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| | T19D16.24 | Hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein family protein. (746 aa) |
| | T7P1.21 | Hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein family protein. (944 aa) |
| | CLT2 | Protein CLT2, chloroplastic; Involved in thiol transport from the plastid to the cytosol. Transports probably both glutathione (GSH) and its precursor, gamma- glutamylcysteine (gamma-EC); Belongs to the CRT-like transporter family. (431 aa) |
| | TIC32 | Short-chain dehydrogenase TIC 32, chloroplastic; Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Part of the redox regulon consisting of TIC32, TIC 55 and TIC62. Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. (322 aa) |
| | FTSHI2 | Probable inactive ATP-dependent zinc metalloprotease FTSHI 2, chloroplastic; Required for plastid development during embryogenesis. Might be involved in chaperone functions or play a structural role in the thylakoid FtsH complex. In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AAA ATPase family. (876 aa) |
| | RBL17 | Rhomboid-like protein 17, chloroplastic; Probable rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis. (320 aa) |
| | OEP61 | Outer envelope protein 61; Plays a role in protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). May function as chaperone docking protein during post- translational protein translocation into the ER. Chaperone receptor mediating Hsp70-dependent protein targeting to chloroplasts. Interacts specifically with some chloroplast precursors, but not with mitochondrial precursors. Able to select precursors for delivery to the chloroplast translocase independently of Hsp70. (554 aa) |
| | RE | Protein RETICULATA, chloroplastic; May play a role in leaf development. Required for leaf mesophyll cell division in the early stages of leaf organogenesis. Acts in a developmental pathway that involves PPT1/CUE1 but does not include ASE2/DOV1 ; Belongs to the RETICULATA family. (432 aa) |
| | SECA2 | Protein translocase subunit SECA2, chloroplastic; Involved in protein export. Probably interacts with other proteins to allow the postimport or conservative sorting pathway for inner membrane proteins in plastids. May have a central role in coupling the hydrolysis of ATP to the transfer of proteins across the membrane. (1058 aa) |
| | SAMC2 | Probable S-adenosylmethionine carrier 2, chloroplastic; Probable S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) transporter able to catalyze both uniport and exchange reactions through membranes. (345 aa) |
| | PLIP2 | Phospholipase A1 PLIP2, chloroplastic; Sn-1-specific phospholipase A1 that catalyzes the initial step of oxylipins and jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis. Hydrolyzes polyunsaturated acyl groups preferentially from chloroplastic monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG). May function downstream of abscisic acid (ABA) and provide a link between ABA-mediated abiotic stress responses and oxylipin and JA signalings. In vitro, possesses broad substrate specificity. Can hydrolyze the galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyldiac [...] (713 aa) |
| | COR413IM2 | Cold-regulated 413 inner membrane protein 2, chloroplastic. (226 aa) |
| | F24J13.5 | OBP32pep, putative (DUF220). (338 aa) |
| | T1G11.18 | Probable folate-biopterin transporter 8, chloroplastic; Could mediate folate transport; Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Folate- biopterin transporter (TC 2.A.71) family. (542 aa) |
| | F4I765_ARATH | HIT-type Zinc finger family protein. (644 aa) |
| | RBL10 | RHOMBOID-like protein 10, chloroplastic; Rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis. Required for correct root growth, floral development, fertility and photoprotection. May be involved in TIC22 processing during its import and in AOS accumulation in the chloroplast membrane ; Belongs to the peptidase S54 family. (343 aa) |
| | SCY2 | Preprotein translocase subunit SCY2, chloroplastic; Involved in protein export. Probably interacts with other proteins to allow the postimport or conservative sorting pathway for inner membrane proteins in plastids. Central subunit of the protein translocation channel SecYE. Consists of two halves formed by TMs 1-5 and 6-10. These two domains form a lateral gate at the front which open onto the bilayer between TMs 2 and 7, and are clamped together by SecE at the back. The channel is closed by both a pore ring composed of hydrophobic SecY resides and a short helix (helix 2A) on the extr [...] (575 aa) |
| | TIC236 | Protein TIC236, chloroplastic; Part of the inner chloroplast membrane translocon complex (TIC) which associates with the outer chloroplast membrane translocon complex (TOC) and forms a supercomplex involved in protein precursor import into the chloroplast stroma. Required for the import of HSP93, TIC40 and RBCS protein precursors in the chloroplast stroma. Links the outer and inner membrane translocons of the chloroplast envelope. Belongs to the TamB family. (2166 aa) |
| | F13E7.15 | Low-density receptor-like protein. (168 aa) |
| | LPPE1 | Lipid phosphate phosphatase epsilon 1, chloroplastic; Exhibits phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP) activity in vitro. May play a secondary role as PAP in plastids. (279 aa) |
| | FTSHI5 | Probable inactive ATP-dependent zinc metalloprotease FTSHI 5, chloroplastic; Required for plastid development during embryogenesis. Might be involved in chaperone functions or play a structural role in the thylakoid FtsH complex (Probable). In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AAA ATPase family. (1320 aa) |
| | SPD1 | Protein SEEDLING PLASTID DEVELOPMENT 1; Required during eoplast (a highly reduced plastid type present during the degreening and dehydration stages of seed maturation) development in embryos and early stages of eoplast redifferentiation during seedling growth. Belongs to the ycf45 family. (684 aa) |
| | T4C21.1 | Cytochrome P450 family protein. (404 aa) |
| | P36 | Outer envelope protein 36, chloroplastic; May play a role during plastid development. Belongs to the OEP80 (TC 1.B.33.2) family. (321 aa) |
| | Dl3945c | P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases superfamily protein. (918 aa) |
| | PTM | DDT domain-containing protein PTM; Membrane-bound transcription factor required for the plastid- to-nucleus retrograde signaling. Functions in multiple retrograde pathways. The plastid-to-nucleus signal plays an important role in the coordinated expression of both nuclear- and chloroplast-localized genes that encode photosynthesis-related proteins. In the nucleus, activates ABI4 transcription in a PHD-dependent manner associated with histone modifications. Localized primarily in the chloroplast outer membrane as dormant form and, in response to retrograde signals, is released from the [...] (1706 aa) |
| | K18I23.11 | ADP,ATP carrier protein. (511 aa) |
| | LPA2 | Protein LOW PSII ACCUMULATION 2, chloroplastic; Involved in assisting chlorophyll a binding protein psbC assembly within photosystem II (PSII). Works cooperatively with LPA3. (185 aa) |
| | FTSHI4 | Probable inactive ATP-dependent zinc metalloprotease FTSHI 4, chloroplastic; Functions in chloroplast biogenesis and chloroplast division. Required for plastid development during embryogenesis. Might be involved in chaperone functions or play a structural role in the thylakoid FtsH complex. (855 aa) |
| | FAD4L1 | Fatty acid desaturase 4-like 1, chloroplastic; Fatty acid desaturase involved in the production of chloroplast-specific phosphatidylglycerol molecular species. Catalyzes the formation of a trans double bond introduced close to the carboxyl group of palmitic acid, which is specifically esterified to the sn-2 glyceryl carbon of phosphatidylglycerol (By similarity). (295 aa) |
| | FC2 | Ferrochelatase-2, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the last step of heme biosynthesis by inserting ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to produce protoheme. Produces heme for photosynthetic cytochromes, and for proteins involved in abiotic and biotic stress responses. May play a role in the quality control of individual chloroplasts during photo-oxidative stress through regulation of heme biosynthesis. Belongs to the ferrochelatase family. (512 aa) |
| | NDT1 | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide transporter 1, chloroplastic; Mediates the NAD(+) import into chloroplast. Favors the NAD(+)(in)/ADP or AMP(out) antiport exchange, but is also able to catalyze a low unidirectional transport (uniport) of NAD(+). Transports NAD(+), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide mononucleotide, nicotinic acid mononucleotide, FAD, FMN, TTP, TDP, TMP, UTP, UDP, UMP, CTP, CDP, CMP, GTP, GDP, GMP, 3'-AMP, ATP, ADP, AND AMP, has low transport activity with cAMP, pyrophosphate, NADH and alpha- NAD(+), and has no activity with NADP(+), NADPH, nicotinamide, [...] (312 aa) |
| | F4P9.5 | Probable folate-biopterin transporter 9, chloroplastic; Could mediate folate transport; Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Folate- biopterin transporter (TC 2.A.71) family. (538 aa) |
| | PXG3 | Probable peroxygenase 3; Probable calcium-binding peroxygenase. May be involved in the degradation of storage lipid in oil bodies, in abiotic stress-related signaling pathway and in drought tolerance through stomatal control under water deficit conditions. (236 aa) |
| | FTSHI1 | Probable inactive ATP-dependent zinc metalloprotease FTSHI 1, chloroplastic; Functions in chloroplast biogenesis and chloroplast division. Required for plastid development during embryogenesis. Might be involved in chaperone functions or play a structural role in the thylakoid FtsH complex. In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AAA ATPase family. (946 aa) |
| | ARASP2 | Probable membrane metalloprotease ARASP2, chloroplastic; Metalloprotease essential for chloroplast and plant development. May be involved in regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP); Belongs to the peptidase M50A family. (441 aa) |
| | PBRP1 | Plant-specific TFIIB-related protein 1; Plant-specific TFIIB-related protein that may be involved in an intracellular signaling pathway between plastids and the nucleus. May act as general transcription factor (GTF) of RNA polymerase I-dependent transcription and rRNA synthesis. Forms a ternary complex with TBP2 and the rDNA promoter region. (503 aa) |
| | CYP97B3 | Cytochrome P450 97B3, chloroplastic; Heme-containing cytochrome P450 probably involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Hydroxylates beta-rings of alpha- carotene. May also have activity on beta-rings of beta-carotene. (580 aa) |
| | TOC33 | Translocase of chloroplast 33, chloroplastic; GTPase involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Seems to recognize chloroplast-destined precursor proteins and regulate their presentation to the translocation channel through GTP hydrolysis. Binds GTP, GDP, XTP, but not ATP. Probably specialized in the import of nuclear encoded photosynthetic preproteins from the cytoplasm to the chloroplast, especially during early development stages. (297 aa) |
| | OEP163 | Outer envelope pore protein 16-3, chloroplastic/mitochondrial; Voltage-dependent high-conductance channel with a slight cation-selectivity; selective for amino acids but excludes triosephosphates or uncharged sugars. Non-essential amino acid- selective channel protein and translocation pore for NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A (PORA) and possibly PORB (By similarity). (159 aa) |
| | PORC | Protochlorophyllide reductase C, chloroplastic; Phototransformation of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide). (401 aa) |
| | ACHT4 | Thioredoxin-like 1-1, chloroplastic; Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may participate in various redox reactions. Possesses insulin disulfide bonds reducing activity. (275 aa) |
| | EAAC | Probable envelope ADP,ATP carrier protein, chloroplastic; Transports adenine nucleotides; Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family. (381 aa) |
| | KEA2 | K(+) efflux antiporter 2, chloroplastic; Electroneutral K(+)/H(+) antiporter modulating monovalent cation and pH homeostasis in plastids. Transports K(+) and Cs(+) preferentially relative to Na(+) or Li(+). May function in osmotic adjustment. (1174 aa) |
| | ADS1 | Delta-9 acyl-lipid desaturase 1; Involved in delta-9 desaturation of fatty acids. Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. (305 aa) |
| | OEP37 | Outer envelope pore protein 37, chloroplastic; Voltage-dependent peptide-sensitive high conductance rectifying cation channel with a strong affinity for TIC32 that is imported into the chloroplast. Conductance is pH-dependent decreasing with decreasing pH values; Belongs to the plastid outer envelope porin OEP37 (TC 1.B.47) family. (343 aa) |
| | VIPP1 | Membrane-associated protein VIPP1, chloroplastic; Required for plastid vesicle formation and thylakoid membrane biogenesis, but not for functional assembly of thylakoid protein complexes; Belongs to the PspA/IM30 family. (330 aa) |
| | F4I18.15 | UPF0187 protein At2g45870, chloroplastic. (410 aa) |
| | ARASP | Membrane metalloprotease ARASP, chloroplastic; Metalloprotease essential for chloroplast and plant development. May be involved in regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP); Belongs to the peptidase M50A family. (447 aa) |
| | PGPS1 | CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase 1, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the committed step to the synthesis of the acidic phospholipids. Transfers specifically a phosphatidyl group from CDP- diacylglycerol to glycerol-3-phosphate to form phosphatidylglycerophosphate. Cannot catalyze the phosphatidyl group transfer to inositol, serine, choline or phosphatidylglycerol. Possesses high activity with CDP-dipalmitoylglycerol and low activity with CDP-dioleoylglycerol. (296 aa) |
| | FAD4L2 | Fatty acid desaturase 4-like 2, chloroplastic; Fatty acid desaturase involved in the production of chloroplast-specific phosphatidylglycerol molecular species. Catalyzes the formation of a trans double bond introduced close to the carboxyl group of palmitic acid, which is specifically esterified to the sn-2 glyceryl carbon of phosphatidylglycerol (By similarity). (279 aa) |
| | TOC159 | Translocase of chloroplast 159, chloroplastic; GTPase involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Seems to recognize chloroplast-destined precursor proteins and regulate their presentation to the translocation channel through GTP hydrolysis. Required for chloroplast biogenesis. Probably specialized in the import of nuclear encoded photosynthetic preproteins from the cytoplasm to the chloroplast. Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. AIG1/Toc34/Toc159-like paraseptin GTPase family. TOC159 subfamily. (1503 aa) |
| | MGD1 | Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1, chloroplastic; Involved in the synthesis of the major structural component of photosynthetic membranes. Required for proper thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Does not discriminate between prokaryotic (18:1/16:0) or eukaryotic (18:2/18:2) 1,2-diacylglycerol species, but operates with some preference for the prokaryotic one. Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 28 family. (533 aa) |
| | TSPO | Translocator protein homolog; Stress-induced membrane protein that can bind heme and may play a role in the transport of tetrapyrrole intermediates during salt stress and contribute to the detoxification of highly reactive porphyrins in the cytoplasm. Belongs to the TspO/BZRP family. (196 aa) |
| | TIC20-II | Protein TIC 20-II, chloroplastic; May be involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Not redundant with TIC20-I, TIC20-IV or TIC20-V; Belongs to the Tic20 family. (208 aa) |
| | MGD2 | Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 2, chloroplastic; Involved in the synthesis of the major structural component of photosynthetic membranes and in the chloroplast envelope biogenesis. Can use both prokaryotic (18:1/16:0) or eukaryotic (18:2/18:2) 1,2- diacylglycerol species, but operates with some preference for the eukaryotic one; Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 28 family. (468 aa) |
| | ATI1 | ATG8-interacting protein 1; Involved in a special stress-induced plastid-to-vacuole protein trafficking pathway. Interacts with ATG8F in plastid bodies to subsequently enable their delivery to the vacuole by an autophagic pathway. Interacts with the plastid proteins APE1 and PSBS/NPQ4 and may recruit them as cargo into plastid bodies that may be recognized by the autophagy machinery for degradation in the vacuole. Involved in the alleviation of damage caused by salt stress during plant development, probably through its involvement in plastid-to-vacuole and ER-to- vacuole trafficking. P [...] (256 aa) |
| | RBCS-1A | Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain 1A, chloroplastic; RuBisCO catalyzes two reactions: the carboxylation of D- ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the primary event in carbon dioxide fixation, as well as the oxidative fragmentation of the pentose substrate. Both reactions occur simultaneously and in competition at the same active site (By similarity). (180 aa) |
| | PORB | Protochlorophyllide reductase B, chloroplastic; Phototransformation of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide); Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. POR subfamily. (401 aa) |
| | FSD1 | Superoxide dismutase [Fe] 1, chloroplastic; Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems. (212 aa) |
| | GAPA1 | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GAPA1, chloroplastic; Involved in the photosynthetic reductive pentose phosphate pathway (Calvin-Benson cycle). Catalyzes the reduction of 1,3- diphosphoglycerate by NADPH (By similarity). (396 aa) |
| | GAPB | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GAPB, chloroplastic; Involved in the photosynthetic reductive pentose phosphate pathway (Calvin-Benson cycle). Catalyzes the reduction of 1,3- diphosphoglycerate by NADPH (By similarity); Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family. (447 aa) |
| | PSY1 | Phytoene synthase, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the reaction from prephytoene diphosphate to phytoene; Belongs to the phytoene/squalene synthase family. (422 aa) |
| | FC1 | Ferrochelatase-1, chloroplastic/mitochondrial; Catalyzes the last step of heme biosynthesis by inserting ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to produce protoheme. Produces heme for photosynthetic cytochromes, but does not seem to be involved in stress responses. May be involved in wound-induced supply of heme to defensive hemoproteins outside plastids. Regulates the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes in undevelopped chloroplasts through production of heme. (466 aa) |
| | HEMA1 | Glutamyl-tRNA reductase 1, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) to glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA). Probably involved in the tetrapyrrole synthesis required for the chlorophyll biosynthesis. (543 aa) |
| | FAD7 | Sn-2 acyl-lipid omega-3 desaturase (ferredoxin), chloroplastic; Chloroplast omega-3 fatty acid desaturase introduces the third double bond in the biosynthesis of 16:3 and 18:3 fatty acids, important constituents of plant membranes. It is thought to use ferredoxin as an electron donor and to act on fatty acids esterified to galactolipids, sulfolipids and phosphatidylglycerol. (446 aa) |
| | FAD6 | Omega-6 fatty acid desaturase, chloroplastic; Chloroplast omega-6 fatty acid desaturase introduces the second double bond in the biosynthesis of 16:3 and 18:3 fatty acids, important constituents of plant membranes. It is thought to use ferredoxin as an electron donor and to act on fatty acids esterified to galactolipids, sulfolipids and phosphatidylglycerol. (448 aa) |
| | FAD8 | Temperature-sensitive sn-2 acyl-lipid omega-3 desaturase (ferredoxin), chloroplastic; Chloroplast omega-3 fatty acid desaturase introduces the third double bond in the biosynthesis of 16:3 and 18:3 fatty acids, important constituents of plant membranes. It is thought to use ferredoxin as an electron donor and to act on fatty acids esterified to galactolipids, sulfolipids and phosphatidylglycerol. (435 aa) |
| | accD | Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase carboxyl transferase subunit beta, chloroplastic; Component of the acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) complex. Biotin carboxylase (BC) catalyzes the carboxylation of biotin on its carrier protein (BCCP) and then the CO(2) group is transferred by the transcarboxylase to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA; Belongs to the AccD/PCCB family. (488 aa) |
| | cemA | Chloroplast envelope membrane protein; May be involved in proton extrusion. Indirectly promotes efficient inorganic carbon uptake into chloroplasts. Belongs to the Cema family. (229 aa) |
| | TIC214 | Protein TIC 214; Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. May be part of an intermediate translocation complex acting as a protein- conducting channel at the inner envelope. Belongs to the TIC214 family. (1786 aa) |
| | AATP2 | ADP,ATP carrier protein 2, chloroplastic. (618 aa) |
| | MRS2-11 | Magnesium transporter MRS2-11, chloroplastic; High-affinity magnesium transporter that mediates the influx of magnesium in chloroplast. (459 aa) |
| | CLT1 | Protein CLT1, chloroplastic; Involved in thiol transport from the plastid to the cytosol. Transports probably both glutathione (GSH) and its precursor, gamma- glutamylcysteine (gamma-EC). Exhibits some functional redundancy with CLT3 in maintaining the root GSH pool; Belongs to the CRT-like transporter family. (447 aa) |
| | OEP162 | Outer envelope pore protein 16-2, chloroplastic; Voltage-dependent high-conductance channel with a slight cation-selectivity; selective for amino acids but excludes triosephosphates or uncharged sugars (By similarity). Non-essential amino acid-selective channel protein and translocation pore for NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A (PORA) and possibly PORB. (178 aa) |
| | ABC4 | 2-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone phytyltransferase, chloroplastic; Involved in the synthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Catalyzes the transfer of a prenyl chain to 2-carboxy-1,4- naphthoquinone. (382 aa) |
| | T7A14.10 | Probable plastidic glucose transporter 1; May be involved in the efflux of glucose towards the cytosol. (524 aa) |
| | MNC17.140 | D-xylose-proton symporter-like 3, chloroplastic. (558 aa) |
| | PHYLLO | 2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate synthase; Multifunctional enzyme required for phylloquinone (vitamin K1) biosynthesis; In the N-terminal section; belongs to the isochorismate synthase family. In the 3rd section; belongs to the mandelate racemase/muconate lactonizing enzyme family. MenC type 1 subfamily. (1715 aa) |
| | HST | Homogentisate solanesyltransferase, chloroplastic; Involved in the synthesis of plastoquinone-9. Can use both homogentisic acid and 2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid gamma-lactone as prenyl acceptors, and solanesyl diphosphate > farnesyl diphosphate > geranylgeranyl diphosphate >> phytyl diphosphate as prenyl donors. Do not catalyze the decardoxylation of homogentisate uncoupled from prenylation; Belongs to the UbiA prenyltransferase family. (386 aa) |
| | OEP24A | Outer envelope pore protein 24A, chloroplastic; High-conductance voltage-dependent solute channel with a slight selectivity for cations transporting triosephosphates, dicarboxylic acids, ATP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), sugars, and positively or negatively charged amino acids; Belongs to the plastid outer envelope porin OEP24 (TC 1.B.28) family. (213 aa) |
| | FZL | Probable transmembrane GTPase FZO-like, chloroplastic; Probable membrane-remodeling GTPase that plays a unique role in the in the determination of thylakoid and chloroplast morphology and regulates organization of the thylakoid network. Not involved in the determination of mitochondrial morphology or ultrastructure. Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family. Mitofusin subfamily. (912 aa) |
| | C17L7.1 | Uncharacterized protein At4g04980. (724 aa) |
| | AKR2B | Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 2B; Exhibits chaperone activity toward chloroplast outer envelope membrane, mitochondrion outer membrane, endoplasmic reticulum membrane and peroxisomal proteins, by recruiting specific proteins containing a single transmembrane associated with an AKR2A-binding sequence (ABS) and subsequently binding glycolipids (e.g. monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG)) present in the membrane of the target organelle. (344 aa) |
| | SGB1 | Probable plastidic glucose transporter 3; May be involved in the efflux of glucose towards the cytosol. (495 aa) |
| | ACA1-2 | Calcium-transporting ATPase 1; This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol out of the cell or into organelles. (1020 aa) |
| | CHLG | Chlorophyll synthase, chloroplastic; Involved in one of the last steps of the biosynthesis of chlorophyll a. Catalyzes the esterification of chlorophillide a or b with a preference for geranylgeranyldiphosphate (GGPP) rather than for phytyldiphosphate (PhyPP). (387 aa) |
| | TOC34 | Translocase of chloroplast 34, chloroplastic; GTPase involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Seems to recognize chloroplast-destined precursor proteins and regulate their presentation to the translocation channel through GTP hydrolysis. Probably specialized in the import of nuclear encoded non-photosynthetic preproteins from the cytoplasm to the chloroplast. (313 aa) |
| | LUT2 | Lycopene epsilon cyclase, chloroplastic; Involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the single epsilon-cyclization reaction which converts lycopene to delta-carotene and neurosporene to alpha-zeacarotene. Required for lutein biosynthesis. (524 aa) |
| | PHT2-1 | Inorganic phosphate transporter 2-1, chloroplastic; Low affinity H(+)/Pi chloroplastic cotransporter. Involved in inorganic phosphate (orthophosphate, Pi) uptake in green parts of plants in Pi-sufficient conditions. Required for Pi retranslocation during Pi deprivation; Belongs to the inorganic phosphate transporter (PiT) (TC 2.A.20.2) family. (587 aa) |
| | AATP1 | ADP,ATP carrier protein 1, chloroplastic; May function as an ATP importer. Belongs to the ADP/ATP translocase tlc (TC 2.A.12.2) family. (624 aa) |
| | EARLI1 | Lipid transfer protein EARLI 1; Probable lipid transfer protein (LTP). May improve freezing survival. Seems to control the flowering process and lignin synthesis. Has an auxiliary role for germinability and early seedling development under low temperature and salt stress conditions, probably in an abscisic acid- (ABA) dependent manner. Confers resistance to Botrytis cinerea and exhibits anti-fungal activity, at least against S.cerevisiae, B. cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum, probably by increasing their membrane permeability. Belongs to the plant LTP family. PEARLI1 subfamily. (168 aa) |
| | ANTR6 | Probable anion transporter 6, chloroplastic; Inorganic phosphate and probable anion transporter. Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sodium/anion cotransporter (TC 2.A.1.14) family. (517 aa) |
| | FRO7 | Ferric reduction oxidase 7, chloroplastic; Ferric chelate reductase involved in iron mobilization from the cytosol into the chloroplast. May participate in the transport of electrons to a Fe(3+) ion via FAD and heme intermediates. Might be involved iron homeostasis in trichomes. (747 aa) |
| | MSL2 | Mechanosensitive ion channel protein 2, chloroplastic; Mechanosensitive channel that opens in response to stretch forces in the membrane lipid bilayer (By similarity). Controls plastid size, shape, and perhaps division during normal plant development by altering ion flux in response to changes in membrane tension. Acts as a component of the chloroplast division machinery. (673 aa) |
| | PGLCT | Plastidic glucose transporter 4; May be involved in the efflux of glucose towards the cytosol. Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family. (546 aa) |
| | F13K3.5 | CHUP1-like protein. (373 aa) |
| | TOC75-4 | Protein TOC75-4, chloroplastic; Mediates the insertion of proteins targeted to the outer membrane of chloroplasts. Required for the import of protein precursors into chloroplasts. Forms the voltage-dependent preprotein translocation channels (hydrophilic beta barrel) of the TOC complex in the chloroplastic outer membrane (By similarity). Required for etioplast formation and/or etioplast-chloroplast transition during deetiolation. (396 aa) |
| | T20D1.20 | Tryptophan/tyrosine permease. (505 aa) |
| | P39 | Outer envelope protein 39, chloroplastic; Beta-barrel pore-forming protein which possesses voltage- dependent channel activity. Required for proper plastid development. Involved in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis of full-grown plants. Belongs to the OEP80 (TC 1.B.33.2) family. (362 aa) |
| | ANTR4 | Probable anion transporter 4, chloroplastic; Inorganic phosphate and probable anion transporter. Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sodium/anion cotransporter (TC 2.A.1.14) family. (533 aa) |
| | FOLK | Farnesol kinase, chloroplastic; Kinase involved in negative regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Substrate preferrence is farnesol > geraniol > geranylgeraniol, but has no activity with farnesyl phosphate. Can use CTP > ATP > GTP = UTP as phosphoryl donor. (307 aa) |
| | ARC3 | Protein ACCUMULATION AND REPLICATION OF CHLOROPLASTS 3; Z-ring accessory protein involved in the initiation of plastid division and division site placement (might functionally replace bacterial MinC). May control the rate of chloroplast expansion. Seems to influence stromule (stroma-filled tubular extensions of the plastid envelope membrane) length and frequency. (741 aa) |
| | OEP21A | Outer envelope pore protein 21A, chloroplastic; Voltage-dependent rectifying anion channel that facilitates the translocation between chloroplast and cytoplasm of phosphorylated carbohydrates such as triosephosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and inorganic phosphate (Pi) depending of ATP to triosephosphate ratio in the plastidial intermembrane space; in high triosephosphate/ATP conditions (e.g. photosynthesis), export of triosphosphate from chloroplast (outward rectifying channels), but in high ATP/triosephosphate conditions (e.g. dark phase), import of phosphosolutes (inward rectifying chann [...] (167 aa) |
| | LPPG | Lipid phosphate phosphatase gamma; Exhibits phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP) activity in vitro. May play a primary role as PAP in plastids. Belongs to the PA-phosphatase related phosphoesterase family. (226 aa) |
| | LPPE2 | Lipid phosphate phosphatase epsilon 2, chloroplastic; Exhibits phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP) activity in vitro. May play a secondary role as PAP in plastids. (286 aa) |
| | TOC90 | Translocase of chloroplast 90, chloroplastic; GTPase involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Seems to recognize chloroplast-destined precursor proteins and regulate their presentation to the translocation channel through GTP hydrolysis. Probably specialized in the import of nuclear encoded photosynthetic preproteins from the cytoplasm to the chloroplast. (793 aa) |
| | RUS1 | Protein root UVB sensitive 1, chloroplastic; Involved in a root UV-B sensing pathway and in the protection against the hypersensitivity to very low-fluence-rate (VLF) UV-B. RSU1 and RUS2 are probably both negative modulators of the same UV-B perception pathway, which when overstimulated in the roots causes a block to postgermination development. Required for polar auxin transport by maintaining the proper levels of auxin transporters AUX1 (AC Q96247) and PIN proteins on the plasma membrane. Belongs to the RUS1 family. (608 aa) |
| | FOLT1 | Folate transporter 1, chloroplastic; Mediates folate import into chloroplast. Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family. (308 aa) |
| | ANTR3 | Probable anion transporter 3, chloroplastic; Inorganic phosphate and probable anion transporter. Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sodium/anion cotransporter (TC 2.A.1.14) family. (512 aa) |
| | TIC56 | Protein TIC 56, chloroplastic; Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. May be part of an intermediate translocation complex acting as a protein- conducting channel at the inner envelope. (527 aa) |
| | DTX44 | Protein DETOXIFICATION 44, chloroplastic; Belongs to the multi antimicrobial extrusion (MATE) (TC 2.A.66.1) family. (521 aa) |
| | RBL11 | Rhomboid-like protein 11, chloroplastic; Rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis. May be involved in TIC22 processing during its import. Belongs to the peptidase S54 family. (280 aa) |
| | ARC5 | Dynamin-like protein ARC5; Probable GTPase component of both plastid and peroxisme division machinery. Required for the last steps of plastid division specifically in mesophyll-cell, when the narrow isthmus breaks, facilitating the separation of the daughter plastids. Necessary for peroxisome activities. Seems to influence stromule (stroma-filled tubular extensions of the plastid envelope membrane) length and frequency. Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family. (777 aa) |
| | CBSDUFCH2 | DUF21 domain-containing protein At1g55930, chloroplastic. (653 aa) |
| | RBL16 | Rhomboid-like protein 16, chloroplastic; Rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis. May cleave the plastid translocon component Tic40. (322 aa) |
| | F8F6_110 | Uncharacterized protein At5g03900, chloroplastic. (523 aa) |
| | MCD1 | Protein MULTIPLE CHLOROPLAST DIVISION SITE 1; Required for chloroplast division. Regulates FtsZ ring positioning in chloroplasts. Determines the site of chloroplast division in concert with MIND1. Not directly involved in ring formation, but probably required for MIND1 localization to regulate FtsZ ring formation. (349 aa) |
| | PHT4;4 | Ascorbate transporter, chloroplastic; Inorganic phosphate and probable anion transporter. Ascorbate transporter bridging the chloroplast envelope. Transports ascorbate from the cytosol into the chloroplast. Requires chloride ions and the presence of an electrochemical potential across the membrane for activity. Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sodium/anion cotransporter (TC 2.A.1.14) family. (541 aa) |
| | GLR3.4 | Glutamate receptor 3.4; Glutamate-gated receptor that probably acts as non-selective cation channel, at least in hypocotyls. Can be triggered by Ala, Asn, Gly, Ser and, to a lower extent, Cys and Glu. May be involved in light- signal transduction and calcium homeostasis via the regulation of calcium influx into cells. Plays an important role in the calcium-based fast transmission of environmental stress. (959 aa) |
| | LPAT1 | 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase LPAT1, chloroplastic; Plastidial enzyme of the prokaryotic glycerol-3-phosphate pathway that converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid by incorporating an acyl moiety at position sn-2. Utilizes palmitoyl-ACP (16:0-ACP) to produce phosphatidic acid containing a saturated group at position sn-2, which is characteristic of lipids synthesized by the prokaryotic pathway. In vitro, can use 16:0-CoA as acyl donor. Essential for embryo development during the transition from the globular to the heart stage when chloroplasts begin [...] (356 aa) |
| | MQB2.4 | Integral membrane HPP family protein. (243 aa) |
| | TIC20-I | Protein TIC 20-I, chloroplastic; Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. May be part of an intermediate translocation complex acting as a protein- conducting channel at the inner envelope. Seems to be specific for photosynthesis-related pre-proteins. Partially redundant with TIC20-IV, but not with TIC20-II or TIC20-V. (274 aa) |
| | PPT2 | Phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator 2, chloroplastic; Phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator that transports phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate. (383 aa) |
| | TIC62 | Protein TIC 62, chloroplastic; Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Part of the redox regulon consisting of TIC32, TIC 55 and TIC62. Acts as a membrane anchor of LFNR1 and LFNR2. Has a NADPH-dependent dehydrogenase activity, but only after preincubation with lipids (By similarity). (641 aa) |
| | MTG13.11 | Low-density receptor-like protein. (168 aa) |
| | OEP24B | Outer envelope pore protein 24B, chloroplastic; High-conductance voltage-dependent solute channel with a slight selectivity for cations transporting triosephosphates, dicarboxylic acids, ATP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), sugars, and positively or negatively charged amino acids. (213 aa) |
| | ABCI10 | ABC transporter I family member 10; Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCI family. (271 aa) |
| | TGD1 | Protein TRIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL 1, chloroplastic; Required during embryogenesis. Permease involved in lipid transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to plastids, and necessary for thylakoids formation. (350 aa) |
| | OBGL | GTP-binding protein OBGC, chloroplastic; GTP-binding protein involved in membrane biogenesis and protein synthesis in chloroplast. Functions in the biogenesis of thylakoid membrane and plastid ribosome during chloroplast development. May be involved in the vesicular traffic between the chloroplast inner envelope membrane and thylakoids. Possesses GTPase activity in vitro. (681 aa) |
| | SP1 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SP1; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the regulation of protein import in the chloroplast. Associates with TOC complexes and mediates ubiquitination of TOC components, promoting their degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Plays a role in the reorganization of the TOC machinery. Involved in a mechanism that regulates plastid biogenesis via UPS. Promotes stress tolerance by depleting the chloroplast protein import apparatus, which limits photosystem assembly and the potential for reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. May act as negat [...] (343 aa) |
| | F28J12.8 | Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like superfamily protein. (642 aa) |
| | MSL3 | Mechanosensitive ion channel protein 3, chloroplastic; Mechanosensitive channel that opens in response to stretch forces in the membrane lipid bilayer. Controls plastid size, shape, and perhaps division during normal plant development by altering ion flux in response to changes in membrane tension. Acts as a component of the chloroplast division machinery; Belongs to the MscS (TC 1.A.23) family. (678 aa) |
| | F17N18.90 | Uncharacterized protein At4g13200, chloroplastic. (185 aa) |
| | ABCI11 | ABC transporter I family member 11, chloroplastic. (278 aa) |
| | LPP3 | Putative lipid phosphate phosphatase 3, chloroplastic; Belongs to the PA-phosphatase related phosphoesterase family. (364 aa) |
| | ABA4 | Protein ABA DEFICIENT 4, chloroplastic; Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis, an intermediary step in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Probably not involved directly in the enzymatic conversion of violaxanthin to neoxanthin. Cannot convert violaxanthin to neoxanthin in vitro. Required for ABA biosynthesis in response to drought stress. Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis which is involved in photoprotection of photosystem II (PSII). Neoxanthin acts as an antioxidant within the photosystem PSII supercomplex. (220 aa) |
| | FAX4 | Protein FATTY ACID EXPORT 4, chloroplastic; May be involved in free fatty acids export from the plastids. (177 aa) |
| | TIC100 | Protein TIC 100; Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. May be part of an intermediate translocation complex acting as a protein- conducting channel at the inner envelope. Plays an important role during embryogenesis and chloroplast biogenesis. (871 aa) |
| | TIC110 | Protein TIC110, chloroplastic; Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Forms a voltage-dependent cation-selective channel at the inner envelope of chloroplasts, which specifically responds to a transit peptide. Associates with both the precursor and mature forms of the preprotein. (1016 aa) |
| | HCF107 | Protein high chlorophyll fluorescent 107; Involved, directly or indirectly, in the processing of chloroplast encoded mRNAs. Exhibits sequence-specific RNA binding and RNA remodeling activities, probably leading to the activation of translation of the target gene cluster psbB-psbT-psbH-petB-petD. Blocks 5'-3' and 3'-5' exoribonucleases (e.g. polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), RNase R) in vitro. Necessary for intercistronic RNA processing of the psbH 5' untranslated region or the stabilization of 5' processed psbH RNAs. Also required for the synthesis of psbB. (652 aa) |
| | RER6 | Protein RETICULATA-RELATED 6, chloroplastic; May play a role in leaf development. (745 aa) |
| | CLT3 | Protein CLT3, chloroplastic; Involved in thiol transport from the plastid to the cytosol. Transports probably both glutathione (GSH) and its precursor, gamma- glutamylcysteine (gamma-EC). Exhibits some functional redundancy with CLT1 in maintaining the root GSH pool. (452 aa) |
| | F10M6.110 | Protein kinase superfamily protein. (611 aa) |
| | PPT1 | Phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator 1, chloroplastic; Phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator that transports phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), 2-phosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Imports PEP to the chloroplast stroma as one substrate of the shikimate pathway, from which aromatic amino acids and a variety of secondary products derive. Required for correct leaf mesophyll cell development and expression of chlorophyll a/b binding protein 3 (CAB3). Belongs to the TPT transporter family. PPT (TC 2.A.7.9) subfamily. (408 aa) |
| | F6I18.50 | CemA-like proton extrusion protein-like protein. (438 aa) |
| | ABCB26 | ABC transporter B family member 26, chloroplastic. (700 aa) |
| | SQD2 | Sulfoquinovosyl transferase SQD2; Catalyzes the transfer of the sulfoquinovose moiety from UDP- sulfoquinovose to diacylglycerol during sulfolipid biosynthesis. Sulfolipid contributes to maintaining a negatively charged lipid-water interface, a requirement for proper function of photosynthetic membranes. Sulfolipid may also function as a substitute of anionic phospholipids under phosphate-limited growth conditions. (510 aa) |
| | Q8S8K8_ARATH | Histone deacetylase-like protein. (152 aa) |
| | HPT1 | Homogentisate phytyltransferase 1, chloroplastic; Involved in the synthesis of tocopherol (vitamin E). Catalyzes the condensation of homogentisate and phytyl diphosphate to form dimethylphytylhydrquinone. Low activity with geranylgeranyl diphosphate as substrate, but no activity with farnesyl diphosphate or solanesyl diphosphate. Tocopherol functions to limit lipid oxidation during seed desiccation, quiescence and germination and early seedling development. Protects thylakoid membrane lipids from photooxidation and is required for low-temperature adaptation. Belongs to the UbiA prenylt [...] (393 aa) |
| | CDP1 | Plastid division protein CDP1, chloroplastic; Component of the plastid division machinery required for PDV1 localization to constriction sites. Involved in chloroplast division site placement. Seems to inhibit FtsZ assembly, functioning as an antagonistic regulator of FtsZ dynamics against ARC6. (819 aa) |
| | TGD5 | Protein TRIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL 5, chloroplastic; Facilitates lipid transfer from the outer to the inner plastid envelope by bridging TGD4 with the TGD1,2,3 transport complex. Required for endoplasmic reticulum-to-plastid lipid trafficking as part of the eukaryotic pathway of thylakoid lipid assembly. (91 aa) |
| | CHX23 | Cation/H(+) antiporter 23, chloroplastic; Operates as a K(+)/H(+) antiporter or Na(+)/H(+) antiporter of the chloroplast envelope that functions in pH homeostasis and chloroplast development. Monovalent cation transporter with a preference for Cs(+), K(+) and Rb(+) relative to Na(+) or Li(+). Required for pollen tube guidance, but not for normal pollen development. May also be involved in the development or function of the female gametophyte. (867 aa) |
| | ORLIKE | Protein ORANGE-LIKE, chloroplastic; May be associated with accumulation of carotenoids in chromoplasts; Belongs to the orange-like family. (315 aa) |
| | AAE14 | 2-succinylbenzoate--CoA ligase, chloroplastic/peroxisomal; Involved in the biosynthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Converts 2-succinylbenzoate (OSB) to 2-succinylbenzoyl-CoA (OSB-CoA). (560 aa) |
| | DGD2 | Digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 2, chloroplastic; Involved in the synthesis of diacylglycerol galactolipids that are specifically found in thylakoid membranes. Specific for alpha- glycosidic linkages. During phosphate shortage, involved in the biosynthesis of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) which rescues the limitation of phospholipids (Probable); Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily. (473 aa) |
| | PTC52 | Protochlorophyllide-dependent translocon component 52, chloroplastic; Part of a translocon most abundantly expressed in etiolated plants and involved in the protochlorophyllide-dependent import of the precursor NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A (pPORA). (559 aa) |
| | HCF173 | Protein HIGH CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE PHENOTYPE 173, chloroplastic; Auxiliary factor required, together with HCF244, for the biogenesis of photosystem II (PSII), especially for the synthesis of the reaction center proteins (e.g. D1), via the regulation of the corresponding mRNA (e.g. psbA) translation initiation (ribosomal loading) and stabilization; Belongs to the NmrA-type oxidoreductase family. (598 aa) |
| | DTX46 | Protein DETOXIFICATION 46, chloroplastic. (559 aa) |
| | FAX1 | Protein FATTY ACID EXPORT 1, chloroplastic; Mediates the export of free fatty acid from the plastids. Potentially prefers palmitic acid (C16:0) over oleic acid (C18:1) and stearic acid (C18:0). Not involved in fatty acid activation. Required for biogenesis of the outer pollen cell wall, in particular for the assembly of exine and pollen coat and for the release of ketone wax components. (226 aa) |
| | F16B3.32 | WAT1-related protein At3g02690, chloroplastic. (417 aa) |
| | MXC17.8 | Plant/protein, putative (DUF3411). (521 aa) |
| | CJD1 | Chloroplast J-like domain 1. (294 aa) |
| | SFR2 | Galactolipid galactosyltransferase SFR2, chloroplastic; Glycosyl hydrolase family protein acting primarily as a highly specific galactosyltransferase. Synthesizes digalactosyldiacylglycerol from monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in the absence of UDP-galactose in vitro. Hydrolyzes o- and p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside in vitro. Plays a role in freezing tolerance. May play a role in chloroplast protection. (622 aa) |
| | ABC1K8 | Protein ACTIVITY OF BC1 COMPLEX KINASE 8, chloroplastic; Involved in resistance to oxidative stress (e.g. hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2)), high light and heavy metals (e.g. cadmium ions Cd(2+)). Influences responses to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Together with SIA1, regulates iron distribution within the chloroplast and mediates the oxidative stress response. Together with ABC1K7, influences chloroplast lipid synthesis/accumulation and modulates chloroplast membrane composition in response to stress. (761 aa) |
| | KO | Ent-kaurene oxidase, chloroplastic; Catalyzes three successive oxidations of the 4-methyl group of ent-kaurene giving kaurenoic acid, a key step in gibberellins (GAs) biosynthesis. GAs, which are involved many processes, including stem elongation, play a central role in plant development. (509 aa) |
| | PLIP3 | Phospholipase A1 PLIP3, chloroplastic; Sn-1-specific phospholipase A1 that catalyzes the initial step of oxylipins and jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis. Hydrolyzes polyunsaturated acyl groups preferentially from chloroplastic phosphatidylglycerol (PG). May function downstream of abscisic acid (ABA), and provide a link between ABA-mediated abiotic stress responses and oxylipin and JA signalings. In vitro, possesses broad substrate specificity. Can hydrolyze the galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycero [...] (649 aa) |
| | FLU | Protein FLUORESCENT IN BLUE LIGHT, chloroplastic; Negative regulator of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (including chlorophyll) in chloroplasts, probably via HEMA1 repression. Inhibits especially the magnesium ion Mg(2+) branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, but independently of heme. (316 aa) |
| | DTX47 | Protein DETOXIFICATION 47, chloroplastic; Functions as a multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter in the export of salicylic acid (SA) from the chloroplast to the cytoplasm. Plays an essential function in plant defense via the pathogen-induced salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. Acts also as a key component of the Age-related resistance (ARR) pathway. (543 aa) |
| | ADS3 | Palmitoyl-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol delta-7 desaturase, chloroplastic; Fatty acid desaturase involved in the first desaturation step leading to the formation of hexadeca 7,10,13-trienoic acid (16:3(7Z,10Z,13Z)), the major functional components of thylakoid membranes. Required for chloroplast biogenesis at low temperature. Also indirectly involved in the production of the oxylipin dinor-oxo-phyto- dienoic acid implicated in wound signaling. (371 aa) |
| | EGY1 | Probable zinc metalloprotease EGY1, chloroplastic; Membrane-associated and ATP-independent metalloprotease required for development of both thylakoid grana and well-organized lamellae in chloroplast. Required for the accumulation of chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b binding (CAB) proteins (from both PS I and PS II) in chloroplast membranes, and for grana formation and normal chloroplast development. Involved in the regulation of nuclear gene expression in response to ammonium stress and interacts with ABA signaling. Carries out beta-casein degradation in an ATP-independent manner in vitro. (548 aa) |
| | CDS4 | Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 4, chloroplastic; May be involved in the synthesis of minor phospholipids and in modulation of IP3-mediated signal transduction. Promotes the biosynthesis of plastidial phosphatidylglycerol (PG) which is required for structure and function of thylakoid membranes and, hence, for photoautotrophic growth; Belongs to the CDS family. (391 aa) |
| | FAX2 | Protein FATTY ACID EXPORT 2, chloroplastic; May be involved in free fatty acids export from the plastids. Belongs to the TMEM14 family. (240 aa) |
| | SAMC1 | S-adenosylmethionine carrier 1, chloroplastic/mitochondrial; Transporter involved in exchange reactions through membranes. Has a low uniporter activity. Specifically mediates the transport of S- adenosylmethionine (SAM) and its closest analogs. Probably involved in the uptake of SAM in exchange for S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAHC), which is produced from SAM in the mitochondrial matrix and plastidial stroma by methyltransferase activities; Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family. (325 aa) |
| | COR413IM1 | Cold-regulated 413 inner membrane protein 1, chloroplastic; Belongs to the Cold-regulated 413 protein family. (225 aa) |
| | PAM71 | Protein PAM71, chloroplastic; Mn(2+)/H(+) exchanger, which transport Mn(2+)from the chloroplast stroma into the acidic thylakoid lumen. Might be a chloroplast-localized Ca(2+)/H(+) antiporter. Regulates Ca(2+), Mn(2+) and pH homeostasis. Required for chloroplast development ; Belongs to the GDT1 family. (370 aa) |
| | GPT2 | Glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator 2, chloroplastic; Glucose 6-phosphate (Glc6P) transporter. Transports also inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, triose phosphates and, to a leser extent, phosphoenolpyruvate. Responsible for the transport of Glc6P into plastids of heterotrophic tissues where it can be used as a carbon source for starch biosynthesis, as substrate for fatty acid biosynthesis or as substrate for NADPH generation via the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). Required for dynamic acclimation of photosynthesis; Belongs to the TPT transporter family. GPT (T [...] (388 aa) |
| | MET1 | Protein MET1, chloroplastic; Involved in photosystem II supercomplex formation and repair, probably acting as a psbB/psbC chaperone on the stromal side of the membrane. (335 aa) |
| | Q94C78_ARATH | DnaJ (DUF3353). (278 aa) |
| | RER4 | Protein RETICULATA-RELATED 4, chloroplastic; May play a role in leaf development. (386 aa) |
| | TIM22-2 | Chloroplastic import inner membrane translocase subunit TIM22-2; Together with HP30-1 and HP30-2, triggers the import and insertion of transit sequence-less multi-pass transmembrane proteins (e.g. CEQORH) into the chloroplastic inner membrane. Belongs to the Tim17/Tim22/Tim23 family. (210 aa) |
| | VTE1 | Tocopherol cyclase, chloroplastic; Involved in the synthesis of both tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E), which presumably protect photosynthetic complexes from oxidative stress. Catalyzes the conversion of 2-methyl- 6-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone and 2,3-dimethyl-5-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone (DMPQ) to delta- and gamma-tocopherol respectively. Converts also 2,3- dimethyl-5-geranylgeranyl-1,4-hydroquinone (DMGQ) to gamma-tocotrienol. (488 aa) |
| | SPL1 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SPL1; Possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. (338 aa) |
| | CAT9 | Cationic amino acid transporter 9, chloroplastic; Permease involved in the transport of the cationic amino acids. (569 aa) |
| | OEP80 | Outer envelope protein 80, chloroplastic; Plays an essential role during early stages of plastid development; Belongs to the OEP80 (TC 1.B.33.2) family. (732 aa) |
| | FAX5 | Protein FATTY ACID EXPORT 5; May be involved in free fatty acids export. (119 aa) |
| | F13A11.2 | Inner membrane localized protein. (168 aa) |
| | TOC75-I | Translocon outer membrane complex 75-I. (399 aa) |
| | RER3 | Protein RETICULATA-RELATED 3, chloroplastic; May play a role in leaf development. Required for leaf mesophyll cell division in the early stages of leaf organogenesis. (337 aa) |
| | RER2 | Protein RETICULATA-RELATED 2, chloroplastic; May play a role in leaf development. Belongs to the RETICULATA family. (339 aa) |
| | CHLP | Geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the reduction of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytyl diphosphate, providing phytol for both tocopherol and chlorophyll synthesis; Belongs to the geranylgeranyl reductase family. ChlP subfamily. (467 aa) |
| | CB5-A | Cytochrome b5 isoform A; Belongs to the cytochrome b5 family. (135 aa) |
| | EGY2 | Probable zinc metalloprotease EGY2, chloroplastic; Probable membrane-associated metalloprotease that may be involved in chloroplast development. (556 aa) |
| | RBL9 | RHOMBOID-like protein 9, chloroplastic; Probable rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis; Belongs to the peptidase S54 family. (434 aa) |
| | PNSB5 | Photosynthetic NDH subunit of subcomplex B 5, chloroplastic; NDH shuttles electrons from NAD(P)H:plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient. (212 aa) |
| | RER1 | Protein RETICULATA-RELATED 1, chloroplastic; May play a role in leaf development. Belongs to the RETICULATA family. (433 aa) |
| | TIL | Temperature-induced lipocalin-1; Involved in basal (BT) and acquired thermotolerance (AT), probably by preventing plasma membrane lipids peroxidation induced by severe heat-shock (HS). Lipocalin that confers protection against oxidative stress caused by heat, freezing, paraquat and light. Confers resistance to high salt (NaCl) levels, probably by protecting chloroplasts from ion toxicity via ion homeostasis maintenance. Required for seed longevity by insuring polyunsaturated lipids integrity. Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family. (186 aa) |
| | MFL1 | Protein MITOFERRINLIKE 1, chloroplastic; Probably involved in iron transport into chloroplasts. (412 aa) |
| | CRL | Chromophore lyase CRL, chloroplastic; Covalently attaches a chromophore to Cys residue(s) of phycobiliproteins (By similarity). Required for plastid division, and involved in cell differentiation and regulation of the cell division plane. Maintenance of plastid homeostasis controls plant preconditioning to stress and stress acclimation. Belongs to the CpcT/CpeT biliprotein lyase family. (269 aa) |
| | CLPC1 | Chaperone protein ClpC1, chloroplastic; Molecular chaperone that hydrolyzes ATP and is associated with the chloroplast protein import apparatus. May function as the motor for chloroplast protein translocation, as translocation requires ATP hydrolysis in the stroma. May interact with a ClpP-like protease involved in degradation of denatured proteins in the chloroplast. Involved in the regulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis through the destabilization of chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) protein in response to the accumulation of chlorophyll b. Involved in leaf iron homeostasis. Belongs [...] (929 aa) |
| | ARC6 | Protein ACCUMULATION AND REPLICATION OF CHLOROPLASTS 6, chloroplastic; Component of the plastid division machinery. Involved in the initiation of proplastid and plastid division (including chloroplasts, statoliths and leukoplasts). Promotes the assembly and/or stabilization of the plastid-dividing FtsZ ring, functioning as an antagonistic regulator of FtsZ dynamics against CDP1. Relays plastid division site position between stroma and outer surface via interactions with the stromal FtsZ ring and the outer membrane PDV2 that recruits cytoplasmic ARC5 ring. Required for plastid equatoria [...] (801 aa) |
| | PDV1 | Plastid division protein PDV1; Component of the plastid division machinery. Required to mediate the recruitment of ARC5 at the midplastid constriction site in the cytoplasm. (272 aa) |
| | OR | Protein ORANGE, chloroplastic; Involved in chromoplast differentiation. Associated with a cellular process that triggers the differentiation of pro-plastids or other non-colored plastids into chromoplasts for carotenoid accumulation. Is associated with carotenoid accumulation in chromoplasts. Functions as a major regulator of the phytoene synthase PSY1 protein level and activity. Modulates carotenoid biosynthesis by means of post-transcriptional regulation of PSY1. Modulates carotenoid biosynthesis in part by up-regulating a series of endogenous carotenogenic genes. Belongs to the oran [...] (307 aa) |
| | HP30-2 | Chloroplastic import inner membrane translocase subunit HP30-2; Together with HP30-1 and HP20, triggers the import and insertion of transit sequence-less multi-pass transmembrane proteins (e.g. CEQORH) into the chloroplastic inner membrane. Belongs to the Tim17/Tim22/Tim23 family. (259 aa) |
| | TIC20-V | Protein TIC 20-v, chloroplastic; May be involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Not redundant with TIC20-I, TIC20-II or TIC20-IV; Belongs to the Tic20 family. (209 aa) |
| | TIC40 | Protein TIC 40, chloroplastic; Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Part of the motor complex consisting of a co-chaperone (TIC40) and a chaperone (HSP93) associated with the import channel (TIC110). Causes the release of bound transit peptides from TIC110 and stimulates ATP hydrolysis by HSP93. Involved in reinsertion of proteins from the chloroplast stroma into the inner membrane. (447 aa) |
| | DIT2-1 | Dicarboxylate transporter 2.1, chloroplastic; Glutamate/malate translocator involved with DIT1 in primary ammonia assimilation and in the re-assimilation of ammonia generated by the photorespiratory pathway. Exports the end product of ammonia assimilation, glutamate, from plastids to the cytosol. The precursor for ammonia assimilation, 2-oxoglutarate, is imported from the cytosol by DIT1. (563 aa) |
| | DIT2-2 | Dicarboxylate transporter 2.2, chloroplastic; May be involved in the transport of dicarboxylate compounds. (549 aa) |
| | CPP1 | Protein CHAPERONE-LIKE PROTEIN OF POR1, chloroplastic; Essential protein required during embryogenesis. Exhibits holdase chaperone activity involved in the stabilization of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) proteins against photooxidative stress during POR proteins import into chloroplasts. Required for chloroplast biogenesis and development. When expressed in yeast, triggers mitochondria-mediated cell death associated with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. (258 aa) |
| | MSH12.19 | Uncharacterized protein family (UPF0114). (262 aa) |
| | CHLH | Magnesium-chelatase subunit ChlH, chloroplastic; Multifunctional protein involved in chlorophyll synthesis, plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling and abscisic acid (ABA) perception. In chlorophyll synthesis, catalyzes the insertion of magnesium ion into protoporphyrin IX to yield Mg-protoporphyrin IX. The reaction takes place in two steps, with an ATP-dependent activation followed by an ATP-dependent chelation step. In addition to its function in the Mg-chelatase enzyme, is required for the plastid-to- nucleus retrograde signaling. The plastid-to-nucleus signal plays an important rol [...] (1381 aa) |
| | OEP21B | Outer envelope pore protein 21B, chloroplastic; Voltage-dependent rectifying anion channel that facilitates the translocation between chloroplast and cytoplasm of phosphorylated carbohydrates such as triosephosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and inorganic phosphate (Pi) depending of ATP to triosephosphate ratio in the plastidial intermembrane space; in high triosephosphate/ATP conditions (e.g. photosynthesis), export of triosphosphate from chloroplast (outward rectifying channels), but in high ATP/triosephosphate conditions (e.g. dark phase), import of phosphosolutes (inward rectifying chann [...] (167 aa) |
| | PLGG1 | Plastidal glycolate/glycerate translocator 1, chloroplastic; Glycolate/glycerate transporter required for photorespiration; Belongs to the CidB/LrgB family. (512 aa) |
| | SULTR4;1 | Sulfate transporter 4.1, chloroplastic; H(+)/sulfate cotransporter that may play a role in the regulation of sulfate assimilation; Belongs to the SLC26A/SulP transporter (TC 2.A.53) family. (685 aa) |
| | PAO | Pheophorbide a oxygenase, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the key reaction of chlorophyll catabolism, porphyrin macrocycle cleavage of pheophorbide a (pheide a) to a primary fluorescent catabolite (pFCC). Works in a two-step reaction with red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (RCCR). Creates the intermediate RCC through the opening of the porphyrin macrocycle by the introduction of one atom of molecular oxygen at the alpha-methine bridge. Seems to be specific for pheide a. Belongs to the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes (CCEs). (537 aa) |
| | F1N21.12 | Probable plastidic glucose transporter 2; May be involved in the efflux of glucose towards the cytosol. (493 aa) |
| | CAC3 | Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase carboxyl transferase subunit alpha, chloroplastic; Component of the acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) complex. First, biotin carboxylase catalyzes the carboxylation of biotin on its carrier protein (BCCP) and then the CO(2) group is transferred by the carboxyltransferase to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA (By similarity). Belongs to the AccA family. (769 aa) |
| | MEX1 | Maltose excess protein 1, chloroplastic; Probable maltose transporter. Essential for the conversion of starch to sucrose in leaves at night, probably via the export of maltose from the chloroplast. Required for root cap cells formation. (415 aa) |
| | XPT | Xylulose 5-phosphate/phosphate translocator, chloroplastic; Sugar phosphate/phosphate translocator that transports inorganic phosphate, triose phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, xylulose 5- phosphate (Xul-5-P) and to a lesser extent ribulose 5-phosphate. Does not transport ribose 5-phosphate or hexose phosphates. Provides cytosolic Xul-5-P to the chloroplast, where it is used as an intermediate in the plastidic pentose phosphate pathways. (417 aa) |
| | CHUP1 | Protein CHUP1, chloroplastic; Required for the positioning and movement of chloroplasts. Interacts with profilin and actin independent of its polymerization status. Regulates chloroplast localization by anchoring chloroplasts to the plasma membrane and forming a bridge to the actin cytoskeleton. (1004 aa) |
| | FAX6 | Protein FATTY ACID EXPORT 6; May be involved in free fatty acids export. (119 aa) |
| | CBSDUFCH1 | Putative DUF21 domain-containing protein At3g13070, chloroplastic. (661 aa) |
| | F10K1.18 | CHUP1-like protein. (392 aa) |
| | EGY3 | Probable zinc metallopeptidase EGY3, chloroplastic; Probable membrane-associated metalloprotease that may be involved in chloroplast development; Belongs to the peptidase M50B family. (573 aa) |
| | F9C16.8 | Uncharacterized protein At1g43920, Chloroplastic. (153 aa) |
| | Q9LSC4_ARATH | Peptidase family M48 family protein. (344 aa) |
| | NHD1 | Sodium/proton antiporter 1; Na(+)/H(+) antiporter that extrudes sodium in exchange for external protons; Belongs to the NhaD Na(+)/H(+) (TC 2.A.62) antiporter family. (576 aa) |
| | BETA-OHASE_2 | Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 2, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family. (303 aa) |
| | TGD2 | Protein TRIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL 2, chloroplastic; Component of a phosphatidic acid/lipid transport complex in the chloroplast envelope. Specifically binds phosphatidic acid (PA). Involved in lipid transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to plastids, and necessary for thylakoids formation. (381 aa) |
| | TOC120 | Translocase of chloroplast 120, chloroplastic; GTPase involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Seems to recognize chloroplast-destined precursor proteins and regulate their presentation to the translocation channel through GTP hydrolysis. Probably specialized in the import of nuclear encoded non-photosynthetic preproteins from the cytoplasm to the chloroplast; Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. AIG1/Toc34/Toc159-like paraseptin GTPase family. TOC159 subfamily. (1089 aa) |
| | OEP64 | Outer envelope protein 64, chloroplastic; Chaperone receptor mediating Hsp90-dependent protein targeting to chloroplasts. Bi-functional preprotein receptor acting on both sides of the membrane. Not essential for an efficient import of pre-proteins into plastids. (589 aa) |
| | ADS3.2 | Probable lipid desaturase ADS3.2, chloroplastic; Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. (361 aa) |
| | GUN4 | Tetrapyrrole-binding protein, chloroplastic; Regulates chlorophyll synthesis and plastid-to-nucleus signal transduction by binding both the product and the substrate of Mg- chelatase, an enzyme that produces magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (Mg- Proto). Activates also Mg-chelatase. Neither binds abscisic acid (ABA) nor is involved in ABA signaling. (265 aa) |
| | DIT1 | Dicarboxylate transporter 1, chloroplastic; 2-oxoglutarate/malate translocator involved with DIT2-1 in primary ammonia assimilation and in the re-assimilation of ammonia generated by the photorespiratory pathway. Imports 2-oxoglutarate into plastids as precursor for ammonia assimilation. 2-oxoglutarate is converted to glutamate, the end product of ammonia assimilation, which is exported to the cytosol by DIT2-1. (557 aa) |
| | VTE3 | 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone methyltransferase, chloroplastic; Involved in a key methylation step in both tocopherols (vitamin E) and plastoquinone synthesis. Catalyzes the conversion of 2- methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone (MPBQ) to 2,3-dimethyl-6-phytyl-1,4- hydroquinone (DMPQ, a substrate for tocopherol cyclase), and 2-methyl- 6-solanyl-1,4-benzoquinone (MSBQ) to plastoquinone. (338 aa) |
| | CAT6 | Cationic amino acid transporter 6, chloroplastic; Permease involved in the transport of the cationic neutral or acidic amino acids. (583 aa) |
| | VTE5 | Phytol kinase 1, chloroplastic; Kinase involved in the activation and reutilization of phytol from chlorophyll degradation in plant metabolism, including tocopherol biosynthesis. Catalyzes the conversion of phytol to phytol monophosphate (PMP) in the presence of CTP or UTP. No activity with ATP or GTP as phosphoryl donor. (304 aa) |
| | ABCB29 | ABC transporter B family member 29, chloroplastic. (634 aa) |
| | NCS1 | Purine-uracil permease NCS1; Nucleobase-proton symporter that facilitates the uptake of nucleobases in the cells. Can transport adenine, guanine and uracil. Contributes to uracil import into plastids for plastidic uracil salvage which is essential for plant growth and development. (599 aa) |
| | OEP164 | Outer envelope pore protein 16-4, chloroplastic; Voltage-dependent high-conductance channel with a slight cation-selectivity; selective for amino acids but excludes triosephosphates or uncharged sugars (By similarity). Non-essential amino acid-selective channel protein and translocation pore for NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A (PORA) and possibly PORB. (136 aa) |
| | CDS5 | Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 5, chloroplastic; May be involved in the synthesis of minor phospholipids and in modulation of IP3-mediated signal transduction. Promotes the biosynthesis of plastidial phosphatidylglycerol (PG) which is required for structure and function of thylakoid membranes and, hence, for photoautotrophic growth; Belongs to the CDS family. (399 aa) |
| | KEA3 | K(+) efflux antiporter 3, chloroplastic; Electroneutral K(+)/H(+) antiporter. Accelerates photosynthetic acclimation in fluctuating light environments. Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 2 (CPA2) transporter (TC 2.A.37) family. KEA (TC 2.A.37.1) subfamily. (776 aa) |
| | F16M2_10 | Chloroplast outer envelope membrane protein. (69 aa) |
| | F21F14.40 | AT3g61870/F21F14_40. (272 aa) |
| | T20K12.220 | UPF0187 protein At3g61320, chloroplastic. (410 aa) |
| | HMA1 | Probable cadmium/zinc-transporting ATPase HMA1, chloroplastic; Involved in cadmium/zinc transport; Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily. (819 aa) |
| | CRD1 | Magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester [oxidative] cyclase, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the formation of the isocyclic ring in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Mediates the cyclase reaction, which results in the formation of divinylprotochlorophyllide (Pchlide) characteristic of all chlorophylls from magnesium-protoporphyrin IX 13-monomethyl ester (MgPMME). (409 aa) |
| | GPT1 | Glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator 1, chloroplastic; Glucose 6-phosphate (Glc6P) transporter. Transports also inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, triose phosphates and, to a leser extent, phosphoenolpyruvate. Responsible for the transport of Glc6P into plastids of heterotrophic tissues where it can be used as a carbon source for starch biosynthesis, as substrate for fatty acid biosynthesis or as substrate for NADPH generation via the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). Required for pollen maturation and embryo sac development. (388 aa) |
| | FTSHI3 | Probable inactive ATP-dependent zinc metalloprotease FTSHI 3, chloroplastic; Might be involved in chaperone functions or play a structural role in the thylakoid FtsH complex; Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. (622 aa) |
| | TGD4 | Protein TRIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL 4, chloroplastic; Involved in lipid transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to plastids. Specifically binds phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). (479 aa) |
| | CRTISO | Prolycopene isomerase, chloroplastic; Carotene cis-trans-isomerase that converts 7,9,9'-tri-cis- neurosporene to 9'-cis-neurosporene and 7,9,9',7'-tetra-cis-lycopene (also known as prolycopene) into all-trans-lycopene. Isomerization requires redox-active components, suggesting that isomerization is achieved by a reversible redox reaction acting at specific double bonds. Isomerizes adjacent cis-double bonds at C7 and C9 pairwise into the trans-configuration, but is incapable of isomerizing single cis- double bonds at C9 and C9'. Carotenoid biosynthesis is partly required to form the pro [...] (595 aa) |
| | CAO-2 | Chlorophyllide a oxygenase, chloroplastic; Catalyzes a two-step oxygenase reaction involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll b. Acts specifically on the non-esterified chlorophyllide a and not on chlorophyll a. (536 aa) |
| | MIND1 | Putative septum site-determining protein minD homolog, chloroplastic; Calcium-dependent ATPase required for the correct placement of the plastid division site. Inhibits FtsZ filament and ring formation in the plastid. Mediates inhibition of plastid division. In cooperation with MINE1, prevents FtsZ ring formation anywhere outside of the mid- plastids. Belongs to the ParA family. MinD subfamily. (326 aa) |
| | DGD1 | Digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1, chloroplastic; Involved in the synthesis of diacylglycerol galactolipids that are specifically found in thylakoid membranes. Specific for alpha- glycosidic linkages. Responsible for the final assembly of galactolipids in photosynthetic membranes. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) provides stability to the photosystem I (PSI) complex, especially to the PsaA, PsaB, PsaC, PsaL and PsaH subunits. Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily. (808 aa) |
| | PSAG | Photosystem I reaction center subunit V, chloroplastic; Not yet known; Belongs to the PsaG/PsaK family. (160 aa) |
| | Z-ISO | 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase, chloroplastic; Isomerase involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. Catalyzes the cis- to trans-conversion of the 15-cis-bond in 9,15,9'- tri-cis-zeta-carotene. (367 aa) |
| | FTSH12 | ATP-dependent zinc metalloprotease FTSH 12, chloroplastic; Probable ATP-dependent zinc metallopeptidase; In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AAA ATPase family. (1008 aa) |
| | AKR2A | Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 2A; Exhibits chaperone activity toward chloroplast outer envelope membrane, mitochondrion outer membrane, endoplasmic reticulum membrane and peroxisomal proteins, by recruiting specific proteins containing a single transmembrane associated with an AKR2A-binding sequence (ABS) and subsequently binding glycolipids (e.g. monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG)) present in the membrane of the target organelle. Seems to be involved in the regulation of hydrogen peroxide levels during biotic and abiotic stresses by optimizing [...] (342 aa) |
| | AR791 | Actin binding protein family. (573 aa) |
| | HP30-1 | Chloroplastic import inner membrane translocase subunit HP30-1; Together with HP30-2 and HP20, triggers the import and insertion of transit sequence-less multi-pass transmembrane proteins (e.g. CEQORH) into the chloroplastic inner membrane. Belongs to the Tim17/Tim22/Tim23 family. (261 aa) |
| | TIC21 | Protein TIC 21, chloroplastic; Involved in chloroplast protein import across the inner envelope membrane. Acts also as a chloroplast permease regulating the iron transport and homeostasis. Involved in the uptake and sequestration of iron in plastids. (296 aa) |
| | MGD3 | Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 3, chloroplastic; Involved in the synthesis of the major structural component of photosynthetic membranes and in the chloroplast envelope biogenesis. Can use both prokaryotic (18:1/16:0) or eukaryotic (18:2/18:2) 1,2- diacylglycerol species, but operates with some preference for the eukaryotic one. (465 aa) |
| | RER5 | Protein RETICULATA-RELATED 5, chloroplastic; May play a role in leaf development. (735 aa) |
| | GC1-3 | Epimerase family protein SDR39U1 homolog, chloroplastic; Putative NADP-dependent oxidoreductase that acts as positive regulator of chloroplast division. May play a role at an early stage of the division process. (347 aa) |
| | TIC55 | Protein TIC 55, chloroplastic; Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Part of the redox regulon consisting of TIC32, TIC 55 and TIC62. (539 aa) |
| | THF1 | Protein THYLAKOID FORMATION 1, chloroplastic; Involved in a dynamic process of vesicle-mediated thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Required for the normal organization of vesicles into mature thylakoid stacks and ultimately for leaf development. Also involved in a sugar-signaling mechanism in roots by mediating signaling between the plasma membrane and the plastid. Probably acts downstream of the plasma membrane-delimited heterotrimeric G-protein GPA1 in a D- glucose signaling pathway; Belongs to the THF1 family. (300 aa) |
| | F22D22.21 | Folate-biopterin transporter 1, chloroplastic; Mediates folate monoglutamate transport involved in tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis. It also mediates transport of antifolates, such as methotrexate and aminopterin. Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Folate- biopterin transporter (TC 2.A.71) family. (560 aa) |
| | DGAT1 | Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1; Major contributor to triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and oil accumulation in seeds. Catalyzes the acylation of the sn-3 hydroxy group of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol using acyl-CoA. Can use palmitoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA as substrates. Can use oleoyl-CoA and linoleoyl-CoA as substrates. Has substrate preference for oleoyl-CoA compared to linoleoyl-CoA. Has complementary functions with PDAT1 that are essential for triacylglycerol synthesis and normal development of both seeds and pollen. (520 aa) |
| | TOC132 | Translocase of chloroplast 132, chloroplastic; GTPase involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Seems to recognize chloroplast-destined precursor proteins and regulate their presentation to the translocation channel through GTP hydrolysis. Probably specialized in the import of nuclear encoded non-photosynthetic preproteins from the cytoplasm to the chloroplast. (1206 aa) |
| | MDH | Malate dehydrogenase, chloroplastic; Catalyzes a reversible NAD-dependent dehydrogenase reaction involved in central metabolism and redox homeostasis between organelle compartments (Probable). Plays a key role in the metabolism of dark chloroplasts and non-green plastids. Essential for embryo viability. Plays an essential role in heterotrophic metabolism in embryos, and autotrophic metabolism in photosynthetic tissues as well. (403 aa) |
| | CAT7 | Cationic amino acid transporter 7, chloroplastic; Permease involved in the transport of the cationic amino acids; Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. Cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) (TC 2.A.3.3) family. (584 aa) |
| | TOC75-3 | Protein TOC75-3, chloroplastic; Essential protein. Mediates the insertion of proteins targeted to the outer membrane of chloroplasts (By similarity). Required for the import of protein precursors into chloroplasts. Forms the voltage-dependent preprotein translocation channels (hydrophilic beta barrel) of the TOC complex in the chloroplastic outer membrane. (818 aa) |
| | T1P17.80 | pEARLI1-like lipid transfer protein 2; Probable lipid transfer protein (LTP). May improve freezing survival. Seems to control the flowering process and lignin synthesis. Confers resistance to Botrytis cinerea; Belongs to the plant LTP family. PEARLI1 subfamily. (182 aa) |
| | AZI1 | pEARLI1-like lipid transfer protein 1; Probable lipid transfer protein (LTP). Seems to control the flowering process and lignin synthesis. Together with DIR1, required for glycerol-3-phosphate- (G3P) and azelaic acid- (AA) induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Component of plant systemic immunity involved in priming defenses in a AA-dependent manner, by modulating production and/or translocation of a mobile signal(s) during SAR. Confers resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and PmaDG3. May be involved in induced systemic resistance (ISR) mediat [...] (161 aa) |
| | PSAL | Photosystem I reaction center subunit XI, chloroplastic; Belongs to the PsaL family. (219 aa) |
| | BT1-2 | Adenine nucleotide transporter BT1, chloroplastic/mitochondrial; Probable mitochondrial adenylate carrier that catalyzes the transport of ATP, ADP and AMP, but not ADP-glucose. Recombinant BT1 shows a unidirectional mode of transport in intact E.coli cells. May function as a plastidial nucleotide uniport carrier required to export newly synthesized adenylates into the cytosol. May be involved in abiotic stress response. (392 aa) |
| | F4F15.340 | AT3g52230/F4F15_340. (145 aa) |
| | CEQORH | Chloroplast envelope quinone oxidoreductase homolog; NADPH-dependent alpha,beta-unsaturated oxoene reductase reducing the double bond of medium-chain (C9) to long-chain (C18) reactive electrophile species deriving from poly-unsaturated fatty acid peroxides. The best substrates are 13-lipoxygenase-derived gamma- ketols, but is unable to reduce the double bond of short-chain alkenals and alkenones such as acrolein, crotonaldehyde, 3-buten-2-one, 4-hexen- 3-one and trans-2-hexenal, or quinones such as duroquinone, decylubiquinone, coenzyme Q0, menadione, menaquinone and phylloquinone. Can [...] (329 aa) |
| | OEP7 | Outer envelope membrane protein 7. (64 aa) |
| | DTX45 | Protein DETOXIFICATION 45, chloroplastic; Belongs to the multi antimicrobial extrusion (MATE) (TC 2.A.66.1) family. (560 aa) |
| | CHLM | Magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase, chloroplastic; Converts Mg-protoporphyrin IX to Mg-protoporphyrin IX methylester using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a cofactor. Involved in chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling by acting as a negative effector of nuclear photosynthetic gene expression; Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Magnesium protoporphyrin O-methyltransferase family. (312 aa) |
| | F11A17.16 | Hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein family protein. (558 aa) |
| | CLPC2 | Chaperone protein ClpC2, chloroplastic; Molecular chaperone. May act as a suppressor of FtsH-mediated thylakoid membrane biogenesis and may enhance photoinhibition. Seems not involved in chloroplastic protein import. Probable component of the TIC-associated stromal import motor involved in inner membrane translocation. Has an ATPase activity, but no ADPase activity. Interacts with transit peptides with a positional preference. Localization of the signal sequence at the N-terminal end of a protein seems mandatory for interaction to take place. Belongs to the ClpA/ClpB family. ClpC subfamily. (952 aa) |
| | SPL2-2 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SPL2; Possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. (383 aa) |
| | VTE6 | Protein VTE6, chloroplastic; Phytyl-phosphate kinase catalyzing the conversion of phytyl- monophosphate to phytyl-diphosphate. Involved in the activation and reutilization of phytol from chlorophyll degradation in plant metabolism, including tocopherol biosynthesis. (333 aa) |
| | FAD4 | Fatty acid desaturase 4, chloroplastic; Fatty acid desaturase involved in the production of chloroplast-specific phosphatidylglycerol molecular species containing 16:1(3E). Catalyzes the formation of a trans double bond introduced close to the carboxyl group of palmitic acid, which is specifically esterified to the sn-2 glyceryl carbon of phosphatidylglycerol. (323 aa) |
| | PAA1-2 | Copper-transporting ATPase PAA1, chloroplastic; Mediates copper transfer across the plastid envelope. Required for the delivery of copper into the plastid stroma, which is essential for the function of copper proteins. Seems to be selective for monovalent copper Cu(+) transport. Plays also a role in glucose signaling-mediated cell proliferation of root meristem in non-green tissues; Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily. (949 aa) |
| | BETA-OHASE_1 | Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 1, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family. (310 aa) |
| | PAM71-HL | Protein PAM71-homolog, chloroplastic; Probable chloroplast-localized Mn(2+)/H(+) and/or Ca(2+)/H(+) antiporter regulating Ca(2+), Mn(2+) and pH homeostasis. (359 aa) |
| | PDV2 | Plastid division protein PDV2; Component of the plastid division machinery. Required to mediate the recruitment of ARC5 at the midplastid constriction site in the cytoplasm. Relays plastid division site position between stroma and outer surface via interactions with the cytoplasmic ARC5 and the inner membrane ARC6 that recruits stromal FtsZ ring. (307 aa) |
| | TIC20-IV | Protein TIC 20-IV, chloroplastic; Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Partially redundant with TIC20-I, but not with TIC20-II or TIC20-V. Belongs to the Tic20 family. (284 aa) |
| | TPT | Triose phosphate/phosphate translocator TPT, chloroplastic; Triose phosphate/phosphate translocator that transports inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) and triose phosphate. Functions in the export of photoassimilates from chloroplasts during the day. In the light, triose phosphates are exported from the chloroplast stroma in counter exchange with inorganic phosphate (Pi), generated during sucrose biosynthesis in the cytosol. Involved in photosynthetic acclimation, a light response resulting in increased tolerance to high-intensity light; Belongs to the TPT transporter fami [...] (410 aa) |
| | KEA1 | K(+) efflux antiporter 1, chloroplastic; K(+)/H(+) antiporter involved in K(+) homeostasis and osmotic adjustment; Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 2 (CPA2) transporter (TC 2.A.37) family. KEA (TC 2.A.37.1) subfamily. (1193 aa) |
| | OEP161 | Outer envelope pore protein 16-1, chloroplastic; Voltage-dependent high-conductance channel with a slight cation-selectivity; selective for amino acids but excludes triosephosphates or uncharged sugars (By similarity). Non-essential amino acid-selective channel protein and translocation pore for NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A (PORA) and possibly PORB. Involved in PORA precursor (pPORA) import and thus confers photoprotection onto etiolated seedlings during greening. (148 aa) |
| | FAX3 | Protein FATTY ACID EXPORT 3, chloroplastic; May be involved in free fatty acids export from the plastids. Belongs to the TMEM14 family. (335 aa) |
