non-canonical purine nucleotides from the nucleotide pool, thus preventing their incorporation into DNA/RNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions. Belongs to the HAM1 NTPase family. (198 aa)
ruvAHolliday junction DNA helicase; The RuvA-RuvB complex in the presence of ATP renatures cruciform structure in supercoiled DNA with palindromic sequence, indicating that it may promote strand exchange reactions in homologous recombination. RuvAB is a helicase that mediates the Holliday junction migration by localized denaturation and reannealing. RuvA stimulates, in the presence of DNA, the weak ATPase activity of RuvB. (201 aa)
ruvBHolliday junction DNA helicase, ATP-dependent component; The RuvA-RuvB complex in the presence of ATP renatures cruciform structure in supercoiled DNA with palindromic sequence, indicating that it may promote strand exchange reactions in homologous recombination. RuvAB is a helicase that mediates the Holliday junction migration by localized denaturation and reannealing (By similarity). Stimulates the resolution of Holliday junctions by RecU. (334 aa)
recJPutative single-strand DNA-specific exonuclease; Putative single-stranded-DNA-specific exonuclease (By similarity). RecA thread formation during DNA double-strand break repair requires RecJ or AadAB; Belongs to the RecJ family. (786 aa)
rarADNA-dependent ATPase; Evidence 2a: Function of homologous gene experimentally demonstrated in an other organism; Product type e: enzyme; Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. RarA/MGS1/WRNIP1 subfamily. (421 aa)
recDExodeoxyribonuclease V alpha chain; DNA-dependent ATPase and ATP-dependent 5'-3' DNA helicase. Has no activity on blunt DNA or DNA with 3'-overhangs, requires at least 10 bases of 5'-ssDNA for helicase activity; Belongs to the RecD family. RecD-like subfamily. (798 aa)
arsRTranscriptional regulator (ArsR family); Transcriptional repressor for the ars operon. (105 aa)
zurTranscriptional regulator (Fur family); Acts as a negative controlling element, employing Zn(2+) as a cofactor to bind the operator of the repressed genes. Required for the zinc-specific repression of two operons implicated in zinc uptake, yciC and ycdHIyceA. Also represses the expression of rpmE2, the gene for ribosomal protein L31B, which is expressed only after the end of exponential growth. (145 aa)
sodASuperoxide dismutase; Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems; Belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. (202 aa)
mntRTranscriptional regulator (DtxR family); Central regulator of manganese homeostasis that regulates the expression of both manganese uptake and efflux systems. In the presence of high levels of manganese, it mediates repression of the manganese uptake systems MntH and MntABCD and activation of the efflux systems MneP and MneS. Binds with high affinity to the regulatory regions of its target genes. The manganese concentration required for activation of efflux is higher than that for repression of uptake ; Belongs to the DtxR/MntR family. (142 aa)
xseAExodeoxyribonuclease VII (large subunit); Bidirectionally degrades single-stranded DNA into large acid- insoluble oligonucleotides, which are then degraded further into small acid-soluble oligonucleotides; Belongs to the XseA family. (448 aa)
xseBExodeoxyribonuclease VII (small subunit); Bidirectionally degrades single-stranded DNA into large acid- insoluble oligonucleotides, which are then degraded further into small acid-soluble oligonucleotides; Belongs to the XseB family. (84 aa)
recNFactor for double strand breaks DNA repair and genetic recombination; Involved in recombinational repair of damaged DNA. Seems to be the first protein recruited to repair centers, foci that are the site of double-strand DNA break(s), followed by RecO and then RecF. (576 aa)
yqiWConserved hypothetical protein; Evidence 4: Homologs of previously reported genes of unknown function; Belongs to the UPF0403 family. (145 aa)
polYBY family DNA polymerase V bypassing lesions during replication; Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by PolIV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. May be involved in translesional synthesis, in conjunction with the beta clamp from PolIII (By similarity). (412 aa)
recQATP-dependent DNA helicase; Probable DNA helicase. Required in synaptic and/or post- synaptic stages of recombination. Probably has overlapping function with RecQ (AC O34748). It probably acts to help generate ss-DNA from ds-DNA breaks. (496 aa)
bshAMalate glycosyltransferase for bacillithiol synthesis; Involved in bacillithiol (BSH) biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first step of the pathway, the formation of N-acetylglucosaminylmalate (GlcNAc-Mal) from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and L-malate. Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily. (377 aa)
nthEndonuclease III; DNA repair enzyme that has both DNA N-glycosylase activity and AP-lyase activity. The DNA N-glycosylase activity releases various damaged pyrimidines from DNA by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond, leaving an AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) site. The AP-lyase activity cleaves the phosphodiester bond 3' to the AP site by a beta-elimination, leaving a 3'-terminal unsaturated sugar and a product with a terminal 5'- phosphate; Belongs to the Nth/MutY family. (219 aa)
cspDCold-shock protein, molecular chaperone, RNA-helicase co-factor; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type f: factor. (66 aa)
bshRProtein disulfide isomerase; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type e: enzyme; Belongs to the UPF0403 family. (144 aa)
msrAPeptide methionine S-sulfoxide reductase; Has an important function as a repair enzyme for proteins that have been inactivated by oxidation. Catalyzes the reversible oxidation-reduction of methionine sulfoxide in proteins to methionine. May deal with oxidative damage to alpha/beta-type SASP in spores. (177 aa)
sodCSuperoxide dismutase (exported lipoprotein); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type lp: lipoprotein. (196 aa)
rtbIRibonuclease toxin of toxin-antitoxin systems RttI-RttJ; Probable DNA helicase. Required for DNA repair and intramolecular recombination; probably has overlapping function with RecS (AC P50729). It probably acts to help generate ss-DNA from ds-DNA breaks; Belongs to the helicase family. RecQ subfamily. (591 aa)
mutLDNA mismatch repair factor; This protein is involved in the repair of mismatches in DNA. It is required for dam-dependent methyl-directed DNA mismatch repair. May act as a 'molecular matchmaker', a protein that promotes the formation of a stable complex between two or more DNA-binding proteins in an ATP-dependent manner without itself being part of a final effector complex (By similarity). Overexpression of mutSL partially suppresses the high spontaneous mutation frequency of a ytkD/mutM/mutY triple disruption which lacks the system required to prevent damage by oxidized guanine (8-oxo [...] (627 aa)
recAMultifunctional SOS repair factor; Multifunctional protein involved in homologous recombination, DNA repair and competence. Can catalyze the hydrolysis of (d)ATP in the presence of single-stranded DNA; prefers dATP at least in vitro, catalyzes the dATP-dependent uptake of single- stranded DNA by duplex DNA, and the dATP-dependent hybridization of homologous single-stranded DNAs (strand exchange). RecA-ATP cannot catalyze homologous DNA strand exchange; SsbA and DprA activate strand exchange by RecA-ATP. It interacts with LexA causing its activation and leading to its autocatalytic clea [...] (348 aa)
cinACompetence-damage inducible regulator; Evidence 2a: Function of homologous gene experimentally demonstrated in an other organism; regulator; Belongs to the CinA family. (416 aa)
lspASignal peptidase II; This protein specifically catalyzes the removal of signal peptides from prolipoproteins. (154 aa)
bshCMalate glucosamine cysteine ligase; Involved in bacillithiol (BSH) biosynthesis. May catalyze the last step of the pathway, the addition of cysteine to glucosamine malate (GlcN-Mal) to generate BSH. (539 aa)
splBSpore photoproduct (thymine dimer) lyase; Involved in repair of UV radiation-induced DNA damage during spore germination. Can repair thymine dimer 5-thyminyl-5,6- dihydrothymine (known as spore photoproduct (SP)) by in situ monomerization of SP to two thymines. (342 aa)
ykoUATP-dependent DNA ligase subunit; With Ku forms a non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair enzyme, which repairs dsDNA breaks with reduced fidelity (Probable). Probably involved in DNA repair during spore germination. In the N-terminal section; belongs to the LigD polymerase family. (611 aa)
ohrRTranscriptional regulator sensing organic peroxides; Organic peroxide sensor. Represses the expression of the peroxide-inducible gene ohrA by cooperative binding to two inverted repeat elements. (147 aa)
xrePhage PBSX transcriptional regulator; Repressor of PBSX. Binds to four sites close to its own gene. Necessary for the maintenance of the lysogenic state. (113 aa)
recFDNA repair and genetic recombination factor; The RecF protein is involved in DNA metabolism; it is required for DNA replication and normal SOS inducibility. RecF binds preferentially to single-stranded, linear DNA. It also seems to bind ATP. Is recruited to repair centers, foci that are the site of double- strand DNA break(s) after RecN and RecO; recruitment may depend on RecO. (370 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Bacillus subtilis 168
NCBI taxonomy Id: 224308
Other names: B. subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168, Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis 168, Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168, Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. BGSC 1A700
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