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ALS1 ALS1 DAL81 DAL81 MET4 MET4 GAL4 GAL4 AHR1 AHR1 RFG1 RFG1 GZF3 GZF3 CZF1 CZF1 NRG1 NRG1 SET2 SET2 EFG1 EFG1 NOP7 NOP7 ADA2 ADA2 WAR1 WAR1 PGA22 PGA22 BCR1 BCR1 RBT1 RBT1 CRZ2 CRZ2 ACE2 ACE2 CPH2 CPH2 UPC2 UPC2 FGR27 FGR27 MSS11 MSS11 CDR2 CDR2 MRR2 MRR2 UME6 UME6 BRG1 BRG1 TRY2 TRY2 RLM1 RLM1 ZFU2 ZFU2 SNF5 SNF5 ZCF8 ZCF8 HOS2 HOS2 GCN4 GCN4 TAF14 TAF14 ROB1 ROB1 SNT1 SNT1 ZCF28 ZCF28 ARG81 ARG81 FLO8 FLO8 RIM101 RIM101 TEC1 TEC1 ZCF31 ZCF31 TRY4 TRY4 CDR1 CDR1 BGL2 BGL2 RFX2 RFX2 CAS5 CAS5 TYE7 TYE7 TRY6 TRY6 NOT3 NOT3 NDT80 NDT80 MDR1 MDR1 HSP90 HSP90 HWP1 HWP1 PHR1 PHR1 SUC1 SUC1 XOG1 XOG1 ALS2 ALS2 EAP1 EAP1 ZCF39 ZCF39 UGA33 UGA33 GRF10 GRF10 LEU3 LEU3 ZNC1 ZNC1 ALS3 ALS3
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query proteins and first shell of interactors
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second shell of interactors
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proteins of unknown 3D structure
filled nodes:
a 3D structure is known or predicted
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Known Interactions
from curated databases
experimentally determined
Predicted Interactions
gene neighborhood
gene fusions
gene co-occurrence
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co-expression
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ALS1Agglutinin-like protein 1; Major cell surface adhesion protein which mediates both yeast-to-host tissue adherence and yeast aggregation. Acts as a downstream effector of the EFG1 regulatory pathway. Required for rapamycin-induced aggregation of C.albicans. Binds glycans and mediates adherence to endothelial and epithelial cells, thereby playing an important role in the pathogenesis of C.albicans infections. (1260 aa)
DAL81Dal81p. (878 aa)
MET4Met4p. (385 aa)
GAL4Galactose-responsive transcription factor. (261 aa)
AHR1Adhesion and hyphal regulator 1; Transcription factor that binds the promoters of genes involved in biofilm formation, which include several key adhesion genes, and recruits MCM1 to these sites. Plays an important role in hyphal growth and virulence. Promotes conversion of opaque cells to white phase, but needs existence of EFG1, a key regulator required for maintenance of the white state. (624 aa)
RFG1Repressor of filamentous growth 1; Transcription regulator that functions in both the positive and negative regulation of filamentous growth, depending upon the environmental conditions. Recruits the TUP1/SSN6 general repression complex to achieve repression. Regulates genes encoding cell wall components that are specifically expressed in the filamentous forms such as HWP1, RBT1, HYR1, ECE1, ALS1, RBT4 and RBT5. (600 aa)
GZF3Transcriptional regulator GZF3; Probable transcription factor involved in response to fluconazole, LiCl, and copper. (712 aa)
CZF1Zinc cluster transcription factor CZF1; Transcriptional regulator of the switch between 2 heritable states, the white and opaque states. These 2 cell types differ in many characteristics, including cell structure, mating competence, and virulence. Each state is heritable for many generations, and switching between states occurs stochastically, at low frequency. Contributes to formation of the opaque state, but is not necessary for heritability of the opaque state. Plays a role in cell adhesion and pseudohyphal growth. Involved in acquisition of drug resistance and acts as a repressor o [...] (385 aa)
NRG1Transcriptional regulator NRG1; Transcriptional repressor that binds NRG1 response elements (NRE) of target promoters. Involved in regulation of chlamydospore formation, hyphal growth, virulence, and stress response. Plays a key role in regulating true hyphal growth, but does not regulate pseudohyphal growth in the same fashion. Directs transcriptional repression of a subset of filament-specific genes such as HWP1, HYR1, ALS8, HWP1, or ECE1; via the TUP1 pathway. Functions with UME6 in a negative feedback loop to control the level and duration of filament- specific gene expression in r [...] (310 aa)
SET2Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-36 specific; Histone methyltransferase that trimethylates histone H3 'Lys- 36' forming H3K36me3. Involved in transcription elongation as well as in transcription repression; Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. SET2 subfamily. (844 aa)
EFG1Enhanced filamentous growth protein 1; Transcriptional regulator of the switch between 2 heritable states, the white and opaque states. These 2 cell types differ in many characteristics, including cell structure, mating competence, and virulence. Each state is heritable for many generations, and switching between states occurs stochastically, at low frequency. Antagonizes the action of WOR1, WOR2 and CZF1, and promotes the white state. In white cells, EFG1 represses WOR1 indirectly through WOR2 to maintain white cell identity. Binds target gene promoters at the EFG1 recognition sequenc [...] (550 aa)
NOP7Pescadillo homolog; Component of the NOP7 complex, which is required for maturation of the 25S and 5.8S ribosomal RNAs and formation of the 60S ribosome (By similarity). Required for the transition from hyphal to yeast growth; Belongs to the pescadillo family. (587 aa)
ADA2Transcriptional adapter 2; Functions as component of the transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complexes SAGA, SALSA and ADA. SAGA is involved in RNA polymerase II-dependent transcriptional regulation of approximately 10% of yeast genes. At the promoters, SAGA is required for recruitment of the basal transcription machinery. SAGA acetylates nucleosomal histone H3 to some extent (to form H3K9ac, H3K14ac, H3K18ac and H3K23ac). SAGA interacts with DNA via upstream activating sequences (UASs). SALSA, an altered form of SAGA, may be involved in positive transcriptional regulati [...] (445 aa)
WAR1Transcriptional regulator WAR1; Transcription factor required for yeast cell adherence to silicone substrate. Plays a role in resistance to weak organic acids such as acetate and sorbate. Binds in vitro to a nitric oxide- responsive element (NORE) but seems not to be involved in response to nitrosative stress. (947 aa)
PGA22Probable GPI-anchored adhesin-like protein PGA22; Putative adhesin which may be involved in cell adhesion and virulence. (169 aa)
BCR1Biofilm and cell wall regulator 1; Transcription factor which acts as a master regulator of biofilm formation. Biofilms play an important role in pathogenesis and produce many infections such as oropharyngeal candidiasis or vulvovaginal candidiasis. Controls the expression of genes that govern cell-surface properties such as ALS1, ALS3, HWP1 AND HYR1. Down-stream component of the hyphal regulatory network that couples expression of cell-surface genes to hyphal differentiation. (740 aa)
RBT1Cell wall protein RTB1; GPI-anchored cell wall protein required for mating efficiency, biofilm formation, and virulence. Involved in normal disseminated infection, but not in intestinal colonization. (721 aa)
CRZ2Transcriptional regulator CRZ2; Transcription factor that regulates pH-induced filamentation with RIM101. Required for yeast cell adherence to silicone substrate and biofilm formation. (517 aa)
ACE2Cell wall transcription factor ACE2; Transcription factor involved in the RAM (regulation of ACE2 transcription factor and polarized morphogenesis) signaling network that regulates polarized morphogenesis. Regulates expression of genes involved in cell separation such as CHT3, DSE1, and SCW11; or other cell wall genes such as ASH1, DSE4, PIR1, PRY2, and RME1. Required for regulation of morphogenesis, cell separation, adherence, biofilm formation, invasion, as well as virulence in a mouse model of infection. (783 aa)
CPH2Transcription factor CPH2; Transcription factor that positively controls filamentous growth, virulence, and invasiveness. Binds directly to the two SRE-1- like elements upstream of TEC1 and thus regulates positively expression of this important hyphal growth regulator. Functions independently of known signaling cascades involving EFG1. Regulates also gene expression during intestinal colonization but is not involved in host cell adhesion. (853 aa)
UPC2Sterol uptake control protein 2; Transcription factor involved in the regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic genes such as ERG2 and ERG11 through direct binding to sterol response elements (SREs) in the promoters. Binds also to its own promoter on 2 cis-acting elements to promote autoregulation. Regulates sterol uptake across the plasma membrane. Acts as a major regulator of ascorbic acid-induced response. Plays a role in the triggering of pyroptosis, an inflammasome-mediated programmed cell death pathway in macrophages, allowing macrophages escaping. (712 aa)
FGR27Filamentous growth regulator 27; Transcription factor involved in yeast cell adherence to silicone substrate, filamentous growth, and biofilm formation. (787 aa)
MSS11Transcription activator MSS11; Transcription factor that regulates pseudohyphal differentiation, invasive growth, floculation, adhesion and starch metabolism in response to nutrient availability. (638 aa)
CDR2Multidrug resistance protein CDR2; Multidrug efflux transporter. Confers resistance to azole antifungal agents, to other antifungals (terbinafine, amorolfine) and to a variety of metabolic inhibitors; Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. PDR (TC 3.A.1.205) subfamily. (1499 aa)
MRR2Multidrug resistance regulator 2; Transcription factor that controls the expression of CDR1, the major multidrug efflux pump. Required for yeast cell adherence to silicone substrate and plays a role in virulence. (710 aa)
UME6Transcriptional regulatory protein UME6; Component of the RPD3C(L) histone deacetylase complex (HDAC) responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (By similarity). UME6 controls the level and duration of gene expression in the filamentous growth program such as HGC1; and is specifically important for hyphal elongation and germ tube formation. Promo [...] (843 aa)
BRG1Biofilm regulator 1; Transcription factor required for hyphal growth, biofilm formation, and virulence. Promotes formation of both conventional and pheromone-stimulated biofilms. Binds and recruits HDA1 to promoters of hypha-specific genes in a rapamycin-dependent manner. Involved in the switch between two heritable states, the white and opaque states. These two cell types differ in many characteristics, including cell structure, mating competence, and virulence. Each state is heritable for many generations, and switching between states occurs stochastically at low frequency. (422 aa)
TRY2Transcriptional regulator of yeast form adherence 2; Transcription factor required for yeast cell adherence to silicone substrate. (371 aa)
RLM1Rlm1p. (601 aa)
ZFU2Zfu2p. (472 aa)
SNF5Snf5p. (696 aa)
ZCF8Zcf8p. (915 aa)
HOS2Histone deacetylase; Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD Type 1 subfamily. (454 aa)
GCN4Amino acid starvation-responsive transcription factor. (323 aa)
TAF14TATA-binding protein-associated factor. (263 aa)
ROB1Rob1p. (991 aa)
SNT1Snt1p. (1001 aa)
ZCF28Zcf28p. (247 aa)
ARG81Arg81p. (1099 aa)
FLO8Transcriptional regulator of filamentous growth FLO8; Transcription factor which mediates CO(2) sensing. Required for CO(2)-induced white-to-opaque switching, as well as for filamentous growth and virulence. Required for both normoxic and hypoxic biofilm formation. Hypoxic biofilm formation is a major cause of perseverance and antifungal resistance during infections. (792 aa)
RIM101pH-response transcription factor pacC/RIM101; Transcription factor that mediates regulation of both acid- and alkaline-expressed genes in response to ambient pH. At alkaline ambient pH, activates transcription of alkaline-expressed genes (including RIM101 itself) and represses transcription of acid- expressed genes. Specifically recognizes and binds the consensus sequence 5'-CCAAGAA-3'. Required for the control of alkaline pH-induced filamentation (dimorphic switch) and virulence. (661 aa)
TEC1Transcription activator TEC1; Transcription factor which regulates genes involved in hyphal development, cell adhesion, biofilm development, and virulence. Plays a role in the formation of 'finger' morphology, a unique multicellular morphology of C.albicans induced by carbon dioxide. Regulates gene expression during intestinal colonization. Required for the expression of the secreted aspartyl proteinases SAP4, SAP5, and SAP6; but also of BCR1, PGA4, and CDC24. Moreover, a positive feedback loop between CDC24 and TEC1 contributes to an increase in active CDC42 at the tip of the germ tub [...] (743 aa)
ZCF31Zcf31p. (1130 aa)
TRY4Transcriptional regulator of yeast form adherence 4; Transcription factor required for yeast cell adherence to silicone substrate. (286 aa)
CDR1Pleiotropic ABC efflux transporter of multiple drugs CDR1; Pleiotropic ABC efflux transporter that confers resistance to numerous chemicals including anisomycin, cycloheximide, fluconazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, itriconazole, nystatin, terbinafine, amorolfine, brefeldin A, amphotericin B, fluphenazine, as well as estrogen. Plays a role in farnesol-induced apoptotic process through glutathione efflux activity. Mediates in-to-out transloaction of membrane phospholipids including aminophospholipids and thus regulates asymmetric distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine. Exhibits nucleo [...] (1501 aa)
BGL2Glucan 1,3-beta-glucosidase BGL2; Cell wall glucan 1,3-beta-glucosidase involved in cell wall biosynthesis and virulence. Crucial for delivery of beta-1,3-glucan to the biofilm matrix and for accumulation of mature matrix biomass. Plays a role as a major antigen in human systemic candidiasis patients. (308 aa)
RFX2RFX-like DNA-binding protein RFX2; Transcriptional repressor which regulates DNA damage responses, morphogenesis, and virulence. Involved in the regulation of filamentous growth through its repression of hyphal-specific genes such as HWP1, ALS3, HYR1, ECE1, and CEK1; Belongs to the RFX family. (1111 aa)
CAS5Cell wall integrity transcriptional regulator CAS5; Transcription factor involved in the cell wall damage response. Acts with ADA2 to promote cell wall integrity. Required for expression of numerous cell wall biosynthesis inhibitor caspofungin- responsive genes. Plays a key role in adherence, hyphal development, and virulence. (821 aa)
TYE7Carbohydrate metabolism regulator TYE7; Key transcriptional regulator of carbohydrate metabolism. Binds the promoter sequences of the glycolytic genes at the CANNTG motif and activates their expression during growth on either fermentable or non-fermentable carbon sources as well as under hypoxic growth conditions. Complete glycolytic activation by GAL4 and TYE7 is required for full virulence. Involved in biofilm formation and negatively regulates hyphal formation under hypoxia. Controls also the expression of the copper transport protein CTR1. (269 aa)
TRY6Transcriptional regulator of yeast form adherence 6; Transcription factor required for yeast cell adherence to silicone substrate. (467 aa)
NOT3General negative regulator of transcription subunit 3; Acts as component of the CCR4-NOT core complex, which in the nucleus seems to be a general transcription factor, and in the cytoplasm the major mRNA deadenylase involved in mRNA turnover. The NOT protein subcomplex negatively regulates the basal and activated transcription of many genes. Preferentially affects TC-type TATA element-dependent transcription. Could directly or indirectly inhibit component(s) of the general transcription machinery (By similarity). Required for yeast cell adherence to silicone substrate, but nor required [...] (752 aa)
NDT80Transcription factor. (504 aa)
MDR1Multidrug resistance protein 1; Plasma membrane multidrug efflux pump that confers resistance to numerous chemicals including azoles such as fluconazole, voriconazole, and benztriazoles, as well as to benomyl, cycloheximide, methotrexate, 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, sulfometuron methyl, cerulenin, and brefeldin A. Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. CAR1 family. (564 aa)
HSP90Heat shock protein 90 homolog; Molecular chaperone that promotes the maturation, structural maintenance and proper regulation of specific target proteins involved for instance in cell cycle control and signal transduction. Undergoes a functional cycle that is linked to its ATPase activity. This cycle probably induces conformational changes in the client proteins, thereby causing their activation. Interacts dynamically with various co- chaperones that modulate its substrate recognition, ATPase cycle and chaperone function (By similarity); Belongs to the heat shock protein 90 family. (707 aa)
HWP1Hyphal wall protein 1; Major hyphal cell wall protein which plays a role of adhesin and is required for mating, normal hyphal development, cell-to-cell adhesive functions necessary for biofilm integrity, attachment to host, and virulence. Promotes interactions with host and bacterial molecules, thus leading to effective colonization within polymicrobial communities. Plays a crucial role in gastrointestinal colonization, in mucosal symptomatic and asymptomatic infections, in vaginitis, as well as in lethal oroesophageal candidiasis, caused by the combined action of fungal virulence fact [...] (634 aa)
PHR1pH-responsive protein 1; Required for apical cell growth and plays an essential role in morphogenesis. May be integral to the pathogenic ability of the organism. (548 aa)
SUC1Probable sucrose utilization protein SUC1; Affects sucrose utilization and alpha-glucosidase activity. Probable transcriptional activator; Belongs to the MAL13 family. (501 aa)
XOG1Glucan 1,3-beta-glucosidase; Major glucan 1,3-beta-glucosidase required for cell wall integrity. Beta-glucanases participate in the metabolism of beta- glucan, the main structural component of the cell wall. Can also function biosynthetically as a transglycosylase. Functions to deliver glucan from the cell to the extracellular matrix. Does not appear to impact cell wall glucan content of biofilm cells, nor is it necessary for filamentation or biofilm formation. Involved in cell-substrate and cell-cell adhesion. Adhesion to host-cell surfaces is the first critical step during mucosal in [...] (438 aa)
ALS2Agglutinin-like protein 2; Cell surface adhesion protein which mediates both yeast-to- host tissue adherence and yeast aggregation. Plays an important role in the pathogenesis of C.albicans infections. Belongs to the ALS family. (2530 aa)
EAP1Cell wall adhesin EAP1; Cell wall protein which mediates cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion. Required for biofilm formation and plays a role in virulence. Belongs to the PGA18 family. (653 aa)
ZCF39Zcf39p. (681 aa)
UGA33Uga33p. (482 aa)
GRF10Grf10p. (685 aa)
LEU3Leucine-responsive transcriptional regulator. (984 aa)
ZNC1Znc1p. (922 aa)
ALS3Agglutinin-like protein 3; Cell surface adhesion protein which mediates both yeast-to- host tissue adherence and yeast aggregation. Plays an important role in the biofilm formation and pathogenesis of C.albicans infections. Necessary for C.albicans to bind to N-cadherin on endothelial cells and E-cadherin on oral epithelial cells and subsequent endocytosis by these cells. During disseminated infection, mediates initial trafficking to the brain and renal cortex and contributes to fungal persistence in the kidneys. Belongs to the ALS family. (1155 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Candida albicans
NCBI taxonomy Id: 237561
Other names: C. albicans SC5314, Candida albicans SC5314
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