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ARIA ARIA CDF5 CDF5 MYB30 MYB30 MYB93 MYB93 FLC FLC ABCG40 ABCG40 SEC SEC AGL18 AGL18 EMF1 EMF1 FIE FIE AGL70 AGL70 GAI GAI CRSP CRSP ATL62 ATL62 COL12 COL12 FYPP3 FYPP3 RGL3 RGL3 ELF9 ELF9 CSN5B CSN5B SVP SVP SPT SPT IDD16 IDD16 AGL31 AGL31 VIP4 VIP4 LATE LATE HIPP03 HIPP03 GLK2 GLK2 VIP5 VIP5 RGL1 RGL1 ATX1-2 ATX1-2 SUF4 SUF4 AGL27 AGL27 NAC089 NAC089 BCA4 BCA4 ADAP ADAP LHP1 LHP1 EPF1 EPF1 CUL4 CUL4 ARP6 ARP6 TAP46 TAP46 T16L1.270 T16L1.270 Q8LCF5_ARATH Q8LCF5_ARATH EPF2 EPF2 CSN5A CSN5A EMF2 EMF2 CSN4 CSN4 HDA9 HDA9 PIF1 PIF1 ULT1 ULT1 ABCG30 ABCG30 UNE10 UNE10 RGL2 RGL2 JMJ14 JMJ14 ABCG25 ABCG25 ABCG31 ABCG31 MYB56 MYB56 ERF086 ERF086 ELF6 ELF6 MAF5 MAF5 SIZ1 SIZ1 FRI FRI GATA21 GATA21 MCT1 MCT1 CRY1 CRY1 A_IG005I10.18-2 A_IG005I10.18-2 AGL15 AGL15 IAA8 IAA8 ASHH2 ASHH2 HST1 HST1 TFL1 TFL1 DMT1 DMT1 BCA1 BCA1 HSP70-1 HSP70-1 BBX28 BBX28 CKA4 CKA4 DSEL DSEL SKP2B SKP2B MQD22.4 MQD22.4 MAF4 MAF4 EBS EBS SHW1 SHW1 POL2A POL2A VIP2 VIP2 BBX19 BBX19 BBX25 BBX25 VIP6 VIP6 NUA NUA RAV1 RAV1 TZF4 TZF4 TFIIS TFIIS EFM EFM CEN CEN HUA2 HUA2 VIP3 VIP3 GATA22 GATA22 PEP PEP SPA1 SPA1 SGT1B SGT1B COL9 COL9 PIN6 PIN6 RGA RGA BBX18 BBX18 ABI5 ABI5 MAX2 MAX2
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proteins of unknown 3D structure
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ARIAARM REPEAT PROTEIN INTERACTING WITH ABF2; May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin- protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Acts as a positive regulator of ABA response via the modulation of the transcriptional activity of ABF2, a transcription factor which controls ABA-dependent gene expression via the G-box-type ABA-responsive elements. Negative regulator of seed germination and young seedling growth. (710 aa)
CDF5Cyclic dof factor 5; Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G- 3' consensus core sequence (By similarity). Regulates a photoperiodic flowering response. Transcriptional repressor of 'CONSTANS' expression. (399 aa)
MYB30Transcription factor MYB30; Transcription factor that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-AACAAAC-3'. Acts as a positive regulator of hypersensitive cell death. Acts as a positive regulator of salicylic acid synthesis. Regulates very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. Acts cooperatively with BZR2 to promote expression of a subset of brassinosteroids target genes. Transcriptional activity and hypersensitive response control negatively regulated by PLA2-ALPHA and by the Xanthomonas type III effector XopD (AC G9L9K6). Involved in the regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Inc [...] (323 aa)
MYB93Transcription factor MYB93; Transcription factor that acts as negative regulator of lateral root (LR) development. Required for normal auxin responses during LR development. May be part of a negative feedback loop stimulated specifically in the endodermis upon LR initiation to ensure that LRs are formed only in the correct place. (365 aa)
FLCMADS-box protein FLOWERING LOCUS C; Putative transcription factor that seems to play a central role in the regulation of flowering time in the late-flowering phenotype by interacting with 'FRIGIDA', the autonomous and the vernalization flowering pathways. Inhibits flowering by repressing 'SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1'. (196 aa)
ABCG40ABC transporter G family member 40; May be a general defense protein (By similarity). Functions as a pump to exclude Pb(2+) ions and/or Pb(2+)-containing toxic compounds from the cytoplasm. Contributes to Pb(2+) ions resistance. Confers some resistance to the terpene sclareol. (1423 aa)
SECProbable UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--peptide N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase SEC; O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) that mediates O-glycosylation of capsid protein (CP) of virus in case of infection by Plum pox virus. OGTs catalyze the addition of nucleotide-activated sugars directly onto the polypeptide through O- glycosidic linkage with the hydroxyl of serine or threonine. Probably acts by adding O-linked sugars to yet unknown proteins. Its OGT activity has been proved in vitro but not in vivo. Required with SPY for gamete and seed development. Activates ATX1 through O-GlcN [...] (977 aa)
AGL18Agamous-like MADS-box protein AGL18; Probable transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of flowering, probably through the photoperiodic pathway. Prevents premature flowering. Downstream regulator of a subset of the MIKC* MADS-controlled genes required during pollen maturation. (256 aa)
EMF1Protein EMBRYONIC FLOWER 1; Transcription repressor that regulates phase transition during shoot, flower and seeds development. Controls leaves development, shoot architecture and flowering by delaying both the vegetative to reproductive transition and flower initiation. Participates in polycomb group (PcG) protein complex-mediated (including EMF2) silencing of the flower homeotic genes AGAMOUS (AG), PISTILLATA (PI), and APETALA3 (AP3), as well as of some regulatory genes such as ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), LONG VEGETATIVE PHASE1 (LOV1), and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) during vegeta [...] (1096 aa)
FIEPolycomb group protein FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM; Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. They probably act via the methylation of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. Required to prevent the proliferation of the central cell by repressing unknown target genes before fertilization. Pr [...] (369 aa)
AGL70Agamous-like MADS-box protein AGL70; Probable transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of flowering time, probably through the photoperiodic and vernalization pathways; more efficient in cv. Landsberg erecta than in cv. Columbia background. Prevents premature flowering. Involved in the modulation of vernalization impact on flowering according to genotype acclimation to altitude. (196 aa)
GAIDELLA protein GAI; Transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. Transcription coactivator of the zinc finger transcription factors GAF1/IDD2 and ENY/IDD1 in regulation of gibberellin homeostasis and signaling. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Positively regulates XERICO expression. In contrast to RGA, it is less sensitive to GA. Its activity is probably regulated by other phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene [...] (533 aa)
CRSPCO(2)-response secreted protease; Mediates CO(2)-controlled stomatal development by cleaving peptide EPF2 (AC Q8LC53). Not active on peptides EPF1 (AC Q8S8I4) or stomagen (AC Q9SV72). (769 aa)
ATL62Putative RING-H2 finger protein ATL62; Belongs to the RING-type zinc finger family. ATL subfamily. (141 aa)
COL12Zinc finger protein CONSTANS-LIKE 12; Belongs to the CONSTANS family. (364 aa)
FYPP3Phytochrome-associated serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 3; Dephosphorylates phosphorylated phytochromes, with a preference toward Pfr forms. Plays a major role in the photoperiodic control of flowering time in long days by modulating phytochrome signals in flowering time control. (303 aa)
RGL3DELLA protein RGL3; Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Its activity may be regulated by phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene (By similarity); Belongs to the GRAS family. DELLA subfamily. (523 aa)
ELF9RNA binding (RRM/RBD/RNP motifs) family protein. (519 aa)
CSN5BCOP9 signalosome complex subunit 5b; Probable protease subunit of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes such as photomorphogenesis and auxin and jasmonate responses. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of the SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. In the complex, it probably acts as the catalytic center that mediates the cleavage of Nedd8 from cullins. It however has no metallop [...] (358 aa)
SVPMADS-box protein SVP; Transcription repressor that inhibit floral transition in the autonomous flowering pathway, independent of photoperiod and temperature. Acts in a dosage-dependent manner. Together with AGL24 and AP1, controls the identity of the floral meristem and regulates expression of class B, C and E genes. Promotes EFM expression to suppress flowering. (240 aa)
SPTTranscription factor SPATULA; Transcription factor that plays a role in floral organogenesis. Promotes the growth of carpel margins and of pollen tract tissues derived from them. (373 aa)
IDD16Protein indeterminate-domain 16; Transcription factor regulating lateral organ morphogenesis and gravitropic responses. Has a redundant role with IDD14 in directing leaf and floral organ morphogenesis. Acts cooperatively with IDD15 to control silique and branche orientation. Involved in the establishment of auxin gradients through the regulation of auxin biosynthesis and transport. (362 aa)
AGL31Agamous-like MADS-box protein AGL31; Probable transcription factor that prevents vernalization by short periods of cold. Acts as a floral repressor. (196 aa)
VIP4Protein LEO1 homolog; Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which is involved in histone modifications such as methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3). Involved in regulation of flowering time. Required for the expression of the flowering repressor and MADS box gene FLC. Involved in the control of seed dormancy and germination ; Belongs to the LEO1 family. (625 aa)
LATEProtein LATE FLOWERING; Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Prevents the photoperiodic and circadian clock-dependent transition to flowering in long days (LD) by repressing the expression of flowering time genes (e.g. FT, GI and CO) in the leaf vasculature, and by interfering with floral meristem identity genes at the apex (e.g. SOC1 and LFY). (173 aa)
HIPP03Heavy metal-associated isoprenylated plant protein 3; Heavy-metal-binding protein. Binds high amounts of zinc. May act as an upstream regulator of the salicylate-dependent pathogen response. Involved in abiotic stress responses, and seed and flower development. (283 aa)
GLK2Transcription activator GLK2; Transcriptional activator that functions with GLK1 to promote chloroplast development. Acts as an activator of nuclear photosynthetic genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, light harvesting, and electron transport. Acts in a cell-autonomous manner to coordinate and maintain the photosynthetic apparatus within individual cells. May function in photosynthetic capacity optimization by integrating responses to variable environmental and endogenous cues. Prevents premature senescence. (386 aa)
VIP5Protein RTF1 homolog; Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which is involved in histone modifications such as methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3). Involved in regulation of flowering time. Required for the expression of the flowering repressors and FLC and MADS-box genes of the MAF family. Involved in the control of seed dormancy and germination. (643 aa)
RGL1DELLA protein RGL1; Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Has overlapping but distinct roles in GA signaling compared to RGA and GAI. Regulates the floral development. May also participate in seed germination and in ovule and anther development. Its activity is probably regulated by other phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene. (511 aa)
ATX1-2Histone H3-lysine(4) N-trimethyltransferase ATX1; [Isoform 1]: Binds to the promoter and regulates the transcription of target genes, maintaining them in an active state; at promoters, required for TATA binding proteins (TBPs, e.g. TBP1 and TBP2) and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) recruitment, and, in a subsequent event, is recruited by a phosphorylated form of Pol II to the +300-bp region of transcribed sequences to trimethylates nucleosomes. Histone trimethyltransferase that trimethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me3); H3 'Lys-4' methylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic tra [...] (1062 aa)
SUF4Protein SUPPRESSOR OF FRI 4; Sequence-specific DNA binding factor that recognizes the 5'- CCAAATTTTAAGTTT-3' sequence. Recruits the FRI-C complex to the FLC promoter. Required for FRI-mediated FLC activation, but has no effect on the expression of MAF1, MAF2, MAF3, MAF5, UFC and CO. Dispensable for the reactivation of FLC in early embryogenesis, but required to maintain high levels of FLC expression in later embryonic and vegetative development. (367 aa)
AGL27Agamous-like MADS-box protein AGL27; Probable transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of flowering time in both long and short days, probably through the photoperiodic and vernalization pathways. Prevents premature flowering. (196 aa)
NAC089NAC domain-containing protein 89; Transcription factor involved in plant cell division. (340 aa)
BCA4Beta carbonic anhydrase 4; Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Together with BCA1, involved in the CO(2) signaling pathway which controls gas-exchange between plants and the atmosphere by modulating stomatal development and movements. Promotes water use efficiency. Belongs to the beta-class carbonic anhydrase family. (280 aa)
ADAPAP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor At1g16060; Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity). (345 aa)
LHP1Chromo domain-containing protein LHP1; Structural component of heterochromatin involved in gene repression, including several floral homeotic genes and FLT that regulates flowering time. Required for maintenance of vernalization- induced repression of FLC. As part of the PRC1-like complex, recognizes and binds histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-9' (H3K9me) and 'Lys-27' (H3K27me), leading to epigenetic repression. PcG PRC1 complex maintains the transcriptionally repressive state of many genes, including Hox genes, throughout development. PcG PRC1 complex acts via chromatin remodeling a [...] (445 aa)
EPF1Protein EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 1; Controls stomatal patterning. Regulates asymmetric cell division during guard cell differentiation. Mediates stomatal development inhibition. Not cleaved by the protease CRSP (AC Q9LNU1). MEPF1: mobile signal controlling stomatal development in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Uses ERL1 as major receptor. May act by competing with somatogen (AC Q9SV72) for the same receptor, TMM (AC Q9SSD1). Belongs to the plant cysteine rich small secretory peptide family. Epidermal patterning factor subfamily. (104 aa)
CUL4Cullin-4; Component of the CUL4-RBX1-CDD (COP10-DDB1a-DET1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Participates in the CDD complex to light-mediated control of development. May repress photomorphogenesis through enhancing COP1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. Acts together with the CUL4-DDB1-COP1-SPA E3 ubiquitin- protein ligase complexes in the repression of photomorphogenesis and flowering time. Component ot the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-PRL1 E3 ubiquitin- protein ligase complex which mediates ubiquit [...] (792 aa)
ARP6Actin-related protein 6; Component of the SWR1 complex which mediates the ATP- dependent exchange of histone H2A for the H2A variant H2A.F/Z leading to transcriptional regulation of selected genes (e.g. FLC) by chromatin remodeling. Binds to the promoter region of FLC chromatin. Required for the activation of FLC and FLC/MAF genes expression to levels that inhibit flowering, through both histone H3 and H4 acetylation and methylation mechanisms. Involved in several developmental processes including organization of plant organs, leaves formation, flowering time repression, and fertility. [...] (421 aa)
TAP46PP2A regulatory subunit TAP46; Involved in the positive regulation of the TOR signaling pathway. Acts as a negative regulator of PP2A catalytic activity. Plays a positive role in the ABA-regulated inhibition of germination, probably throught its interaction with ABI5. Belongs to the IGBP1/TAP42 family. (405 aa)
T16L1.270ATP phosphoribosyltransferase regulatory subunit. (203 aa)
Q8LCF5_ARATHAt4g37295. (86 aa)
EPF2Protein EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 2; Controls stomatal patterning. Regulates the number of cells that enter, and remain in, the stomatal lineage by inhibiting protodermal cells from adopting the meristemoid mother cell (MMC) fate in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Mediates stomatal development inhibition. MEPF2: mobile signal controlling stomatal development in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Uses ERECTA as major receptor. Inactivated by cleavage by CRSP (AC Q9LNU1). May act by competing with somatogen (AC Q9SV72) for the same receptor, TMM (AC Q9SSD1). (120 aa)
CSN5ACOP9 signalosome complex subunit 5a; Probable protease subunit of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes such as photomorphogenesis and auxin and jasmonate responses. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of the SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. In the complex, it probably acts as the catalytic center that mediates the cleavage of Nedd8 from cullins. It however has no metallop [...] (357 aa)
EMF2Polycomb group protein EMBRYONIC FLOWER 2; Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Involved in flowering processes by repressing unknown target genes and preventing reproductive development. Participates in polycomb group (PcG) protein complex- mediated (probably in complex with EMF1) silencing of the flower homeotic genes AGAMOUS (AG), PISTILLATA (PI), and APETALA3 (AP3), as well as of some regulatory genes such as ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), LONG VEGETATIVE PHASE1 (LOV1), and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) during vegetative development, by mediating trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 on the [...] (631 aa)
CSN4COP9 signalosome complex subunit 4; Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes such as photomorphogenesis and auxin and jasmonate responses. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. It is involved in repression of photomorphogenesis in darkness by regulating the activity of COP1-containing Ubl ligase complexes. The complex is also req [...] (397 aa)
HDA9Histone deacetylase 9; Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (By similarity); Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD type 1 subfamily. (426 aa)
PIF1Transcription factor PIF1; Transcription activator. Regulates negatively chlorophyll biosynthesis and seed germination in the dark, and lightinduced degradation of PIF1 relieves this negative regulation to promote photomorphogenesis. Binds to the G-box motif (5'-CACGTG-3') found in many light-regulated promoters. Promotes the expression of SOM, and thus modulates responses to abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA). (478 aa)
ULT1Protein ULTRAPETALA 1; Putative transcription factor that acts as a key negative regulator of cell accumulation in shoot and floral meristems. Negatively regulates the size of the WUSCHEL (WUS)-expressing organizing center in inflorescence meristems. May act by down- regulating expression of WUS. Acts as an antirepressor that counteracts EMF1 action through modulation of trimethylated 'Lys-4' on histone H3 (H3K4me3) marks on target gene loci (including genes involved in salt stress response and flower development). (237 aa)
ABCG30ABC transporter G family member 30; May be a general defense protein. (1400 aa)
UNE10Transcription factor UNE10; Required during the fertilization of ovules by pollen. (399 aa)
RGL2DELLA protein RGL2; Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Upon GA application, it is degraded by the proteasome, allowing the GA signaling pathway. Acts as a major GA-response repressor of seed germination, including seed thermoinhibition. Promotes the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), especially in seed coats to maintain seed dormancy. Delays flowering and adu [...] (547 aa)
JMJ14Probable lysine-specific demethylase JMJ14; Transcriptional repressor. Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) of histone H3 with a higher activity for H3K4me3 and H3K4me2 than H3K4me1. No activity on H3K9me3/2, H3K36me3/2 and H3K27me3/2. Represses FT and TSF expression to inhibit the floral transition. Binds around the transcription start site of the FT locus. Involved in the DRM2-mediated maintenance of DNA methylation, but not required for the de novo DNA methylation. Required for demethylating histone H3K4me3 at the target of RNA silencing. Together with NAC051/NAC05 [...] (954 aa)
ABCG25ABC transporter G family member 25. (662 aa)
ABCG31ABC transporter G family member 31; May be a general defense protein; Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. PDR (TC 3.A.1.205) subfamily. (1426 aa)
MYB56Transcription factor MYB56; Acts as a cell-specific local repressor of quiescent center (QC) self-renewal by cell divisions in the primary root. Counteracts brassinosteroid (BR)-mediated cell division in the QC cells. Regulates maternally seed size, especially before the heart stage, promoting both endothelial cells expansion and cell number in the outer integument layer of the seed coat. Modulates the expression of genes involved in cell wall metabolism such as cell division and expansion. Negative regulator of flowering via the repression of FT transcription. (323 aa)
ERF086Ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF086; Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity). Involved in the control of cell division patterns during the early lateral root primordium development. Acts downstream of auxin signaling. Regulated by ARF7 and ARF19 in response to auxin. Co-acts with LBD16 and LBD18 to control lateral root development. Involved in the determination of floral meristem identity and suppression of bract growth. Requi [...] (348 aa)
ELF6Probable lysine-specific demethylase ELF6; Acts probably as a histone 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) demethylase. Involved in transcriptional gene regulation. Acts as a repressor of the photoperiodic flowering pathway and of FT. Binds around the transcription start site of the FT locus. (1340 aa)
MAF5Protein MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING 5; Transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of flowering time in short days, probably through the photoperiodic and vernalization pathways. Prevents premature flowering, particularly in the cv. Landsberg erecta background. In non-inductive photoperiods (e.g. short days), required for flowering through VIL2-mediated maintenance of the epigenetically repressed state of MAF5 via H3K9me2 and plant homeodomain / polycomb repressive complex 2 (PHD-PRC2)- dependent H3K27me3. (198 aa)
SIZ1E3 SUMO-protein ligase SIZ1; E3 SUMO protein ligase involved in regulation processes. Mediates SUMO/ attachment to PHR1, a MYB transcriptional activator controlling the phosphate deficiency responses. Functions as an upstream negative regulator of salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and subsequent SA-mediated systemic acquired resistance (SAR) signaling. Probably not involved in jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated defense response. Participates in abiotic stress-induced sumoylation. Controls heat shock-induced SUMO1 and SUMO2 conjugation and facilitates basal thermotolerance. Involved in freezing [...] (884 aa)
FRIInactive protein FRIGIDA. (314 aa)
GATA21GATA transcription factor 21; Transcriptional regulator that specifically binds 5'-GATA-3' or 5'-GAT-3' motifs within gene promoters. Involved in the modulation of chloroplast development, growth and division in a cytokinin-dependent manner. Repressor of the gibberellic acid (GA) signaling pathway that represses flowering and modulates greening, in a SOC1-dependent manner. Prevents the accumulation of SOC1 during flowering. Promotes chlorophyll biosynthesis throughout the plant, by regulating chlorophyll biosynthetic genes (e.g. HEMA1 and GUN4) and chloroplast localized glutamate synth [...] (398 aa)
MCT1MEI2 C-terminal RRM only like 1. (233 aa)
CRY1Cryptochrome-1; Photoreceptor that mediates primarily blue light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and photoperiodic control of floral initiation, and regulates other light responses, including circadian rhythms, tropic growth, stomata opening, guard cell development, root development, bacterial and viral pathogen responses, abiotic stress responses, cell cycles, programmed cell death, apical dominance, fruit and ovule development, seed dormancy, and magnetoreception. Photoexcited cryptochromes interact with signaling partner proteins to alter gene expression at both transcriptional a [...] (681 aa)
A_IG005I10.18-2Putative F-box/FBD/LRR-repeat protein At4g00315. (441 aa)
AGL15Agamous-like MADS-box protein AGL15; Transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of flowering, probably through the photoperiodic pathway. Acts as both an activator and a repressor of transcription. Binds DNA in a sequence- specific manner in large CArG motif 5'-CC (A/T)8 GG-3'. Participates probably in the regulation of programs active during the early stages of embryo development. Prevents premature perianth senescence and abscission, fruits development and seed desiccation. Stimulates the expression of at least DTA4, LEC2, FUS3, ABI3, AT4G38680/CSP2 and GRP2B/CSP4. Can [...] (268 aa)
IAA8Auxin-responsive protein IAA8; Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived transcriptional factors that function as repressors of early auxin response genes at low auxin concentrations. Repression is thought to result from the interaction with auxin response factors (ARFs), proteins that bind to the auxin- responsive promoter element (AuxRE). Formation of heterodimers with ARF proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression. (321 aa)
ASHH2Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase ASHH2; Histone methyltransferase involved in di and tri-methylation of 'Lys-36' of histone H3 (H3K36me2 and H3K36me3). Binds to H3 already mono- or di-methylated on 'Lys-4'(H3K4me1 or H3K4me2), but not to H3K4me3. H3K4me and H3K36me represent specific tags for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Regulates positively FLC transcription to prevent early flowering transition. Required for flowering transition in response to vernalization and for the maintenance of FLC expression in late embryos, but dispensable for the initial reactivation in early emb [...] (1759 aa)
HST1Protein HASTY 1; Nucleocytoplasmic transporter involved in the nuclear export of microRNAs (miRNAs). Required for several miRNAs accumulation. Specifically required for miR156 accumulation which targets SPL3, SPL4 and SPL5 transcription factors. Involved in plant development through its role in miRNAs processing. Required for vegetative phase change and vegetative to reproductive phase transition. Functionally dependent on RAN1 binding. Does not seem to be involved in small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) processing. (1202 aa)
TFL1Protein TERMINAL FLOWER 1; Controls inflorescence meristem identity and is required for maintenance of an indeterminate inflorescence. Prevents the expression of 'APETALA1' and 'LEAFY'. Also plays a role in the regulation of the time of flowering in the long-day flowering pathway. May form complexes with phosphorylated ligands by interfering with kinases and their effectors (By similarity). (177 aa)
DMT1DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1; Maintains chromatin CpG methylation that plays a role in genomic imprinting, regulation of embryogenesis and seed viability. Required for proper patterns of CG DNA methylation in dividing cells. Required for MEA promoter methylation in seeds. (1534 aa)
BCA1Beta carbonic anhydrase 1, chloroplastic; Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Required for photosynthesis in cotyledons. Binds salicylic acid. Together with BCA4, involved in the CO(2) signaling pathway which controls gas-exchange between plants and the atmosphere by modulating stomatal development and movements. Promotes water use efficiency. (347 aa)
HSP70-1Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1; In cooperation with other chaperones, Hsp70s are key components that facilitate folding of de novo synthesized proteins, assist translocation of precursor proteins into organelles, and are responsible for degradation of damaged protein under stress conditions (Probable). Probably involved in defense response. Chaperone involved in protein targeting to chloroplasts. May cooperate with SGT1 and HSP90 in R gene-mediated resistance towards the oomycete Hyaloperonospora parasitica (downy mildew). Plays a role with WPP-domain proteins in facilitating WIT1 nuclear [...] (651 aa)
BBX28B-box type zinc finger family protein. (223 aa)
CKA4Casein kinase II subunit alpha-4, chloroplastic; Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. The alpha chain contains the catalytic site (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of various developmental processes. Involved in the regulation of plant growth and flowering time. Involved in retrograde signaling in plant responses to abscisic acid (ABA) and heat stress. May act as an enhancing factor in abiotic stress signaling through modulation of the expression of some molecular players in retrograde sig [...] (432 aa)
DSELPhospholipase A1-IIgamma; Acylhydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,3- diacylglycerol (1,3-DAG) and 1-monoacylglycerol (1-MAG) at the sn-1 position. High activity toward 1,3-DAG and 1-MAG, but low activity toward 1,2-diacylglycerol (1,2-DAG) and 1-lysophosphatidylcholine (1- LPC), and no activity toward phosphatidylcholine (PC), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), triacylglycerol (TAG) and 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG). May be involved in the negative regulation of seedling establishment by inhibiting the breakdown, beta-oxidation and mobilizatio [...] (419 aa)
SKP2BF-box protein SKP2B; Component of SCF(SKP2B) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor KRP1. Does not interact with auxin. (360 aa)
MQD22.4Transcription factor jumonji (Jmj) family protein / zinc finger (C5HC2 type) family protein. (787 aa)
MAF4K-box region and MADS-box transcription factor family protein. (232 aa)
EBSChromatin remodeling protein EBS; Chromatin remodeling factor that binds to methylated histone (e.g. H3K4me2/3) to prevent their acetylation (e.g. H3K9K14Ac), likely by recruiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) complexes, and thus regulating the transcription of target genes. Negative regulator in developmental processes in a gibberellic acid- (GA-) dependent manner, such as germination, flowering induction, and flower organ specification, probably by modulating developmental gene expression. Involved in the chromatin-mediated repression of floral initiation and controls genes regulating f [...] (234 aa)
SHW1Protein SHORT HYPOCOTYL IN WHITE LIGHT 1; Negative regulator of photomorphogenesis modulating both light and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways. Regulates negatively the light- mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, probably in a PHYB- mediated signaling pathway, but promotes flowering time (especially in long days) and lateral root formation. Enhances light-regulated gene expression. Promotes COP1-mediated degradation of HY5 during seedling development (e.g. hypocotyl growth) through enhanced ubiquitination in the darkness. Also involved in root gravitropism. (192 aa)
POL2ADNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit A; DNA polymerase II, which participates in chromosomal DNA replication. Required for the timing and determination of cell fate during plant embryogenesis and root pole development, by promoting cell cycle and cell type patterning. Necessary for proper shoot (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) functions. Involved in maintaining epigenetic states, controlling hypersensitive response (HR), and mediating abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Required for flowering repression through a mechanism involving epigenetic gene silencing. May participate in proc [...] (2161 aa)
VIP2Protein PAF1 homolog; Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which is involved in histone modifications such as methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3). Involved in regulation of flowering time. Required for the expression of the flowering repressors and MAD-box genes FLC, AGL27/FLM and AGL31/MAF2. Required for histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-4' H3K4me3 at the FLC and AGL27/FLM loci. Involved in the control of seed dormancy and germination. (589 aa)
BBX19B-box zinc finger protein 19; Acts as negative regulator of seedling photomorphogenesis. (183 aa)
BBX25B-box zinc finger protein 25; Acts as negative regulator of seedling photomorphogenesis. BBX25/STH and BBX24/STO function as transcriptional corepressors of HY5 activity, leading to the down-regulation of BBX22 expression. BBX25/STH acts additively with BBX24/STO during de- etiolation and the hypocotyl shade avoidance response. (238 aa)
VIP6Protein CTR9 homolog; Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which is involved in histone modifications such as methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3). Involved in regulation of flowering time. Required for the expression of the MADS box genes and flowering repressors FLC, AGL27/FLM and AGL31/MAF2. Required for histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-4' H3K4me3 at the FLC and AGL27/FLM loci. Involved in the control of seed dormancy and germination. (1091 aa)
NUANuclear-pore anchor; Component of the nuclear pore complex. Acts as a docking site for activities required for desumoylation and mRNA export. Required for the proper expression or localization of a subset of miRNAs. Plays a role in meristematic cell division by interacting with spindle assembly checkpoint proteins. (2093 aa)
RAV1AP2/ERF and B3 domain-containing transcription factor RAV1; Binds specifically to bipartite recognition sequences composed of two unrelated motifs, 5'-CAACA-3' and 5'-CACCTG-3'. May function as negative regulator of plant growth and development. Belongs to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family. RAV subfamily. (344 aa)
TZF4Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 2; Probable transcription repressor that functions as negative regulator of phytochrome-mediated promotion of seed germination. Inhibits seed germination by regulating the expression of gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) metabolic genes. Does not regulate the expression of the DELLA genes RGA and RGA1. Activated by PIL5, a phytochrome-interacting basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. (393 aa)
TFIISTranscription elongation factor TFIIS; Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites (Probable). Involved in the control of seed dormancy and germination. (378 aa)
EFMMyb family transcription factor EFM; Transcription factor acting as a flowering repressor, directly repressing FT expression in a dosage-dependent manner in the leaf vasculature. (432 aa)
CENProtein CENTRORADIALIS-like; May form complexes with phosphorylated ligands by interfering with kinases and their effectors (By similarity). Can substitute for TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (in vitro); Belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family. (175 aa)
HUA2ENHANCER OF AG-4 protein 2; Transcription factor that functions as repressor of flowering by enhancing the expression of several genes that delay flowering including FLC, FLM/MAF1, MAF2 and SVP. Also acts in the floral homeotic AGAMOUS (AG) pathway, specifically by processing the AGAMOUS pre-mRNA. Functions in association with HUA1 and HEN4 in AG pre-mRNA processing. Involved in all three aspects of the AG functions, the specification of stamen and carpel identities, the control of floral determinacy, and the spatial restriction of AP1 expression. Acts as transcription regulator that c [...] (1392 aa)
VIP3WD repeat-containing protein VIP3; Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which is involved in histone modifications such as methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3). Involved in regulation of flowering time. Required for the expression of the flowering repressor and MADS box gene FLC. Required for histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) and histone dimethylation on 'Lys- 36' (H3K36me2) at the FLC locus. Prevents trimethylation on 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) at the same locus. Not required for meiotic recombination or progression. Component of the SKI complex which is thought to be in [...] (321 aa)
GATA22Putative GATA transcription factor 22; Transcriptional regulator that specifically binds 5'-GATA-3' or 5'-GAT-3' motifs within gene promoters. Involved in the modulation of chloroplast development, growth and division in a cytokinin-dependent manner. Repressor of the gibberellic acid (GA) signaling pathway that regulates flowering and modulates greening, in a SOC1-dependent manner. Prevents the accumulation of SOC1 during flowering. Promotes chlorophyll biosynthesis throughout the plant, by regulating chlorophyll biosynthetic genes (e.g. HEMA1 and GUN4) and chloroplast localized glutam [...] (352 aa)
PEPRNA-binding KH domain-containing protein PEPPER; Regulates vegetative and gynoecium development. In concert with HUA2, antagonizes FLK by positively regulating FLC probably at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, and thus acts as a negative regulator of flowering. (495 aa)
SPA1Protein SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 1; Controls normal photoperiodic flowering and regulates circadian rhythms. Required for suppression of photomorphogenesis in dark-grown seedlings and for normal elongation growth of adult plants. Integral component of the COP1/SPA E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex. Involved in HY5, HFR1, LAF1 and CO degradation. (1029 aa)
SGT1BProtein SGT1 homolog B; Involved in plant innate immunity. Is essential for resistance conferred by multiple R genes recognizing different oomycete pathogen isolates like avirulent H.parasitica (downy mildew). Contributes additively with RAR1 to RPP5-dependent resistance. Not required for RPM1, RPS2, RPS4 and RPS5-mediated resistance. Functions as negative regulator of RPS5 accumulation by assisting its degradation. May be involved in heat shock response by associating with HSC70-1 chaperone. Required for the SCF(TIR1)-mediated degradation of Aux/IAA proteins, but maybe not for SCF(TIR [...] (358 aa)
COL9Zinc finger protein CONSTANS-LIKE 9; Belongs to the CONSTANS family. (372 aa)
PIN6Auxin efflux carrier component 6; Component of the intracellular auxin-transport pathway. Regulates auxin transport and auxin homeostasis. Directly involved in the regulation of nectar production. Involved in unfolded protein response (UPR) activation. Involved in the control of vein patterning. Redundantly with PIN8, inhibits the vein-formation-promoting functions of PIN5. PIN5, PIN6, and PIN8 control vein network geometry, but they are expressed in mutually exclusive domains of leaf vascular cells. Belongs to the auxin efflux carrier (TC 2.A.69.1) family. (570 aa)
RGADELLA protein RGA; Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Positively regulates XERICO expression in seeds. Upon GA application, it is degraded by the proteasome, allowing the GA signaling pathway. Compared to other DELLA proteins, it is the most sensitive to GA application. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Its activity is probably regulated by other phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene, attenu [...] (587 aa)
BBX18B-box zinc finger protein 18; Acts as negative regulator of seedling photomorphogenesis. Acts as a negative regulator of blue light-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation through increase of bioactive gibberellin levels. Acts as a repressor of thermotolerance by modulating expression of a set of heat shock- responsive genes. (172 aa)
ABI5Protein ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 5; Participates in ABA-regulated gene expression during seed development and subsequent vegetative stage by acting as the major mediator of ABA repression of growth. Binds to the embryo specification element and the ABA-responsive element (ABRE) of the Dc3 gene promoter and to the ABRE of the Em1 and Em6 genes promoters. Can also trans- activate its own promoter, suggesting that it is autoregulated. Plays a role in sugar-mediated senescence. Belongs to the bZIP family. ABI5 subfamily. (442 aa)
MAX2F-box protein MAX2; Component of SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Promotes the senescence. Is necessary for responses to strigolactones and karrikins. Contributes to the selective repression of axillary shoots and moderates the branching by regulating negatively the auxin transport in primary stems, in an AXR1-independent manner. Required for the progression of leaf senescence mediated by methyl jasmonate. Required at each node to suppress axillary bud growth. (693 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Arabidopsis thaliana
NCBI taxonomy Id: 3702
Other names: A. thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., mouse-ear cress, thale cress, thale-cress
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