STRINGSTRING
SPI SPI BLT BLT MED16 MED16 XI-K XI-K K21L13.3 K21L13.3 AN AN PYM PYM STI STI DRP1A DRP1A RPS13B RPS13B ZFP8 ZFP8 FPP4 FPP4 MYB5 MYB5 XI-1 XI-1 ZFP5 ZFP5 ZFP6 ZFP6 PIR PIR NAP1 NAP1 SCAR2 SCAR2 ABIL3 ABIL3 UPL3 UPL3 MED25 MED25 GIS GIS WVD2 WVD2 TRY TRY CYCT1-4 CYCT1-4 FZR2 FZR2 ARPC2A ARPC2A B'GAMMA B'GAMMA KIN13A KIN13A HDG2 HDG2 BRK1 BRK1 MYB23 MYB23 GTL1 GTL1 ENO1 ENO1 GIS3 GIS3 ASF1A ASF1A DCR DCR GIS2 GIS2 KIN14E KIN14E BIN4 BIN4 GL3 GL3 E2FB E2FB HDG11 HDG11 SVB SVB MYB106 MYB106 ELC ELC BLI BLI RBR1 RBR1 HDG12 HDG12 ASF1B ASF1B ARP2-2 ARP2-2 CPR5 CPR5 ARPC5A ARPC5A ECR ECR ARP3 ARP3 AAA1 AAA1 TMM TMM CML42 CML42 MYB80 MYB80 SKD1 SKD1 KIC KIC
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SPIProtein SPIRRIG; Involved in cell morphogenesis. May have a function in membrane fusion or membrane composition. Required for salt stress tolerance. Regulates the salt stress-dependent post-transcriptional stabilization, cytoplasmic agglomeration, and localization to P-bodies of a subset of salt stress- regulated mRNAs. (3601 aa)
BLTProtein BRANCHLESS TRICHOME; Acts as a key regulator of trichome branching. Could participate with STI in the same pathway. Also plays a role in integrating endoreplication levels with cell shape. (273 aa)
MED16Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 16; Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene- specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, having a compact conformation in its free form, is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general [...] (1278 aa)
XI-KMyosin-17; Myosin heavy chain that is required for the cell cycle- regulated transport of various organelles and proteins for their segregation. Functions by binding with its tail domain to receptor proteins on organelles and exerting force with its N-terminal motor domain against actin filaments, thereby transporting its cargo along polarized actin cables. Involved in the tip growth of root hair cells and in the elongation of trichome stalk and branches. Plays a major role in trafficking of Golgi stacks, mitochondria and peroxisomes during root hair development. Acts as the primary co [...] (1531 aa)
K21L13.3Protein kinase superfamily protein; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. (456 aa)
ANC-terminal binding protein AN; Involved in controlling the equilibrium between tubular and stacked structures in the Golgi complex (By similarity). Required for cortical microtubules (MTs) arrangement that confers cell shape. Regulates the width of leaves by controlling the polar elongation of leaf cells. Involved in the regulation of trichome branching. Seems to not be able to regulate gene transcription. Regulates epidermal cell divisions and elongation in a non-cell-autonomous manner (regulated by subepidermal cells), but regulates epidermal cell polarity, shape, trichome branching [...] (636 aa)
PYMProtein POLYCHOME; Negative regulator of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase required for proper mitotic progression and cell fate determination; inhibits premature cell differentiation. Prevents DNA endoreplication by promoting the maintenance of the mitotic state by preferentially inhibiting APC/C(FZR) and triggering cyclins accumulation (e.g. CYCB1-1, CYCB1-2 and CYCA2-3) in a temporal manner. Required for megagametophyte and endosperm development. Counteracts the activity of CCS52A1 thus inhibiting the turnover of CYCA2-3. Confers immunity to bacterial [...] (259 aa)
STIProtein STICHEL; Acts as a key regulator of trichome branching through an endoreduplication-independent pathway. (1218 aa)
DRP1ADynamin-related protein 1A; Microtubule-associated force-producing protein that is targeted to the forming cell plate during cytokinesis. Plays also a major role in plasma membrane maintenance and cell wall integrity with implications in vesicular trafficking, polar cell expansion, vascular formation, and other aspects of plant growth and development. Has a GTPase activity. (610 aa)
RPS13B40S ribosomal protein S13-2; Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS15 family. (151 aa)
ZFP8Zinc finger protein 8; Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin and cytokinin. Is not involved in the regulation of trichome branching. Is functionally equivalent to GIS2. Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during germination and early seedling development. (257 aa)
FPP4Filament-like plant protein 4. (982 aa)
MYB5Transcription repressor MYB5; Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH002/EGL3/MYC146, BHLH012/MYC1 or BHLH042/TT8. (249 aa)
XI-1Myosin-5; Myosin heavy chain that is required for the cell cycle- regulated transport of various organelles and proteins for their segregation. Functions by binding with its tail domain to receptor proteins on organelles and exerting force with its N-terminal motor domain against actin filaments, thereby transporting its cargo along polarized actin cables. Contributes to the trafficking of Golgi stacks, mitochondria and peroxisomes. Required for development of pavement cells, trichomes, and stigmatic papillae. (1520 aa)
ZFP5Zinc finger protein 5; Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin (GA). Acts upstream of GIS, GIS2, ZFP8 and the trichome initiation regulators GL1 and GL3. Binds the promoter region of ZFP8, which may be a direct target of ZPF5. Is not involved in the regulation of trichome branching. Modulates root hair initiation and elongation in response to cytokinin and ethylene signals by directly promoting expression of the CAPRICE (CPC) gene. (211 aa)
ZFP6Zinc finger protein 6; Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin and cytokinin. Acts upstream of GIS, GIS2, ZFP8, ZFP5 and the trichome initiation regulators GL1 and GL3. Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during germination and early seedling development. (197 aa)
PIRProtein PIR; Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the ARP2/3 complex. Interacts with the active form of RHO-family GTPases. (1282 aa)
NAP1Protein NAP1; Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex. (1425 aa)
SCAR2Protein SCAR2; Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex. Regulates trichome branch positioning and expansion. Belongs to the SCAR/WAVE family. (1399 aa)
ABIL3Protein ABIL3; Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex (By similarity); Belongs to the ABI family. (321 aa)
UPL3E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UPL3; Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Involved in the repression of endoreduplication process and the cell morphogenesis in the trichomes. (1888 aa)
MED25Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 25; Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene- specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Positive regulator of sh [...] (836 aa)
GISZinc finger protein GIS; Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin (GA). Mediates the induction of GL1 expression by GA in inflorescence organs and is antagonized in its action by the DELLA repressor GAI. Acts upstream of the trichome initiation regulators GL1 and GL3, and downstream of the GA signaling repressor SPINDLY (SPY). Does not play a significant role in the cytokinin response. Controls trichome branching through GA signaling. Acts downstream of the key regulator STICHEL (STI) in an endoreduplication- indepe [...] (253 aa)
WVD2Protein WAVE-DAMPENED 2; Microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that regulates the orientation of interphase cortical microtubules. Able to bundle microtubules in vitro. Modulates both rotational polarity and anisotropic cell expansion during organ growth. Promotes clockwise root and etiolated hypocotyls coiling, clockwise leaf curling, but left- handed petiole twisting. (202 aa)
TRYTranscription factor TRY; Transcription factor. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Negative regulator of trichome development, including endoreplication, by lateral inhibition involving intercellular interactions. Promotes the formation of hair developing cells (trichoblasts) in H position in root epidermis, probably by inhibiting non-hair cell (atrichoblasts) formation. (106 aa)
CYCT1-4Cyclin-T1-4; Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin T subfamily. (541 aa)
FZR2Protein FIZZY-RELATED 2; Activator protein that regulates the ubiquitin ligase activity and substrate specificity of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Necessary and sufficient for endoreduplication and correct cell expansion. Controls meristem size by stimulating endoreduplication in the elongation zone. (483 aa)
ARPC2AActin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2A; Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the mother actin filament (By similarity). Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development; Belongs to the ARPC2 family. (318 aa)
B'GAMMASerine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A 59 kDa regulatory subunit B' gamma isoform; The B regulatory subunit may modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and also may direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment (By similarity). Required for the formation of the PP2A holoenzyme that negatively regulates brassinosteroid signaling by dephosphorylating and inactivating BRI1 in the cytoplasm. Seems to be functionally connected with CPR5 and may mediate the negative regulation of defense reactions and senescence under low irradiances. [...] (522 aa)
KIN13AKinesin-like protein KIN-13A; Internal motor kinesin involved in trichome morphogenesis. Participates in regulating the formation of Golgi- associated vesicles. Plays a central role in microtubule disassembly via the active ARAC10-ICR5 cascade, which establishes the secondary cell wall pattern in metaxylem vessel cells. Acts redundantly with KIN13B to modulate cell wall synthesis and cell expansion via the THE1 pathway. (794 aa)
HDG2Homeobox-leucine zipper protein HDG2; Probable transcription factor. (721 aa)
BRK1Protein BRICK 1; Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex. (85 aa)
MYB23Transcription factor MYB23; Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH2/EGL3/MYC146 or BHLH12/MYC1. Regulates the epidermal cell fate specification. Mediates the formation of columellae and accumulation of mucilages on seed coats. Controls the elongation of epidermal cells positively in roots but negatively in stems, leading to the promotion of primary roots elongation and repression of leaves and stems elongation, respectively. Ovoids ectopic root-hair formation, probably by inducing GL2 in roots. Controls trichome initiation and branching. (219 aa)
GTL1Trihelix transcription factor GTL1; Transcription repressor that binds specific DNA sequence such as GT3 box 5'-GGTAAA-3' in the SDD1 promoter. Negative regulator of water use efficiency (WUE) via the promotion of stomatal density and distribution by the transcription repression of SDD1. Regulates the expression of several cell cycle genes and endoreduplication, especially in trichomes where it prevents ploidy-dependent plant cell growth. (587 aa)
ENO1Enolase 1, chloroplastic. (477 aa)
GIS3Zinc finger protein GIS3; Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin and cytokinin. Acts upstream of GIS, GIS2, ZFP8, and the trichome initiation factors GL1 and GL3. Binds the promoter region of GIS and GIS2, which may be direct targets of GIS3. (244 aa)
ASF1AProbable histone chaperone ASF1A; Histone chaperone that facilitates histone deposition and histone exchange and removal during nucleosome assembly and disassembly (By similarity). While encoded by a region of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome that is homologous to the Brassica S-locus for self incompatibility, this protein may not play the same role in Arabidopsis thaliana; Belongs to the ASF1 family. (196 aa)
DCRBAHD acyltransferase DCR; Required for incorporation of 9(10),16-dihydroxy-hexadecanoic acid into cutin. (484 aa)
GIS2Zinc finger protein GIS2; Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin and cytokinin. Is not involved in the regulation of trichome branching. Is functionally equivalent to ZFP8. (191 aa)
KIN14EKinesin-like protein KIN-14E; Minus-end microtubule-dependent motor protein involved in the regulation of cell division and trichome morphogenesis through microtubules bundling. Possesses basal and microtubule-stimulated ATPase activities. Acts as a hub that brings together microtubules and actin filaments to modulate the cytoskeleton during trichome formation and morphogenesis. Could be involved in the negative regulation of root growth. (1260 aa)
BIN4DNA-binding protein BIN4; Component of the DNA topoisomerase VI complex. Binds to DNA. Required for chromatin organization and progression of endoreduplication cycles. The loss of BIN4 activates the ATM- and ATR- dependent DNA damage responses in postmitotic cells and induces the ectopic expression of the mitotic G2/M-specific cyclin B1;1 gene in non-dividing cells. (454 aa)
GL3Transcription factor GLABRA 3; Transcription activator, when associated with MYB75/PAP1, MYB90/PAP2 or TT2. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Regulates negatively stomata formation, but, in association with TTG1 and MYB0/GL1, promotes trichome formation, branching and endoreplication. Regulates also trichome cell wall maturation. Together with MYB66/WER, promotes the formation of non-hair cells in root epidermis cells in the N position. Whereas together with CPC, promotes the formation of hair cells in root epidermis cells in the H position by inhibiting non-hair cell form [...] (637 aa)
E2FBTranscription factor E2FB; Transcription activator that binds DNA cooperatively with DP proteins through the E2 recognition site, 5'-TTTC[CG]CGC-3' found in the promoter region of a number of genes whose products are involved in cell cycle regulation or in DNA replication. The binding of retinoblastoma-related proteins represses transactivation. Involved in the control of cell-cycle progression from G1 to S phase and from G2 to M phase. Stimulates cell proliferation and delays differentiation. Represses cell enlargement and endoreduplication in auxin-free conditions. (469 aa)
HDG11Homeobox-leucine zipper protein HDG11; Transcription factor which acts as positive regulator of drought stress tolerance. Can transactivate CIPK3, NCED3 and ERECTA. Transactivates several cell-wall-loosening protein genes by directly binding to HD motifs in their promoters. These target genes play important roles in coordinating cell-wall extensibility with root development and growth. Transactivates CYP74A/AOS, AOC3, OPR3 and 4CLL5/OPCL1 genes by directly binding to HD motifs in their promoters. These target genes are involved in jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis, and JA signaling affects r [...] (722 aa)
SVBAt1g56580/F25P12_18. (166 aa)
MYB106Transcription factor MYB106; Functions as a repressor of epidermal cell outgrowth and negatively regulate trichome branch formation. Acts as both a positive and negative regulator of cellular outgrowth. Promotes both trichome expansion and branch formation. Coordinately with WIN1/SHN1, participates in the regulation of cuticle biosynthesis and wax accumulation in reproductive organs and trichomes. Functions in cuticle nanoridge formation in petals and stamens, and in morphogenesis of petal conical cells and trichomes. May play a role in the regulation of cuticle formation in vegetative [...] (345 aa)
ELCProtein ELC; Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I), a regulator of vesicular trafficking process. Required for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). May control nuclear division through the microtubule cytoskeleton; Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UEV subfamily. (398 aa)
BLIProtein BLISTER; Is required for normal leaf, flower and seed development and controls cotyledon and leaf patterning by inhibiting premature differentiation. Regulates the expression of a subset of PcG target genes. Is required for the repression of the floral specific genes PI, SEP2, and SEP3, but also for the activation of FLC. Involved in response to cold. Involved in the regulation of COR15A, COR15B, BAM3 and AMY3 transcripts, and ascorbate levels in response to prolonged chilling temperatures. (714 aa)
RBR1Retinoblastoma-related protein 1; Key regulator of entry into cell division. Acts as a transcription repressor of E2F target genes, whose activity is required for progress from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. Hyperphosphorylation by CDKA-1 prevents the binding to E2F transcription factors, allowing G1 to S phase transition to operate. Forms a stable complex with E2FA that functions in maintaining cell proliferation through repression of cell differentiation. Plays a central role in the mechanism controlling meristem cell differentiation, cell fate establishment and cell fate m [...] (1013 aa)
HDG12Homeobox-leucine zipper protein HDG12; Probable transcription factor that acts as negative regulator of trichome branching in association with HDG11. May regulate cell differentiation and proliferation during root and shoot meristem development. Acts as positive regulator of SCL18/LAS expression. (687 aa)
ASF1BHistone chaperone ASF1B; Histone chaperone that facilitates histone deposition and histone exchange and removal during nucleosome assembly and disassembly. (218 aa)
ARP2-2Actin-related protein 2; Functions as ATP-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the pointed end of the daughter actin filament (By similarity). Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development. Involved in the control of cell morphogenesis in leaf epidermal pavement cells, root hairs, hypocotyls epidermal cells and trichomes, [...] (389 aa)
CPR5Protein CPR-5; May play a role in transcriptional processes. Regulates negatively the senescence and chlorotic lesions induced by biotic (e.g. pathogens) and abiotic (e.g. sugars, darkness) agents, probably by controlling programmed cell death (pcd). Negative regulator of plant programmed cell death (PCD) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Promotes cell division and endoreduplication (e.g. in trichomes). (564 aa)
ARPC5AActin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5A; Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks (By similarity). Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development. (132 aa)
ECRVery-long-chain enoyl-CoA reductase; Catalyzes the last of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme reduces the trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA fatty acid intermediate to an acyl-CoA that can be further elongated by entering a new cycle of elongation. Thereby, it participates in the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane [...] (310 aa)
ARP3Actin-related protein 3; Functions as ATP-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the pointed end of the daughter actin filament (By similarity). Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development. Involved in the control of cell morphogenesis in leaf epidermal pavement cells, root hairs, hypocotyls epidermal cells and trichomes, [...] (427 aa)
AAA1Katanin p60 ATPase-containing subunit A1; Severs microtubules in vitro in an ATP-dependent manner. This activity may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays. May be required for reorientation of cortical microtubule arrays during cellular elongation. Failure to correctly orient these arrays drastically compromises fiber length, cell wall thickness and mechanical strength. May also be required for the spatial organization of developmental cues within the root. Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily. (523 aa)
TMMProtein TOO MANY MOUTHS; Promotes cell fate progression in stomatal development. In leaves, needed to correctly orient spacing divisions, to limit the number of asymmetric divisions in neighbor cells, and to promote the asymmetric (amplifying) divisions of meristemoids. In stems, promotes the conversion of meristemoids into guard mother cells (GMC). Positively regulates CAPRICE (CPC) expression in differentiating stomaless-forming cell files. Forms constitutive complexes with ERECTA and ERL1 involved in the recognition of the stomatal regulatory peptides EPF1, EPF2 and EPFL9/STOMAGEN. [...] (496 aa)
CML42Calcium-binding protein CML42; Probable calcium sensor that binds calcium in vitro. Involved in the regulation of trichome branching. (191 aa)
MYB80Transcription factor MYB80; Transcription factor that binds to the DNA sequence 5'- CCAACC-3'. Regulates directly PME5, UND and GLOX1. Essential for tapetum development in anthers and microsporogenesis. Regulates the timing of tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) which is critical for pollen development. May act through the activation of UND, encoding an A1 aspartic protease. Required for anther development by regulating tapetum development, callose dissolution and exine formation. Acts upstream of A6 and FAR2/MS2, two genes required for pollen exine formation. Negatively regulates tric [...] (320 aa)
SKD1Protein SUPPRESSOR OF K(+) TRANSPORT GROWTH DEFECT 1; Involved in the transport of biosynthetic membrane proteins from the prevacuolar/endosomal compartment to the vacuole. Required for multivesicular body (MVB) protein sorting. Catalyzes the ATP-dependent dissociation of class E VPS proteins from endosomal membranes, such as the disassembly of the ESCRT-III complex. May also regulate cell cycle. Required during seed development for the formation of mucilage in seed coat and testa. Involved in the maintenance of Na(+)/K(+) homeostasis under salt stress. Required for cell expansion. (435 aa)
KICCalcium-binding protein KIC; Calcium-binding regulatory protein that interacts with kinesin motor protein KCBP in a calcium-dependent manner. Inhibits KCBP microtubule binding activity and microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity. Involved in the regulation of trichome branching through its interaction with KCBP. (135 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Arabidopsis thaliana
NCBI taxonomy Id: 3702
Other names: A. thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., mouse-ear cress, thale cress, thale-cress
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