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acpA acpA divIVA divIVA ylmC ylmC spoIIGA spoIIGA ftsZ ftsZ ftsA ftsA murE murE spoVD spoVD mraZ mraZ ftsW ftsW cheV cheV motB motB fabF fabF scoC scoC cotJC cotJC cotJB cotJB groEL groEL groES groES murF murF sigH sigH clpC clpC ctsR ctsR spoIIE spoIIE spoVG spoVG abrB abrB yyaC yyaC cotF cotF dnaK dnaK pta pta fbaA fbaA spoIIR spoIIR spoIID spoIID spoIIID spoIIID flgM flgM ftsE ftsE ftsX ftsX minJ minJ clpP clpP tpiA tpiA pgm pgm eno eno yunB yunB pgi pgi glgB glgB glgC glgC glgD glgD glgA glgA glgP glgP cotS cotS ackA ackA pfkA pfkA pyk pyk nrdR nrdR etfA etfA clpX clpX spoIVFB spoIVFB spoIIP spoIIP dnaJ dnaJ grpE grpE hrcA hrcA dnaG dnaG glcK glcK spo0A spo0A ptb ptb buk buk spoIIM spoIIM spoIIAA spoIIAA spoIIAB spoIIAB spoVAC spoVAC spoVAD spoVAD spoIVA spoIVA dapB dapB spoIIIE spoIIIE dapA dapA cheW cheW fliM fliM fliG fliG fliF fliF fliE fliE ftsY ftsY
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splice isoforms or post-translational modifications are collapsed, i.e. each node represents all the proteins produced by a single, protein-coding gene locus.
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query proteins and first shell of interactors
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second shell of interactors
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proteins of unknown 3D structure
filled nodes:
a 3D structure is known or predicted
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Known Interactions
from curated databases
experimentally determined
Predicted Interactions
gene neighborhood
gene fusions
gene co-occurrence
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textmining
co-expression
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acpAAcyl carrier protein; Carrier of the growing fatty acid chain in fatty acid biosynthesis; Belongs to the acyl carrier protein (ACP) family. (77 aa)
divIVACell-division initiation protein; May act as a pilot protein, directing MinCD to the polar septation sites or by inhibiting MinCD at the midcell site of division. Required for polar localization of the chromosome during sporulation. (164 aa)
ylmCConserved hypothetical protein; Evidence 4: Homologs of previously reported genes of unknown function; PubMedId: 12429060. (81 aa)
spoIIGAProtease processing pro-sigma-E; Probable aspartic protease that is responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of the RNA polymerase sigma E factor (SigE/spoIIGB) to yield the active peptide in the mother cell during sporulation. Responds to a signal from the forespore that is triggered by the extracellular signal protein SpoIIR. Belongs to the peptidase U4 family. (309 aa)
ftsZCell-division initiation protein; Essential cell division protein that forms a contractile ring structure (Z ring) at the future cell division site. The regulation of the ring assembly controls the timing and the location of cell division. One of the functions of the FtsZ ring is to recruit other cell division proteins to the septum to produce a new cell wall between the dividing cells. Binds GTP and shows GTPase activity. (382 aa)
ftsACell-division protein essential fo Z-ring assembly; Cell division protein that is required for the assembly of the Z ring. May serve as a membrane anchor for the Z ring (By similarity). Binds and hydrolyzes ATP. Also involved in sporulation (Probable). Belongs to the FtsA/MreB family. (440 aa)
murEUDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanyl-D-glutamate-2, 6-diaminopimelate ligase; Catalyzes the addition of meso-diaminopimelic acid to the nucleotide precursor UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate (UMAG) in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan. Belongs to the MurCDEF family. MurE subfamily. (494 aa)
spoVDPenicillin-binding protein; Penicillin-binding protein with an unknown catalytic activity. May have a specialized role in the morphogenesis of spore cortex, which is a modified form of peptidoglycan. Pore cortex formation is determined primarily by the mother cell. (646 aa)
mraZPutative protein involved in cell division or replication; Evidence 3: Function proposed based on presence of conserved amino acid motif, structural feature or limited homology; Product type cp: cell process; Belongs to the MraZ family. (143 aa)
ftsWCell-division protein; Peptidoglycan polymerase that is essential for cell division. (403 aa)
cheVCoupling protein and response regulator for CheA activity in response to attractants (chemotaxis); Involved in the transmission of sensory signals from the chemoreceptors to the flagellar motors. Chemotaxis involves both a phosphorylation-dependent excitation and a methylation-dependent adaptation. CheV and CheW are involved in the coupling of the methyl- accepting chemoreceptors to the central two-component kinase CheA; they are both necessary for efficient chemotaxis. Moreover, CheA-dependent phosphorylation of CheV is required for adaptation to attractants during B.subtilis chemotaxis. (303 aa)
motBMotility protein B; MotA and MotB comprise the stator element of the flagellar motor complex. Required for the rotation of the flagellar motor. Might be a linker that fastens the torque-generating machinery to the cell wall (By similarity). (261 aa)
fabFBeta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase II; Catalyzes the condensation reaction of fatty acid synthesis by the addition to an acyl acceptor of two carbons from malonyl-ACP. Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases family. (413 aa)
scoCHTH-type transcriptional regulator Hpr; Negative regulator of protease production and sporulation. Acts by binding directly to the promoter of protease genes (aprE and nprE), and by repressing oligopeptide permease operons (appABCDF and oppABCDF), thereby preventing uptake of oligopeptides required for initiation of sporulation. Acts with SinR as a corepressor of epr expression. (203 aa)
cotJCComponent of the inner spore coat; The cotJ operon proteins affect spore coat composition. They are either required for the normal formation of the inner layers of the coat or are themselves structural components of the coat. (189 aa)
cotJBComponent of the inner spore coat; The cotJ operon proteins affect spore coat composition. They are either required for the normal formation of the inner layers of the coat or are themselves structural components of the coat. (87 aa)
groELChaperonin large subunit; Prevents misfolding and promotes the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under stress conditions. (544 aa)
groESChaperonin small subunit; Binds to Cpn60 in the presence of Mg-ATP and suppresses the ATPase activity of the latter; Belongs to the GroES chaperonin family. (94 aa)
murFUDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanyl-D-glutamyl-2, 6-diaminopimelate-D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase; Involved in cell wall formation. Catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide, the precursor of murein; Belongs to the MurCDEF family. MurF subfamily. (457 aa)
sigHRNA polymerase sigma-30 factor (sigma(H)); Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is involved in the transition to post- exponential phase in the beginning of sporulation. It is also required for transcription of several stationary phase genes. (218 aa)
clpCClass III stress response-related ATPase, AAA+ superfamily; Competence gene repressor; required for cell growth at high temperature. Negative regulator of comK expression. May interact with MecA to negatively regulate comK; Belongs to the ClpA/ClpB family. ClpC subfamily. (810 aa)
ctsRTranscriptional regulator; Controls the expression of the cellular protein quality control genes clpC, clpE and clpP, as well as mcsA and mcsB. Acts as a repressor of these class III stress genes by binding to a directly repeated heptanucleotide operator sequence (A/GGTCAAA NAN A/GGTCAAA). After heat shock, CtsR is degraded by the ClpCP and ClpEP proteolytic systems, ensuring the derepression of clpE, clpP and the clpC operon. CtsR negatively autoregulates its own synthesis. (154 aa)
spoIIESpoIIAA-phosphate serine phosphatase; Normally needed for pro-sigma E processing during sporulation but can be bypassed in vegetative cells. Activates SpoIIAA by dephosphorylation. (827 aa)
spoVGRegulator required for spore cortex synthesis (stage V sporulation); Essential for sporulation. Interferes with or is a negative regulator of the pathway leading to asymmetric septation. Belongs to the SpoVG family. (97 aa)
abrBTranscriptional regulator for transition state genes; Ambiactive repressor and activator of the transcription of genes expressed during the transition state between vegetative growth and the onset of stationary phase and sporulation. It controls the expression of genes spovG and tycA. AbrB binds to the tycA promoter region at two A- and T-rich sites, it may be the sole repressor of tycA transcription; To B.subtilis Abh and SpoVT. (96 aa)
yyaCConserved hypothetical protein; Evidence 4: Homologs of previously reported genes of unknown function. (205 aa)
cotFSpore coat protein; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type s: structure. (160 aa)
dnaKMolecular chaperone; Acts as a chaperone; Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family. (611 aa)
ptaPhosphotransacetylase; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type e: enzyme. (323 aa)
fbaAFructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase; Catalyzes the aldol condensation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP or glycerone-phosphate) with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) in gluconeogenesis and the reverse reaction in glycolysis. (285 aa)
spoIIRpro-sigma(E) endopeptidase (stage II sporulation); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type e: enzyme. (224 aa)
spoIIDAutolysin required for complete dissolution of the asymmetric septum (stage II sporulation); May act at the level of sigma-G activity or its stability. SpoIID is probably required for engulfment. (343 aa)
spoIIIDTranscriptional regulator; This protein regulates the transcription of sigK, which encodes mother cell chamber RNA polymerase sigma-factor (sigma K). (93 aa)
flgMAnti-sigma factor repressor of sigma(D)-dependent transcription; Allows the coupling of early and late flagellar synthesis through the repression of RNA polymerase sigma-D factor-dependent transcription. (88 aa)
ftsECell-division ABC transporter (ATP-binding protein); Part of the ABC transporter FtsEX involved in sporulation. May act as an importer, possibly at the top of a hierarchical cascade leading to the correct temporal initiation of sporulation. Acts upstream of the histidine kinases KinA, KinB and KinC, the RapA phosphatase and the Spo0A sporulation protein. (228 aa)
ftsXCell-division ABC transporter; Part of the ABC transporter FtsEX involved in asymmetric cellular division facilitating the initiation of sporulation. May act as an importer, possibly at the top of a hierarchical cascade leading to the correct temporal initiation of sporulation. Acts upstream of the histidine kinases KinA, KinB and KinC, the RapA phosphatase and the Spo0A sporulation protein; Belongs to the ABC-4 integral membrane protein family. FtsX subfamily. (296 aa)
minJTopological determinant of cell division; The main function of the Min system is to promote the disassembly of the cytokinetic ring after cell division, thereby ensuring that division occurs only once per cell cycle. MinJ acts as a bridge between DivIVA and MinD. May modulate activity and localization of MinD and MinC through direct interaction with MinD. (397 aa)
clpPATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit; Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Has a limited peptidase activity in the absence of ATP-binding subunits ClpC, ClpE or ClpX. Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins (By similarity). ClpXP is involved in the complete degradation of the site-2 clipped anti-sigma-W factor RsiW. This results in the release of SigW and the transcriptional activation of genes under the control of the sigma-W factor. Probably the major protease that degrades prot [...] (197 aa)
tpiATriose phosphate isomerase; Involved in the gluconeogenesis. Catalyzes stereospecifically the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to D- glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); Belongs to the triosephosphate isomerase family. (253 aa)
pgmPhosphoglycerate mutase; Essential for rapid growth and for sporulation. Catalyzes the interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate. (511 aa)
enoEnolase; Catalyzes the reversible conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate into phosphoenolpyruvate. It is essential for the degradation of carbohydrates via glycolysis; Belongs to the enolase family. (430 aa)
yunBPutative protein involved in spore formation; Required for sporulation. (254 aa)
pgiGlucose-6-phosphate isomerase; Evidence 2a: Function of homologous gene experimentally demonstrated in an other organism; Product type e: enzyme; Belongs to the GPI family. (450 aa)
glgB1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme; Catalyzes the formation of the alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages in glycogen by scission of a 1,4-alpha-linked oligosaccharide from growing alpha-1,4-glucan chains and the subsequent attachment of the oligosaccharide to the alpha-1,6 position. (627 aa)
glgCGlucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase (ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) subunit alpha; Involved in the biosynthesis of ADP-glucose, a building block required for the elongation reactions to produce glycogen. Catalyzes the reaction between ATP and alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate (G1P) to produce pyrophosphate and ADP-Glc. (380 aa)
glgDGlucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase (ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) beta subunit; Required for the synthesis of glycogen; Belongs to the bacterial/plant glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase family. (343 aa)
glgABacterial glycogen (starch) synthase; Synthesizes alpha-1,4-glucan chains using ADP-glucose; Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 1 family. Bacterial/plant glycogen synthase subfamily. (484 aa)
glgPGlycogen phosphorylase; Phosphorylase is an important allosteric enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. Enzymes from different sources differ in their regulatory mechanisms and in their natural substrates. However, all known phosphorylases share catalytic and structural properties. (798 aa)
cotSSpore coat protein; Seems to be required for the assembly of the CotSA protein in spores. (351 aa)
ackAAcetate kinase; Catalyzes the formation of acetyl phosphate from acetate and ATP. Can also catalyze the reverse reaction. Appears to favor the formation of acetate. Involved in the secretion of excess carbohydrate. (395 aa)
pfkA6-phosphofructokinase; Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis; Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. ATP-dependent PFK group I subfamily. Prokaryotic clade 'B1' sub- subfamily. (319 aa)
pykPyruvate kinase; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type e: enzyme; In the C-terminal section; belongs to the PEP-utilizing enzyme family. (585 aa)
nrdRNegative regulator of transcription of ribonucleotide reductase nrd genes and operons; Negatively regulates transcription of bacterial ribonucleotide reductase nrd genes and operons by binding to NrdR- boxes; Belongs to the NrdR family. (152 aa)
etfAElectron transfer flavoprotein (alpha subunit); The electron transfer flavoprotein serves as a specific electron acceptor for other dehydrogenases. It transfers the electrons to the main respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase) (By similarity). (325 aa)
clpXProtein unfolding ATPase required for presentation of proteins to proteases; ATP-dependent specificity component of the Clp protease. It directs the protease to specific substrates. Can perform chaperone functions in the absence of ClpP (By similarity). Probably the major protease that degrades proteins tagged by trans-translation. (420 aa)
spoIVFBMembrane metalloprotease; Implicated in the coupling of mother cell to forespore gene expression. Required for spore formation. Processes the pro-sigma K factor. (288 aa)
spoIIPSpore autolysin (stage II sporulation); Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (401 aa)
dnaJCo-factor of molecular chaperone; Participates actively in the response to hyperosmotic and heat shock by preventing the aggregation of stress-denatured proteins and by disaggregating proteins, also in an autonomous, DnaK-independent fashion. Unfolded proteins bind initially to DnaJ; upon interaction with the DnaJ-bound protein, DnaK hydrolyzes its bound ATP, resulting in the formation of a stable complex. GrpE releases ADP from DnaK; ATP binding to DnaK triggers the release of the substrate protein, thus completing the reaction cycle. Several rounds of ATP-dependent interactions betwe [...] (375 aa)
grpENucleotide exchange factor for DnaK activity; Participates actively in the response to hyperosmotic and heat shock by preventing the aggregation of stress-denatured proteins, in association with DnaK and GrpE. It is the nucleotide exchange factor for DnaK and may function as a thermosensor. Unfolded proteins bind initially to DnaJ; upon interaction with the DnaJ-bound protein, DnaK hydrolyzes its bound ATP, resulting in the formation of a stable complex. GrpE releases ADP from DnaK; ATP binding to DnaK triggers the release of the substrate protein, thus completing the reaction cycle. S [...] (187 aa)
hrcATranscriptional regulator of heat-shock genes; Negative regulator of class I heat shock genes (grpE-dnaK- dnaJ and groELS operons). Prevents heat-shock induction of these operons. (343 aa)
dnaGDNA primase; RNA polymerase that catalyzes the synthesis of short RNA molecules used as primers for DNA polymerase during DNA replication. (603 aa)
glcKGlucose kinase; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type e: enzyme; Belongs to the ROK (NagC/XylR) family. (321 aa)
spo0AResponse regulator; May play the central regulatory role in sporulation. It may be an element of the effector pathway responsible for the activation of sporulation genes in response to nutritional stress. Spo0A may act in concert with Spo0H (a sigma factor) to control the expression of some genes that are critical to the sporulation process. Repressor of abrB, activator of the spoIIa operon. Binds the DNA sequence 5'-TGNCGAA-3' (0A box). (267 aa)
ptbPhosphate butyryl coenzyme A transferase; Catalyzes the conversion of butyryl-CoA through butyryl phosphate to butyrate; Belongs to the phosphate acetyltransferase and butyryltransferase family. (299 aa)
bukBranched-chain fatty-acid kinase; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type e: enzyme; Belongs to the acetokinase family. (363 aa)
spoIIMAutolysin component for dissolution of the septal cell wall (stage II sporulation); Required for complete septum migration and engulfment of the forespore compartment during sporulation. Required for stabilizing and recruiting of SpoIIP to the septal membrane. (214 aa)
spoIIAAAnti-anti-sigma factor (antagonist of SpoIIAB); In the phosphorylated form it could act as an anti-anti-sigma factor that counteracts SpoIIAB and thus releases sigma f from inhibition; Belongs to the anti-sigma-factor antagonist family. (117 aa)
spoIIABAnti-sigma factor (antagonist of sigma(F)) and serine kinase; Binds to sigma F and blocks its ability to form an RNA polymerase holoenzyme (E-sigma F). Phosphorylates SpoIIAA on a serine residue. This phosphorylation may enable SpoIIAA to act as an anti- anti-sigma factor that counteracts SpoIIAB and thus releases sigma F from inhibition. (146 aa)
spoVACStage V sporulation protein AC; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (150 aa)
spoVADStage V sporulation protein AD; Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; Product type cp: cell process. (338 aa)
spoIVAMorphogenetic stage IV sporulation protein; ATPase. Has a role at an early stage in the morphogenesis of the spore coat outer layers. Its ATP hydrolysis is required for proper assembly of the spore coat. Forms a basement layer around the outside surface of the forespore and self-assembles irreversibly into higher order structures by binding and hydrolyzing ATP thus creating a durable and stable platform upon which thereafter morphogenesis of the coat can take place. Required for proper localization of spore coat protein CotE and sporulation-specific proteins including SpoVM. (492 aa)
dapB(4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4, 5-tetrahydro-(2S)-dipicolinic acid (HTPA) dehydratase reductase; Catalyzes the conversion of 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate (HTPA) to tetrahydrodipicolinate. (267 aa)
spoIIIESpore DNA translocase; Plays an essential role during sporulation. Required for the translocation of the chromosomal DNA from mother cell into the forespore during polar septation, for the final steps of compartmentalization in the presence of trapped DNA, and for the final steps of engulfment. The N-terminus mediates localization to the division septum and is required for both septal membrane fusion and engulfment membrane fusion. May form DNA-conducting channels across the two lipid bilayers of the septum after cell division. The C-terminus functions as a DNA motor that exports DNA i [...] (787 aa)
dapADihydrodipicolinate synthase; Catalyzes the condensation of (S)-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde [(S)-ASA] and pyruvate to 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate (HTPA). (290 aa)
cheWModulation of CheA activity in response to attractants (chemotaxis); Involved in the transmission of sensory signals from the chemoreceptors to the flagellar motors. CheV and CheW are involved in the coupling of the methyl-accepting chemoreceptors to the central two- component kinase CheA; they are both necessary for efficient chemotaxis. (156 aa)
fliMFlagellar motor switching and energizing component; One of the proteins that forms a switch complex that is proposed to be located at the base of the basal body. This complex interacts with chemotaxis proteins (such as CheY) in addition to contacting components of the motor that determine the direction of flagellar rotation; Belongs to the FliM family. (332 aa)
fliGFlagellar motor switching and energizing component; One of the proteins that forms a switch complex that is proposed to be located at the base of the basal body. This complex interacts with chemotaxis proteins (such as CheY) in addition to contacting components of the motor that determine the direction of flagellar rotation; Belongs to the FliG family. (338 aa)
fliFFlagellar basal-body M-ring protein; The M ring may be actively involved in energy transduction. (536 aa)
fliEFlagellar basal body protein; Evidence 2a: Function of homologous gene experimentally demonstrated in an other organism; Product type s: structure. (106 aa)
ftsYSignal recognition particle (docking protein); Involved in targeting and insertion of nascent membrane proteins into the cytoplasmic membrane. Acts as a receptor for the complex formed by the signal recognition particle (SRP) and the ribosome-nascent chain (RNC). (329 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Bacillus subtilis 168
NCBI taxonomy Id: 224308
Other names: B. subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168, Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis 168, Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168, Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. BGSC 1A700
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