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| | PSY1 | Phytoene synthase, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the reaction from prephytoene diphosphate to phytoene; Belongs to the phytoene/squalene synthase family. (422 aa) |
| | FC1 | Ferrochelatase-1, chloroplastic/mitochondrial; Catalyzes the last step of heme biosynthesis by inserting ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to produce protoheme. Produces heme for photosynthetic cytochromes, but does not seem to be involved in stress responses. May be involved in wound-induced supply of heme to defensive hemoproteins outside plastids. Regulates the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes in undevelopped chloroplasts through production of heme. (466 aa) |
| | GSA1 | Glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase 1, chloroplastic; Transaminase converting glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA) to 5- aminolevulinate (ALA). Involved in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles. (474 aa) |
| | HEMA1 | Glutamyl-tRNA reductase 1, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) to glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA). Probably involved in the tetrapyrrole synthesis required for the chlorophyll biosynthesis. (543 aa) |
| | RNS1 | Ribonuclease 1; May remobilize phosphate, particularly when cells senesce or when phosphate becomes limiting. (230 aa) |
| | HEMA2 | Glutamyl-tRNA reductase 2, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) to glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA). Probably involved in wound-induced supply of heme to defensive hemoproteins outside plastids. (530 aa) |
| | DFRA | Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; Bifunctional enzyme involved in flavonoid metabolism. (382 aa) |
| | PPOX1 | Protoporphyrinogen oxidase 1, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the 6-electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen-IX to form protoporphyrin-IX. (537 aa) |
| | PDS | 15-cis-phytoene desaturase, chloroplastic/chromoplastic; Converts phytoene into zeta-carotene via the intermediary of phytofluene by the symmetrical introduction of two double bonds at the C-11 and C-11' positions of phytoene with a concomitant isomerization of two neighboring double bonds at the C9 and C9' positions from trans to cis; Belongs to the carotenoid/retinoid oxidoreductase family. (566 aa) |
| | UGT75C1 | UDP-glycosyltransferase 75C1; Catalyzes the glycosylation of anthocyanins from UDP-glucose. Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family. (456 aa) |
| | DVR | Divinyl chlorophyllide a 8-vinyl-reductase, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the conversion of divinyl chlorophyllide to monovinyl chlorophyllide. Reduces the 8-vinyl group of the tetrapyrrole to an ethyl group using NADPH as the reductant. The best substrate is (3,8-divinyl)-chlorophyllide a (DV-Chlidea). Very low activity with (3,8-divinyl)-protochlorophyllide a (DV-Pchlidea) and (3,8-divinyl)- magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (DV-MPE). No activity with (3,8-divinyl)-chlorophyllide b (DV-Chlideb), (3,8-divinyl)-magnesium- protoporphyrin IX (DV-Mg-Proto) and either (3,8-divinyl)-c [...] (417 aa) |
| | CHLG | Chlorophyll synthase, chloroplastic; Involved in one of the last steps of the biosynthesis of chlorophyll a. Catalyzes the esterification of chlorophillide a or b with a preference for geranylgeranyldiphosphate (GGPP) rather than for phytyldiphosphate (PhyPP). (387 aa) |
| | DXS | 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the acyloin condensation reaction between C atoms 2 and 3 of pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to yield 1-deoxy-D- xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP). Is a limiting enzyme for plastidic isoprenoid biosynthesis and essential for chloroplast development. Belongs to the transketolase family. DXPS subfamily. (717 aa) |
| | ZDS1 | Zeta-carotene desaturase, chloroplastic/chromoplastic; Plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. Is essential for the biosynthesis of carotenoids. Carotenoids are involved in different physiological processes, including coloration, photoprotection, biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) and chloroplast biogenesis. Catalyzes the conversion of zeta-carotene to lycopene via the intermediary of neurosporene. It carries out two consecutive desaturations (introduction of double bonds) at positions C-7 and C-7'. Shows stereoselectivity toward trans C15-C15'zeta-carotene double bond. [...] (558 aa) |
| | IPP1 | Isopentenyl-diphosphate Delta-isomerase I, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the 1,3-allylic rearrangement of the homoallylic substrate isopentenyl (IPP) to its highly electrophilic allylic isomer, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). (291 aa) |
| | LUT2 | Lycopene epsilon cyclase, chloroplastic; Involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the single epsilon-cyclization reaction which converts lycopene to delta-carotene and neurosporene to alpha-zeacarotene. Required for lutein biosynthesis. (524 aa) |
| | LCY1 | Lycopene beta cyclase, chloroplastic; Involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the double cyclization reaction which converts lycopene to beta-carotene and neurosporene to beta-zeacarotene. Major lycopene beta- cyclase that does not seem to be involved in neoxanthin synthesis. Involved in salt tolerance improvement by increasing synthesis of carotenoids, which impairs reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protects the photosynthetic system under salt stress. (501 aa) |
| | GSA2 | Glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase 2, chloroplastic; Transaminase converting glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA) to 5- aminolevulinate (ALA). Involved in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles. (472 aa) |
| | PORA | Protochlorophyllide reductase A, chloroplastic; Phototransformation of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide). PORA may also function as a photoprotectant during the transitory stage from dark to light. Functions in skotomorphogenesis, photomorphogenesis and throughout the plant life under specific light conditions. (405 aa) |
| | IPP2 | Isopentenyl-diphosphate Delta-isomerase II, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the 1,3-allylic rearrangement of the homoallylic substrate isopentenyl (IPP) to its highly electrophilic allylic isomer, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). (284 aa) |
| | UPM1 | Urophorphyrin III methylase; Belongs to the precorrin methyltransferase family. (369 aa) |
| | HEMC | Porphobilinogen deaminase, chloroplastic; Tetrapolymerization of the monopyrrole PBG into the hydroxymethylbilane pre-uroporphyrinogen in several discrete steps. Belongs to the HMBS family. (382 aa) |
| | AOX4 | Ubiquinol oxidase 4, chloroplastic/chromoplastic; Acts early in chloroplast biogenesis as a component of a redox chain responsible for phytoene desaturation. Prevents the generation of toxic oxygen radicals and photooxidation of the nascent photosynthetic apparatus. Involved in the differentiation of multiple plastid types, including chloroplasts, amyloplasts, and etioplasts. Might participate in the chloroplast respiratory chain. (351 aa) |
| | CHLI2 | Magnesium-chelatase subunit ChlI-2, chloroplastic; Involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Catalyzes the insertion of magnesium ion into protoporphyrin IX to yield Mg-protoporphyrin IX. The reaction takes place in two steps, with an ATP-dependent activation followed by an ATP-dependent chelation step. Possesses low affinity for ATP and may play a limited role in chlorophyll biosynthesis, and contributes to the assembly of the Mg-chelatase complex. (418 aa) |
| | CYP97C1 | Carotene epsilon-monooxygenase, chloroplastic; Heme-containing cytochrome P450 involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for epsilon- and beta-ring hydroxylation of alpha-carotene. Has only a low activity toward the beta-rings of beta- carotene. The preferred substrate in planta is not alpha-carotene but the epsilon-ring of zeinoxanthin. (539 aa) |
| | SIRB | Sirohydrochlorin ferrochelatase, chloroplastic; Chelates iron to the siroheme precursor. Catalyzes the last step of the siroheme biosynthesis. Unlike its counterparts in bacteria, contains an [Fe-S] cluster which is not involved directly in the enzymatic reaction, but may play regulatory role in iron, sulfur and tetrapyrrole metabolism. The [Fe-S] cluster is required for normal plant growth. (225 aa) |
| | NDX1 | Protein NEOXANTHIN-DEFICIENT 1; Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis. Probably not involved directly in the enzymatic conversion of violaxanthin to neoxanthin. Is necessary but not sufficient for neoxanthin synthesis. (282 aa) |
| | PIF1 | Transcription factor PIF1; Transcription activator. Regulates negatively chlorophyll biosynthesis and seed germination in the dark, and lightinduced degradation of PIF1 relieves this negative regulation to promote photomorphogenesis. Binds to the G-box motif (5'-CACGTG-3') found in many light-regulated promoters. Promotes the expression of SOM, and thus modulates responses to abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA). (478 aa) |
| | PNP1 | Polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase 1, chloroplastic; Involved in the metabolism of all major classes of plastid RNAs. Required for efficient 3'-end processing of mRNAs and 3'-end maturation of rRNA transcripts, but is not sufficient to mediate their degradation. Mediates tRNA degradation. May function as a poly(A) mRNA 3'-5' degrading phosphorylase. May be required for plastid ribosome assembly and non-coding RNA biogenesis and accumulation. Seems not required for efficient translation. Belongs to the polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase family. (922 aa) |
| | SCPL52 | Putative serine carboxypeptidase-like 52. (184 aa) |
| | PPOX2 | Protoporphyrinogen oxidase 2, chloroplastic/mitochondrial; Catalyzes the 6-electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen-IX to form protoporphyrin-IX. (508 aa) |
| | TT9 | Protein TRANSPARENT TESTA 9; Involved in membrane trafficking and vacuole development through membrane fusion at the vacuole. Required for membrane trafficking machinery and accumulation of flavonoids in the seed coat. (837 aa) |
| | CYP97A3 | Protein LUTEIN DEFICIENT 5, chloroplastic; Heme-containing cytochrome P450 involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylation of alpha- and beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the epsilon-rings of alpha-carotene. The beta-ring of alpha-carotene is the preferred substrate in planta. (595 aa) |
| | CPX2 | Coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase 2, chloroplastic; Key enzyme in heme biosynthesis. Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of propionic acid side chains of rings A and B of coproporphyrinogen III (By similarity). (233 aa) |
| | HEME1 | Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase 1, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the decarboxylation of four acetate groups of uroporphyrinogen-III to yield coproporphyrinogen-III. (418 aa) |
| | FLU | Protein FLUORESCENT IN BLUE LIGHT, chloroplastic; Negative regulator of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (including chlorophyll) in chloroplasts, probably via HEMA1 repression. Inhibits especially the magnesium ion Mg(2+) branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, but independently of heme. (316 aa) |
| | XK2 | Xylulose kinase 2; Mediates 1-deoxy-D-xylulose (DX) phosphorylation in the cytoplasm prior to the translocation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate into plastids. Can also phosphorylates D-xylulose (Xyl). Uses preferentially ATP as cosubstrate; Belongs to the FGGY kinase family. (558 aa) |
| | UGT73B2 | UDP-glucosyl transferase 73B2; Catalyzes the glycosylation of flavonoids from UDP-glucose. Uses a wide range of flavonoid substrates including flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, 3-OH 7,2',4'-MeO-flavone), flavones (luteolin, apigenin), flavanones (naringenin, hesperetin), flavanonols (taxifolin), isoflavones (genistein, daidzein), flavonol glycosides (quercitrin, isoquercitrin, rutin), and chalcones (isoliquiritigenin). Specific for the C-7 position, with a 20-fold lower activity for the C-3 position; Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family. (483 aa) |
| | HEMB2 | Probable delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase 2, chloroplastic; Catalyzes an early step in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles. Binds two molecules of 5-aminolevulinate per subunit, each at a distinct site, and catalyzes their condensation to form porphobilinogen (By similarity). (406 aa) |
| | LDOX | Leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase; Involved in anthocyanin and protoanthocyanidin biosynthesis by catalyzing the oxidation of leucoanthocyanidins into anthocyanidins. Possesses low flavonol synthase activity in vitro towards dihydrokaempferol and dihydroquercetin producing kaempferol and quercitin, respectively. Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family. (356 aa) |
| | FLS1 | Flavonol synthase/flavanone 3-hydroxylase; Catalyzes the formation of flavonols from dihydroflavonols. It can act on dihydrokaempferol to produce kaempferol, on dihydroquercetin to produce quercitin and on dihydromyricetin to produce myricetin. In vitro catalyzes the oxidation of both enantiomers of naringenin to give both cis- and trans-dihydrokaempferol. Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family. (336 aa) |
| | MYBL2 | Putative transcription factor; 20982-20139. (195 aa) |
| | CHLP | Geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the reduction of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytyl diphosphate, providing phytol for both tocopherol and chlorophyll synthesis; Belongs to the geranylgeranyl reductase family. ChlP subfamily. (467 aa) |
| | ISPF | 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase, chloroplastic; Enzyme of the plastid non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis that converts 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2- phosphate into 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and CMP. Also converts 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol into 2C-methyl- D-erythritol 3,4-cyclophosphate and CMP. Is essential for chloroplast development; Belongs to the IspF family. (231 aa) |
| | MYB75 | Transcription factor MYB75; Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH12/MYC1, EGL3, or GL3. Promotes the synthesis of. phenylpropanoid-derived compounds such as anthocyanins and proanthocyanidin, probably together with GL3 and BHLH2. Regulates the expression of CHS, DFRA, LDOX, and BAN. (248 aa) |
| | FLS5 | Probable flavonol synthase 5; Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family. (325 aa) |
| | FLS3 | Flavonol synthase 3; Catalyzes the formation of flavonols from dihydroflavonols. Possesses low activity in vitro towards dihydrokaempferol and dihydroquercetin producing kaempferol and quercitin, respectively. Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family. (308 aa) |
| | ZEP | Zeaxanthin epoxidase, chloroplastic; Zeaxanthin epoxidase that plays an important role in the xanthophyll cycle and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Converts zeaxanthin into antheraxanthin and subsequently violaxanthin. Required for resistance to osmotic and drought stresses, ABA-dependent stomatal closure, seed development and dormancy, modulation of defense gene expression and disease resistance and non-photochemical quencing (NPQ). Through its role in ABA biosynthesis, regulates the expression of stress-responsive genes such as RD29A during osmotic stress and is required for normal [...] (667 aa) |
| | MYC3 | Transcription factor MYC3; Transcription factor involved in tryptophan, jasmonic acid (JA) and other stress-responsive gene regulation. With MYC2 and MYC4, controls additively subsets of JA-dependent responses. Can form complexes with all known glucosinolate-related MYBs to regulate glucosinolate biosynthesis. Binds to the G-box (5'-CACGTG-3') of promoters. Activates multiple TIFY/JAZ promoters. (592 aa) |
| | MYB111 | Transcription factor MYB111; Flavonol-specific transcription activator involved in the regulation of several genes of flavonoid biosynthesis. Activates the expression of CHS, CHI, F3H and FLS1. Controls flavonol biosynthesis primarily in cotyledons and leaves. Confers tolerance to UV-B. (342 aa) |
| | OMT1 | Flavone 3'-O-methyltransferase 1; Methylates OH residues of flavonoid compounds. Converts quercetin into isorhamnetin. Dihydroquercetin is not a substrate. Catalyzes the methylation of monolignols, the lignin precursors. Does not contribute to the phenylpropanoid pattern of the pollen tryphine, but is probably confined to isorhamnetin glycoside biosynthesis. Involved in melatonin biosynthesis. Can function as acetylserotonin O- methyltransferase. Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group onto N- acetylserotonin, producing melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine). Belongs to the class I- [...] (363 aa) |
| | COX15 | Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX15; May be involved in the biosynthesis of heme A; Belongs to the COX15/CtaA family. (457 aa) |
| | DMR6 | Protein DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANCE 6; Converts salicylic acid (SA) to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) (By similarity). Suppressor of immunity. Regulates negatively defense associated genes expression (e.g. PR-1, PR-2, and PR-5). Negative regulator of defense against Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. (Microbial infection) Required for susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000; Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family. (341 aa) |
| | CHLH | Magnesium-chelatase subunit ChlH, chloroplastic; Multifunctional protein involved in chlorophyll synthesis, plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling and abscisic acid (ABA) perception. In chlorophyll synthesis, catalyzes the insertion of magnesium ion into protoporphyrin IX to yield Mg-protoporphyrin IX. The reaction takes place in two steps, with an ATP-dependent activation followed by an ATP-dependent chelation step. In addition to its function in the Mg-chelatase enzyme, is required for the plastid-to- nucleus retrograde signaling. The plastid-to-nucleus signal plays an important rol [...] (1381 aa) |
| | RHM3 | UDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose 3,5-epimerase/UDP-4-keto-L-rhamnose 4-keto-reductase; Trifunctional enzyme involved in UDP-beta-L-rhamnose biosynthesis, a precursor of the primary cell wall components rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II). Catalyzes the dehydration of UDP-glucose to form UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose followed by the epimerization of the C3' and C5' positions of UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose to form UDP-4- keto-beta-L-rhamnose and the reduction of UDP-4-keto-beta-L-rhamnose to yield UDP-beta-L-rhamnose (By similarity). In the N-terminal section; [...] (664 aa) |
| | F1M23.7 | Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 12, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the trans-addition of the three molecules of IPP onto DMAPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family. (360 aa) |
| | MUO10.10 | Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 11, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the trans-addition of the three molecules of IPP onto DMAPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family. (357 aa) |
| | 5MAT | Malonyl-CoA:anthocyanidin 5-O-glucoside-6''-O-malonyltransferase; Involved in the malonylation of the 5-O-glucose residue of anthocyanin. Acts only on anthocyanin substrates containing a 5-O glucosyl moiety. Not able to catalyze acyl transfer using acetyl-CoA, butyryl-CoA, hexanoyl- CoA, benzoyl-CoA, cinnamoyl-CoA, methylmalonyl- CoA, succinyl-CoA, p-coumaroyl-CoA or caffeoyl-CoA. (449 aa) |
| | MAL21.19 | Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 10, mitochondrial; Catalyzes the trans-addition of the three molecules of IPP onto DMAPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family. (344 aa) |
| | UGT89C1 | Flavonol 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase; Flavonol 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of rhamnose from UDP-rhamnose to the 7-OH position of 3-O-glycosylated flavonols, such as kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin 3-O- rhamnoside and isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside. Is able to glycosylate the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol to yield quercetin 7-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol 7-O-rhamnoside. Shows a strict specificity for UDP- rhamnose as sugar donor. Does not act on 3-O-glycosylated anthocyanins. The acc [...] (435 aa) |
| | RHM2 | UDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose 3,5-epimerase/UDP-4-keto-L-rhamnose 4-keto-reductase; Trifunctional enzyme involved in UDP-beta-L-rhamnose biosynthesis, a precursor of the primary cell wall components rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II). Catalyzes the dehydration of UDP-glucose to form UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy- D-glucose followed by the epimerization of the C3' and C5' positions of UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose to form UDP-4-keto-beta-L-rhamnose and the reduction of UDP-4-keto-beta-L-rhamnose to yield UDP-beta-L- rhamnose. Required for the normal seed coat epiderm [...] (667 aa) |
| | LWD1 | WD repeat-containing protein LWD1; Clock protein essential for the proper expression phase and period length of both the oscillator and output genes known to participate in photoperiod sensing. Required for the expression of APRR9, APRR7, and APRR5. Regulated by APRR9 and APRR7 at the transcriptional level, indicating the existence of a positive feedback loop within the circadian clock. May function to delay the expression of the morning genes until dawn approaches. (346 aa) |
| | CPX1 | Coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase 1, chloroplastic; Key enzyme in heme biosynthesis. Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of propionic acid side chains of rings A and B of coproporphyrinogen III; Belongs to the aerobic coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase family. (386 aa) |
| | MOA2.15 | Putative geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 8, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the trans-addition of the three molecules of IPP onto DMAPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family. (361 aa) |
| | BHLH32 | Transcription factor AIG1; Transcription factor required for MONOPTEROS-dependent root initiation in embryo. Transcriptionally controlled by MONOPTEROS. (344 aa) |
| | BETA-OHASE_2 | Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 2, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family. (303 aa) |
| | GLUTRBP | Glutamyl-tRNA reductase-binding protein, chloroplastic; Involved in the regulation of glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) which is important for the synthesis and distribution of 5- aminolevulinate, a precursor in heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Stimulates GluTR activity and regulates glutamate-1- semialdehyde release. May play a role in heme metabolism. Necessary for efficient photosynthetic electron transport in chloroplasts. (317 aa) |
| | GGPP3 | Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 3, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the trans-addition of the three molecules of IPP onto DMAPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. (360 aa) |
| | GGPPS9 | Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 9, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the trans-addition of the three molecules of IPP onto DMAPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family. (360 aa) |
| | UGT84A2 | UDP-glycosyltransferase 84A2; Sinapate glucosyltransferase (SGT) required for the biosynthesis of the glucose ester sinapoylglucose and subsequently sinapoylmalate and sinapoylcholine. Is the major SGT activity in plant. Plays an important role in sinapoylation of anthocyanins. Sinapoylglucose produced by UGT84A2 is a significant source of sinapoyl moieties for anthocyanins. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)-specific glucosyltransferase that catalyzes the glucosylation of the auxin IBA, but not indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). May be involved in flowering regulation through IBA-mediated transcrip [...] (496 aa) |
| | EMB3143 | YCF54. (211 aa) |
| | A3G2XYLT | Anthocyanidin 3-O-glucoside 2'''-O-xylosyltransferase; Contributes to the last few anthocyanin biosynthetic steps. Converts cyanidin 3-O-glucoside to cyanidin 3-O-xylosyl(1->2)glucoside. Can use 3-O-glucosylated anthocyanidins/flavonols and uridine diphosphate (UDP)-xylose as substrates. (468 aa) |
| | GUN4 | Tetrapyrrole-binding protein, chloroplastic; Regulates chlorophyll synthesis and plastid-to-nucleus signal transduction by binding both the product and the substrate of Mg- chelatase, an enzyme that produces magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (Mg- Proto). Activates also Mg-chelatase. Neither binds abscisic acid (ABA) nor is involved in ABA signaling. (265 aa) |
| | MYB11 | Transcription factor MYB11; Modulates overall growth by reducing the proliferation activity of meristematic cells and delaying development. Flavonol-specific transcription activator involved in the regulation of several genes of flavonoid biosynthesis. Activates the expression of CHS, CHI, F3H and FLS1. Confers tolerance to UV-B. (343 aa) |
| | F9D24.20 | Uncharacterized protein F9D24.20. (784 aa) |
| | CRD1 | Magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester [oxidative] cyclase, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the formation of the isocyclic ring in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Mediates the cyclase reaction, which results in the formation of divinylprotochlorophyllide (Pchlide) characteristic of all chlorophylls from magnesium-protoporphyrin IX 13-monomethyl ester (MgPMME). (409 aa) |
| | CRTISO | Prolycopene isomerase, chloroplastic; Carotene cis-trans-isomerase that converts 7,9,9'-tri-cis- neurosporene to 9'-cis-neurosporene and 7,9,9',7'-tetra-cis-lycopene (also known as prolycopene) into all-trans-lycopene. Isomerization requires redox-active components, suggesting that isomerization is achieved by a reversible redox reaction acting at specific double bonds. Isomerizes adjacent cis-double bonds at C7 and C9 pairwise into the trans-configuration, but is incapable of isomerizing single cis- double bonds at C9 and C9'. Carotenoid biosynthesis is partly required to form the pro [...] (595 aa) |
| | CAO-2 | Chlorophyllide a oxygenase, chloroplastic; Catalyzes a two-step oxygenase reaction involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll b. Acts specifically on the non-esterified chlorophyllide a and not on chlorophyll a. (536 aa) |
| | UGT78D1 | Flavonol-3-O-rhamnosyltransferase; Flavonol 3-O-rhamnosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of rhamnose from UDP-rhamnose to the 3-OH position of kaempferol and quercetin. Possesses low quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity in vitro. Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family. (453 aa) |
| | HEMB1 | Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase 1, chloroplastic; Catalyzes an early step in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles. Binds two molecules of 5-aminolevulinate per subunit, each at a distinct site, and catalyzes their condensation to form porphobilinogen (By similarity); Belongs to the ALAD family. (430 aa) |
| | RER5 | Protein RETICULATA-RELATED 5, chloroplastic; May play a role in leaf development. (735 aa) |
| | CHLD | Magnesium-chelatase subunit ChlD, chloroplastic; Involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Catalyzes the insertion of magnesium ion into protoporphyrin IX to yield Mg-protoporphyrin IX. The magnesium-chelatase is a complex of three subunits, CHLI, CHLD and CHLH. The reaction takes place in two steps, with an ATP-dependent activation followed by an ATP-dependent chelation step. Does not bind abscisic acid; Belongs to the Mg-chelatase subunits D/I family. (760 aa) |
| | HEMA3 | Probable glutamyl-tRNA reductase 3, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) to glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA). (524 aa) |
| | JUB1 | Transcription factor JUNGBRUNNEN 1; Transcription factor that binds to the 5'- RRYGCCGT-3' consensus core sequence. Central longevity regulator. Negative regulator of leaf senescence. Modulates cellular H(2)O(2) levels and enhances tolerance to various abiotic stresses through the regulation of DREB2A. (275 aa) |
| | GGPP4 | Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 4; Catalyzes the trans-addition of the three molecules of IPP onto DMAPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. (372 aa) |
| | CHLM | Magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase, chloroplastic; Converts Mg-protoporphyrin IX to Mg-protoporphyrin IX methylester using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a cofactor. Involved in chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling by acting as a negative effector of nuclear photosynthetic gene expression; Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Magnesium protoporphyrin O-methyltransferase family. (312 aa) |
| | RHM1 | UDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose 3,5-epimerase/UDP-4-keto-L-rhamnose 4-keto-reductase; Trifunctional enzyme involved in UDP-beta-L-rhamnose biosynthesis, a precursor of the primary cell wall components rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II). Plays a major role in supplying UDP-rhamnose for flavonol biosynthesis. Catalyzes the dehydration of UDP-glucose to form UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy- D-glucose followed by the epimerization of the C3' and C5' positions of UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose to form UDP-4-keto-beta-L-rhamnose and the reduction of UDP-4-keto-beta-L-rhamnose [...] (669 aa) |
| | BETA-OHASE_1 | Beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 1, chloroplastic; Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha- carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Belongs to the sterol desaturase family. (310 aa) |
| | UGT73C6 | UDP-glycosyltransferase 73C6; Acts as a UDP-glucose:flavonol-3-O-glycoside-7-O- glucosyltransferase. 6- and 7-hydroxyflavone, but not 3- or 5- hydroxyflavone are accepted as substrates. Possesses low quercetin 3-O- glucosyltransferase, 7-O-glucosyltransferase and 4'-O- glucosyltransferase activities in vitro; Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family. (495 aa) |
| | FH | Frataxin, mitochondrial; Promotes the biosynthesis of heme as well as the assembly and repair of iron-sulfur clusters by delivering Fe(2+) to proteins involved in these pathways. May play a role in the protection against iron-catalyzed oxidative stress through its ability to catalyze the oxidation of Fe(2+) to Fe(3+). May be able to store large amounts of the metal in the form of a ferrihydrite mineral by oligomerization. Binds to the mitochondrial cysteine desulfurase NIFS1 and increases its activity ; Belongs to the frataxin family. (187 aa) |
| | GLB1 | Nitrogen regulatory protein P-II homolog; Participates in sensing carbon and organic nitrogen status and regulates some steps of primary carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Required for nitrite uptake in chloroplasts and regulates arginine biosynthesis through interaction with acetylglutamate kinase (NAGK) in chloroplasts. Regulates fatty acids synthesis in chloroplasts by interacting with the acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex and inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) activity; Belongs to the P(II) protein family. (196 aa) |
| | F24H14.3 | Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 7, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the trans-addition of the three molecules of IPP onto DMAPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family. (347 aa) |
| | DXPS1 | 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase 1. (677 aa) |
| | FLS2 | Putative inactive flavonol synthase 2; Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family. (250 aa) |
| | CYP711A1 | Cytochrome P450 711A1; Converts carlactone to carlactonoic acid by catalyzing consecutive oxidations at C-19 to convert the C-19 methyl group into carboxylic acid. Prefers 11R-carlactone to 11S- carlactone as substrate. Acts downstream of CCD7/MAX3 and CCD8/MAX4 in strigolactone signaling pathway and may be implicated in synthesis of carotenoid-derived branch regulators. Acts as a positive regulator of the flavonoid pathway in the late vegetative stage plant. Strigolactones are hormones that inhibit tillering and shoot branching through the MAX-dependent pathway, contribute to the regu [...] (522 aa) |
| | FLS6 | Probable flavonol synthase 6. (293 aa) |
| | FLS4 | Probable flavonol synthase 4. (279 aa) |
| | GGPPS2 | Heterodimeric geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase large subunit 2; Heterodimeric geranyl(geranyl)-diphosphate (GPP) synthase large subunit. In vitro, the large subunit catalyzes mainly the trans- addition of the three molecules of IPP onto DMAPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate while the small subunit alone is inactive. Upon association of the two subunits, the product profile is not changed. (376 aa) |
| | FC2 | Ferrochelatase-2, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the last step of heme biosynthesis by inserting ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to produce protoheme. Produces heme for photosynthetic cytochromes, and for proteins involved in abiotic and biotic stress responses. May play a role in the quality control of individual chloroplasts during photo-oxidative stress through regulation of heme biosynthesis. Belongs to the ferrochelatase family. (512 aa) |
| | GGPP6 | Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 6, mitochondrial; Catalyzes the trans-addition of the three molecules of IPP onto DMAPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family. (336 aa) |
| | MYB12 | Transcription factor MYB12; Flavonol-specific transcription activator involved in the regulation of several genes of flavonoid biosynthesis. Activates the expression of CHS, CHI, F3H and FLS1. Controls flavonol biosynthesis mainly in the root. Confers tolerance to UV-B. (371 aa) |
| | HEME2 | Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase 2, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the decarboxylation of four acetate groups of uroporphyrinogen-III to yield coproporphyrinogen-III. (394 aa) |
| | CYP97B3 | Cytochrome P450 97B3, chloroplastic; Heme-containing cytochrome P450 probably involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Hydroxylates beta-rings of alpha- carotene. May also have activity on beta-rings of beta-carotene. (580 aa) |
| | UROS | Uroporphyrinogen-III synthase, chloroplastic; Catalyzes cyclization of the linear tetrapyrrole, hydroxymethylbilane, to the macrocyclic uroporphyrinogen III, a precursor of tetrapyrroles such as chlorophyll, heme and phycobilins. (321 aa) |
| | PORC | Protochlorophyllide reductase C, chloroplastic; Phototransformation of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide). (401 aa) |
| | HO1 | Heme oxygenase 1, chloroplastic; Key enzyme in the synthesis of the chromophore of the phytochrome family of plant photoreceptors. Catalyzes the opening of the heme ring to form the open-chain tetrapyrrole biliverdin IX with the release of iron and carbon monoxide (CO). Produces specifically the biliverdin IX-alpha isomer. Can form complex with heme, is ferredoxin- dependent and its activity is increased in the presence of ascorbate. Plays a role in salt acclimation signaling. May affect the plastid-to- nucleus signaling pathway by perturbing tetrapyrrole synthesis. The plastid-to-nucl [...] (282 aa) |
| | MYC4 | Transcription factor MYC4; Transcription factor involved in jasmonic acid (JA) gene regulation. With MYC2 and MYC3, controls additively subsets of JA- dependent responses. Can form complexes with all known glucosinolate- related MYBs to regulate glucosinolate biosynthesis. Binds to the G-box (5'-CACGTG-3') of promoters. Activates multiple TIFY/JAZ promoters. (589 aa) |
| | COX10 | Protoheme IX farnesyltransferase, mitochondrial; Converts protoheme IX and farnesyl diphosphate to heme O. (431 aa) |
| | CIP7 | COP1-interacting protein 7; Exhibits transcriptional activation activity. Positive regulator of light-regulated genes, probably being a direct downstream target of COP1 for mediating light control of gene expression. (1058 aa) |
| | CHLI1 | Magnesium-chelatase subunit ChlI-1, chloroplastic; Involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Catalyzes the insertion of magnesium ion into protoporphyrin IX to yield Mg-protoporphyrin IX. The magnesium-chelatase is a complex of three subunits, CHLI, CHLD and CHLH. The reaction takes place in two steps, with an ATP-dependent activation followed by an ATP-dependent chelation step. Possesses high affinity for ATP and may play a major role in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Does not bind abscisic acid (ABA), but is a positive regulator of ABA signaling. (424 aa) |
| | PORB | Protochlorophyllide reductase B, chloroplastic; Phototransformation of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide); Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. POR subfamily. (401 aa) |
| | GGPPS1 | Heterodimeric geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase large subunit 1, chloroplastic; Heterodimeric geranyl(geranyl)-diphosphate (GPP) synthase large subunit. In vitro, the large subunit catalyzes mainly the trans- addition of the three molecules of IPP onto DMAPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate while the small subunit alone is inactive. Upon association of the two subunits, the product profile changes and the production of gerany-diphosphate is strongly increased. (371 aa) |
