Protein ABA DEFICIENT 4, chloroplastic; Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis, an intermediary step in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Probably not involved directly in the enzymatic conversion of violaxanthin to neoxanthin. Cannot convert violaxanthin to neoxanthin in vitro. Required for ABA biosynthesis in response to drought stress. Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis which is involved in photoprotection of photosystem II (PSII). Neoxanthin acts as an antioxidant within the photosystem PSII supercomplex.

Carotenoid 9,10(9',10')-cleavage dioxygenase 1; Cleaves a variety of carotenoids symmetrically at both the 9- 10 and 9'-10' double bonds. Active on beta,beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, all-trans-violaxanthin, 9-cis-violaxanthin and 9'-cis- neoxanthin. With most substrates, the carotenoid is symmetrically cleaved. Probably not involved in abscisic acid biosynthesis. Belongs to the carotenoid oxygenase family.

Protein ABA DEFICIENT 4, chloroplastic; Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis, an intermediary step in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Probably not involved directly in the enzymatic conversion of violaxanthin to neoxanthin. Cannot convert violaxanthin to neoxanthin in vitro. Required for ABA biosynthesis in response to drought stress. Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis which is involved in photoprotection of photosystem II (PSII). Neoxanthin acts as an antioxidant within the photosystem PSII supercomplex.

Lycopene beta cyclase, chloroplastic; Involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the double cyclization reaction which converts lycopene to beta-carotene and neurosporene to beta-zeacarotene. Major lycopene beta- cyclase that does not seem to be involved in neoxanthin synthesis. Involved in salt tolerance improvement by increasing synthesis of carotenoids, which impairs reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protects the photosynthetic system under salt stress.

Protein ABA DEFICIENT 4, chloroplastic; Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis, an intermediary step in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Probably not involved directly in the enzymatic conversion of violaxanthin to neoxanthin. Cannot convert violaxanthin to neoxanthin in vitro. Required for ABA biosynthesis in response to drought stress. Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis which is involved in photoprotection of photosystem II (PSII). Neoxanthin acts as an antioxidant within the photosystem PSII supercomplex.

Lycopene epsilon cyclase, chloroplastic; Involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the single epsilon-cyclization reaction which converts lycopene to delta-carotene and neurosporene to alpha-zeacarotene. Required for lutein biosynthesis.

Protein ABA DEFICIENT 4, chloroplastic; Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis, an intermediary step in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Probably not involved directly in the enzymatic conversion of violaxanthin to neoxanthin. Cannot convert violaxanthin to neoxanthin in vitro. Required for ABA biosynthesis in response to drought stress. Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis which is involved in photoprotection of photosystem II (PSII). Neoxanthin acts as an antioxidant within the photosystem PSII supercomplex.

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase, chloroplastic; Part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle for controlling the concentration of zeaxanthin in chloroplasts. Catalyzes the two-step mono de-epoxidation reaction. Stereospecific for all-trans xanthophylls. Zeaxanthin induces the dissipation of excitation energy in the chlorophyll of the light-harvesting protein complex of photosystem II; Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.

Protein ABA DEFICIENT 4, chloroplastic; Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis, an intermediary step in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Probably not involved directly in the enzymatic conversion of violaxanthin to neoxanthin. Cannot convert violaxanthin to neoxanthin in vitro. Required for ABA biosynthesis in response to drought stress. Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis which is involved in photoprotection of photosystem II (PSII). Neoxanthin acts as an antioxidant within the photosystem PSII supercomplex.

Zeaxanthin epoxidase, chloroplastic; Zeaxanthin epoxidase that plays an important role in the xanthophyll cycle and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Converts zeaxanthin into antheraxanthin and subsequently violaxanthin. Required for resistance to osmotic and drought stresses, ABA-dependent stomatal closure, seed development and dormancy, modulation of defense gene expression and disease resistance and non-photochemical quencing (NPQ). Through its role in ABA biosynthesis, regulates the expression of stress-responsive genes such as RD29A during osmotic stress and is required for normal [...]

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 1, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 2, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 1, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Protein LUTEIN DEFICIENT 5, chloroplastic; Heme-containing cytochrome P450 involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylation of alpha- and beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the epsilon-rings of alpha-carotene. The beta-ring of alpha-carotene is the preferred substrate in planta.

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 1, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Lycopene beta cyclase, chloroplastic; Involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the double cyclization reaction which converts lycopene to beta-carotene and neurosporene to beta-zeacarotene. Major lycopene beta- cyclase that does not seem to be involved in neoxanthin synthesis. Involved in salt tolerance improvement by increasing synthesis of carotenoids, which impairs reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protects the photosynthetic system under salt stress.

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 1, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Lycopene epsilon cyclase, chloroplastic; Involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the single epsilon-cyclization reaction which converts lycopene to delta-carotene and neurosporene to alpha-zeacarotene. Required for lutein biosynthesis.

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 1, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase, chloroplastic; Part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle for controlling the concentration of zeaxanthin in chloroplasts. Catalyzes the two-step mono de-epoxidation reaction. Stereospecific for all-trans xanthophylls. Zeaxanthin induces the dissipation of excitation energy in the chlorophyll of the light-harvesting protein complex of photosystem II; Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 1, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Tocopherol cyclase, chloroplastic; Involved in the synthesis of both tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E), which presumably protect photosynthetic complexes from oxidative stress. Catalyzes the conversion of 2-methyl- 6-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone and 2,3-dimethyl-5-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone (DMPQ) to delta- and gamma-tocopherol respectively. Converts also 2,3- dimethyl-5-geranylgeranyl-1,4-hydroquinone (DMGQ) to gamma-tocotrienol.

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 1, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Zeaxanthin epoxidase, chloroplastic; Zeaxanthin epoxidase that plays an important role in the xanthophyll cycle and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Converts zeaxanthin into antheraxanthin and subsequently violaxanthin. Required for resistance to osmotic and drought stresses, ABA-dependent stomatal closure, seed development and dormancy, modulation of defense gene expression and disease resistance and non-photochemical quencing (NPQ). Through its role in ABA biosynthesis, regulates the expression of stress-responsive genes such as RD29A during osmotic stress and is required for normal [...]

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 2, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 1, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 2, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Carotenoid 9,10(9',10')-cleavage dioxygenase 1; Cleaves a variety of carotenoids symmetrically at both the 9- 10 and 9'-10' double bonds. Active on beta,beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, all-trans-violaxanthin, 9-cis-violaxanthin and 9'-cis- neoxanthin. With most substrates, the carotenoid is symmetrically cleaved. Probably not involved in abscisic acid biosynthesis. Belongs to the carotenoid oxygenase family.

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 2, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8, chloroplastic; Involved in strigolactones biosynthesis by cleaving the C(27) 9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal produced by CCD7. Produces the C(19) carlactone and a C(8) hydroxyaldehyde. Also shows lower activity with all-trans-10'-apo-beta-carotenal producing a C(9) dialdehyde and the C(18) 13-apo-beta-carotenone. Strigolactones are hormones that inhibit tillering and shoot branching through the MAX-dependent pathway, contribute to the regulation of shoot architectural response to phosphate-limiting conditions and function as rhizosphere signal that stimu [...]

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 2, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Protein LUTEIN DEFICIENT 5, chloroplastic; Heme-containing cytochrome P450 involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylation of alpha- and beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the epsilon-rings of alpha-carotene. The beta-ring of alpha-carotene is the preferred substrate in planta.

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 2, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Lycopene beta cyclase, chloroplastic; Involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the double cyclization reaction which converts lycopene to beta-carotene and neurosporene to beta-zeacarotene. Major lycopene beta- cyclase that does not seem to be involved in neoxanthin synthesis. Involved in salt tolerance improvement by increasing synthesis of carotenoids, which impairs reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protects the photosynthetic system under salt stress.

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 2, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Lycopene epsilon cyclase, chloroplastic; Involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the single epsilon-cyclization reaction which converts lycopene to delta-carotene and neurosporene to alpha-zeacarotene. Required for lutein biosynthesis.

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 2, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase, chloroplastic; Part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle for controlling the concentration of zeaxanthin in chloroplasts. Catalyzes the two-step mono de-epoxidation reaction. Stereospecific for all-trans xanthophylls. Zeaxanthin induces the dissipation of excitation energy in the chlorophyll of the light-harvesting protein complex of photosystem II; Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.

Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 2, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.

Tocopherol cyclase, chloroplastic; Involved in the synthesis of both tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E), which presumably protect photosynthetic complexes from oxidative stress. Catalyzes the conversion of 2-methyl- 6-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone and 2,3-dimethyl-5-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone (DMPQ) to delta- and gamma-tocopherol respectively. Converts also 2,3- dimethyl-5-geranylgeranyl-1,4-hydroquinone (DMGQ) to gamma-tocotrienol.