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| | F12K11.16 | Forkhead-associated domain protein. (277 aa) |
| | PDLP5 | Plasmodesmata-located protein 5; Modulates cell-to-cell trafficking. Has a positive role in innate immunity. Required for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) which is mediated by the signaling molecules azelaic acid (AzA), glycerol-3- phosphate (G3P), and salicylic acid (SA). Negative regulator of plasmodesmata permeability triggered by SA during immune responses, through regulation of callose deposition. Delays the trafficking of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) movement protein (MP). Required for symplastic signal transport. (299 aa) |
| | PBL1 | Probable serine/threonine-protein kinase PBL1; Contributes to pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)- triggered immunity (PTI) signaling and defense responses downstream of FLS2. Acts additively with BIK1 in PTI defenses. Seems not required for flg22-induced MAPK activation (Probable). Required for Pep1-induced defenses. Pep1 is an endogenous elicitor that potentiates PAMP-inducible plant responses. (389 aa) |
| | RGS1 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 1; Glucose-regulated GTPase-accelerating protein (GAP) for the GTP-bound self-activating heterotrimeric G alpha protein GPA1. Cooperates with G beta-gamma dimers to maintain an unactivated but fully functional pool of GPA1. Phosphorylation-dependent endocytosis of RGS1 physically uncouples the two proteins, resulting in signal activation. Free AGB1 is essential, but not sufficient, for RGS1 endocytosis. Modulates cell proliferation, abscisic acid (ABA) and drought stress signal transduction by acting in a hexokinase- independent glucose-signaling pathwa [...] (459 aa) |
| | NPC6 | Non-specific phospholipase C6. (520 aa) |
| | NPC1 | Non-specific phospholipase C1. (533 aa) |
| | CDKB2-1 | Cyclin-dependent kinase B2-1; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily. (313 aa) |
| | CDKB2-2 | Cyclin-dependent kinase B2-2. (315 aa) |
| | CPL3 | RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain phosphatase-like 3; Processively dephosphorylates 'Ser-2' and/or 'Ser-5' of the heptad repeats YSPTSPS in the C-terminal domain of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB1). This promotes the activity of RNA polymerase II (By similarity). Negative regulator of stress gene transcription involved in abscisic acid (ABA) mediated signaling pathway and cold resistance. (1241 aa) |
| | MKK5 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5; Involved in the second phase of hydrogen peroxide generation during hypersensitive response-like cell death. Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. Activates by phosphorylation the downstream MPK3 and MPK6. YDA-MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module regulates stomatal cell fate before the guard mother cell (GMC) is specified. This MAPK cascade also functions downstream of the ER receptor in regulating coordinated local cell proliferation, which shapes the [...] (348 aa) |
| | ASR3 | Trihelix transcription factor ASR3; Transcriptional repressor that binds DNA and plays a negative role in regulating microbe-associated molecular patterns-(MAMPs, e.g. flg22, elf18, chitin, and LPS) triggered immunity (PTI) by negatively regulating immune gene expression. (314 aa) |
| | GG2 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit gamma 2; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. Involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene signaling pathways. Regulates basipetal transport of auxin (IAA) in roots and hypocotyls, and thus modulates root architecture (e.g. lateral root formation). The heterotrimeric G-protein controls defense responses to necr [...] (100 aa) |
| | LYM1 | LysM domain-containing GPI-anchored protein 1; Required as a cell surface receptor for peptidoglycan (PGN) elicitor signaling leading to innate immunity. Plays an essential role in detecting PGNs and restricting bacterial growth (of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 for example). (416 aa) |
| | SRK2E | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2E; Activator of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomata closure in response to drought, darkness, high CO(2), plant pathogens, or decreases in atmospheric relative humidity (RH). Involved in the resistance to drought by avoiding water loss. Required for the stomata closure mediated by pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) (e.g. flg22 and LPS) of pathogenic bacteria such as P.syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and E.coli O157:H7. As a plant defense process, stomata are closed transiently in order [...] (362 aa) |
| | BSK1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase BSK1; Serine/threonine kinase that acts as positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling downstream of the receptor kinase BRI1. Mediates signal transduction from BRI1 by functioning as substrate of BRI1. Functions as a positive regulator of plant immunity. May be involved in the regulation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) downstream of the flagellin receptor FLS2. Possesses kinase activity in vitro. Kinase activity is required for its function in innate immunity. (512 aa) |
| | MKK1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1; MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4/MPK6 function in a signaling pathway that modulates the expression of genes responding to biotic and abiotic stresses and also plays an important role in pathogen defense by negatively regulating innate immunity. Activates by phosphorylation the downstream MPK4. Acts redundantly with MKK2. MKK1-MPK6 module mediates abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent CAT1 expression with H(2)O(2) production and response to drought and salt stress. MKK1-MPK6 module is also involved in sugar signaling during the process of seed germination. (354 aa) |
| | BAK1 | BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1; Dual specificity kinase acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates. Controls the expression of genes associated with innate immunity in the absence of pathogens or elicitors. Involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction. Phosphorylates BRI1. May be involved in changing the equilibrium between plasma membrane-located BRI1 homodimers and endocytosed BRI1- BAK1 heterodimers. Interaction with MSBP1 stimulates the endocytosis of BAK1 and suppresses brassinosteroid signaling. Acts in pathogen- associ [...] (615 aa) |
| | TPC1 | Two pore calcium channel protein 1; Functions as a voltage-gated inward-rectifying Ca(2+) channel (VDCC) across the vacuole membrane. Is one of the essential components of the slow vacuolar (SV) channel. Acts as the major ROS-responsive Ca(2+) channel and is the possible target of Al-dependent inhibition. Involved in the regulation of germination and stomatal movement. Belongs to the calcium channel alpha-1 subunit (TC 1.A.1.11) family. Two pore calcium channel subfamily. (733 aa) |
| | BIR1 | Probably inactive leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase At5g48380. (620 aa) |
| | CALS1 | Callose synthase 1; Involved in callose synthesis at the forming cell plate during cytokinesis. Not required for callose formation after wounding or pathogen attack. During plant growth and development, callose is found as a transitory component of the cell plate in dividing cells, is a major component of pollen mother cell walls and pollen tubes, and is found as a structural component of plasmodesmatal canals. Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 48 family. (1950 aa) |
| | MAPKKK5 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5; Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) involved in the transduction of signal between the host cell surface chitin receptor complex CERK1-LYK5 and the intracellular MAPK cascade that leads to chitin-induced immunity. Phosphorylates and activates MAPK targets (e.g. MKK4, MKK5, and possibly MKK2) when phosphorylated by PBL27 after elicitation by chitin. Required for resistance to the fungus A.brassicicola. (716 aa) |
| | PLDDELTA | Phospholipase D delta; Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond to generate phosphatidic acids (PA). May be involved in PA accumulation in the dehydration stress response and in the transduction of hormonal and environmental signals to the microtubules cytoskeleton. Prefers phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine as substrate. Involved in H(2)O(2) and abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure. Involved in nitric oxide (NO) signaling during stomatal closure. Plays a positive role in ABA-promoted senescence. Involved in basal defense and nonhost [...] (868 aa) |
| | SARD1 | Protein SAR DEFICIENT 1; Transcription activator that binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner, 5'-GAAATTTTGG-3', to promote the expression of target genes. Recruited to the promoter of ICS1 and other defense-related genes (e.g. PR1 and SID2) in response to both biotic (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326) and abiotic stresses (e.g. UV-B), thus triggering slow defense responses by stimulating salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis. Required for basal and systemic acquired resistance to P. syringae pv. maculicola and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Belongs to the plant ACBP60 prote [...] (451 aa) |
| | GG1 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit gamma 1; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. Involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene signaling pathways. Regulates acropetal transport of auxin (IAA) in roots and hypocotyls, and thus modulates root architecture (e.g. lateral root formation). The heterotrimeric G-protein controls defense responses to necr [...] (98 aa) |
| | FLS3 | Flavonol synthase 3; Catalyzes the formation of flavonols from dihydroflavonols. Possesses low activity in vitro towards dihydrokaempferol and dihydroquercetin producing kaempferol and quercitin, respectively. Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family. (308 aa) |
| | RLK | Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase. (751 aa) |
| | RBOHD | Respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein D; Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide. Involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during incompatible interactions with pathogens and in UV-B and abscisic acid ROS-dependent signaling. Might be required for ROS signal amplification during light stress. Belongs to the RBOH (TC 5.B.1.3) family. (921 aa) |
| | ERF104 | Ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF104; Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity). (241 aa) |
| | CPK28 | Calcium-dependent protein kinase 28; May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger (Probable). Acts as developmentally controlled regulator for coordinated stem elongation and vascular development. Acts as key component which contributes to the developmental switch that establishes the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. Involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling. Interacts with and phosphorylates the kinase BIK1, a central rate-limiting kinase in PTI signaling. Facilitates BIK1 [...] (523 aa) |
| | SLAH3 | S-type anion channel SLAH3; Slow, weak voltage-dependent S-type anion efflux channel involved in maintenance of anion homeostasis. Binds to the highly selective inward-rectifying potassium channel KAT1 and inhibits its activity. Functions as an essential negative regulator of inward potassium channels in guard cells. Essential for the efficient stomatal closure and opening in guard cells. (635 aa) |
| | PEPR2 | Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase PEPR2; Acts as a receptor for PEP defense peptides. Unlike typical immune receptors, senses an endogenous elicitor that potentiates PAMP- inducible plant responses (By similarity); Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (1088 aa) |
| | XLG3 | Extra-large guanine nucleotide-binding protein 3; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems (By similarity). Binds GTP with specificity. Plays a role in the root morphogenesis by regulation of the cell proliferation. Acts with GB1 in the positive regulation of root waving and root skewing; Belongs to the G-alpha family. XLG subfamily. (848 aa) |
| | SLAC1 | Guard cell S-type anion channel SLAC1; Slow, weak voltage-dependent S-type anion efflux channel involved in maintenance of anion homeostasis. Cl(-) efflux through SLAC1 causes membrane depolarization, which activates outward- rectifying K1 channels, leading to KCl and water efflux to reduce turgor further and cause stomatal closure, that reduces water loss and promotes leaf turgor. Essential for stomatal closure in response to CO(2), abscisic acid (ABA), ozone O(3), light/dark transitions, humidity change, calcium ions, hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nit [...] (556 aa) |
| | PP2C38 | Probable protein phosphatase 2C 38; Involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)- triggered immunity (PTI) signaling. Negatively regulates immune responses by controlling the phosphorylation and activation status of BIK1, a central rate-limiting kinase in PTI signaling. Impairs the phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase RBOHD by BIK1. (385 aa) |
| | RLP42 | Receptor-like protein 42; Recognizes fungal (e.g. B.cinerea and A.niger) endopolygalacturonases (PGs, e.g. BcPG3, BcPG2, BcPG4, BcPG6 and AnPGB) and acts as a microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) receptor to mediate defense response against fungi (e.g. B.cinerea) and oomycetes (e.g. H.arabidopsidis). Functionality seems to depend on the presence of the receptor kinase SOBIR1 as an adapter protein. Belongs to the RLP family. (890 aa) |
| | BZR2 | Protein BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 2; Positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. Transcription factor that activates target gene expression by binding specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-CANNTG-3'(E box) through its N- terminal domain. Can bind individually to the promoter as a homodimer or synergistically as a heterodimer with BIM1, BIM2 or BIM3. The C- terminal domain is probably involved in transcriptional activation. Recruits the transcription elongation factor IWS1 to control BR- regulated gene expression. Forms a trimeric complex with IWS1 and ASHH2/SDG8 to regulate BR-reg [...] (335 aa) |
| | WAKL17 | Wall-associated receptor kinase-like 17; Serine/threonine-protein kinase that may function as a signaling receptor of extracellular matrix component. (786 aa) |
| | RLP1 | Receptor-like protein 1; Involved in plant defense. Confers resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas through recognition of the microbe- associated molecular pattern (MAMP) eMax. Functionality seems to depend on the presence of the receptor kinase SOBIR1 as an adapter protein. Belongs to the RLP family. (1077 aa) |
| | BIR2 | Inactive LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase BIR2; Pseudokinases lacking protein kinase activity and unable to bind ATP-analogs. Negative regulator of pathogen- associated molecular patterns- (PAMP-) triggered immunity by limiting BAK1-receptor complex formation in the absence of ligands. (605 aa) |
| | LECRK19 | L-type lectin-domain containing receptor kinase I.9; Essential receptor for extracellular ATP. Binds ATP with high affinity through its extracellular legume-lectin like region. Is required for ATP-induced intracellular calcium response, mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MPK3) and MPK6 activation and ATP-induced gene expression. May play a variety of roles in stress resistance. May be involved in protein-protein interactions with RGD motif-containing proteins as potential ligands. Plays probably a structural and signaling role at the plant cell surfaces. (766 aa) |
| | CALS8 | Putative callose synthase 8; Involved in callose synthesis at the forming cell plate during cytokinesis. During plant growth and development, callose is found as a transitory component of the cell plate in dividing cells, is a major component of pollen mother cell walls and pollen tubes, and is found as a structural component of plasmodesmatal canals (By similarity); Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 48 family. (1976 aa) |
| | PCRK2 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase PCRK2; Functions redundantly with PCRK1 in basal resistance against bacterial pathogens and in regulation of plant immunity. Functions together with PCRK1 downstream of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptor FLS2. Contributes to the induction of SARD1 and CBP60G, which are transcriptional activator of ICS1, an enzyme involved in salicylate (SA) biosynthesis upon pathogen attack. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (420 aa) |
| | PUB12 | U-box domain-containing protein 12; Functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. (654 aa) |
| | TUFA-2 | Elongation factor Tu, mitochondrial; This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl- tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis. Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-Tu/EF-1A subfamily. (454 aa) |
| | CALS12 | Callose synthase 12; Involved in sporophytic and gametophytic development. Required for normal leaf development. During pollen formation, required for the formation of the callose wall separating the tetraspores of the tetrad (interstitial wall), but not for the callose wall surrounding the pollen mother cells (peripheral wall). Functionally redudant to CALS11 (GSL1). May play a role later in pollen grain maturation. Required for callose formation induced by wounding and pathogen attack. May interfere with salicylic acid-induced signaling pathway during defense response. During plant g [...] (1780 aa) |
| | ADF4 | Actin-depolymerizing factor 4; Actin-depolymerizing protein. Severs actin filaments (F- actin) and binds to actin monomers. Contributes to the stochastic dynamic turnover of actin filaments. Binds monomeric actin (G-actin) with a marked preference for the ADP-loaded form and inhibits the rate of nucleotide exchange on G-actin. Involved in resistance triggered by the effector AvrPphB of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst). May modulate the AvrPphB-RPS5-mediated defense signal transduction pathway. During AvrPphB-triggered resistance signaling pathway, involved in the control of MPK3 an [...] (139 aa) |
| | ACA10 | Calcium-transporting ATPase 10, plasma membrane-type; This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum. (1069 aa) |
| | PEPR1 | Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase PEPR1; Acts as a receptor for PEP defense peptides. Unlike typical immune receptors, senses an endogenous elicitor that potentiates pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-inducible plant responses. Involved in PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling. Interacts with and phosphorylates the kinase BIK1, a central rate-limiting kinase in PTI signaling. (1123 aa) |
| | NPC4 | Non-specific phospholipase C4; Non-specific phospholipase C (PLC) which assumes major PLC activity during inorganic phosphate starvation. Substrate preference is phosphatidylcholine (PC), but can also hydrolyze phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) with lower efficiency. Has no activity toward phosphatidic acid (PA). Plays an important role in the supply of both inorganic phosphate and diacylglycerol from membrane-localized phospholipids during phosphate deprivation. May be required for lipid- derived signaling molecules that positively modulate abscisic acid (ABA) response and promote plant t [...] (538 aa) |
| | PUB13 | U-box domain-containing protein 13; Functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. (660 aa) |
| | CF9 | Carbohydrate-binding protein. (381 aa) |
| | SOBIR1 | Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like serine/threonine/tyrosine-protein kinase SOBIR1; Dual specificity kinase acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates. Acting as a counterplayer of BIR1, promotes the activation of plant defense and cell death. Component of the RLP23-SOBIR1-BAK1 complex that mediates NLP-triggered immunity. Functions as an inhibitor/regulator of abscission, probably by regulating membrane trafficking during abscission. (641 aa) |
| | PCRK1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase PCRK1; Involved in the activation of early immune responses. Plays a role in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Contributes to PTI in response to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola strain ES4326. Contributes to PTI in response to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000. Functions redundantly with PCRK2 in basal resistance against bacterial pathogens and in regulation of plant immunity. Functions toge [...] (418 aa) |
| | ACS6 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 6; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) enzymes catalyze the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) into 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), a direct precursor of ethylene. Involved in bacterial flagellin-induced ethylene production. Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. (495 aa) |
| | NPC5 | Non-specific phospholipase C5; Non-specific phospholipase C (PLC) which assumes minor PLC activity during inorganic phosphate starvation. Can hydrolyze both phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Required for normal accumulation of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) during phosphate limitation and may contribute to the conversion of phospholipids to diacylglycerol, the substrate for galactolipid synthesis. (521 aa) |
| | EIN2 | Ethylene-insensitive protein 2; Central factor in signaling pathways regulated by ethylene (ET), and involved in various processes including development, plant defense, senescence, nucleotide sugar flux, and tropisms. Necessary for ethylene-mediated gene regulation, and for the induction of some genes by ozone. Acts downstream of ET receptors, and upstream of ethylene regulated transcription factors. Required for cytokinin-mediated processes. Seems to be implicated in cross-talk between ET, jasmonate and other pathways. Probably not involved in iron uptake. Has a short half-life and un [...] (1294 aa) |
| | ICS1 | Isochorismate synthase 1, chloroplastic; Involved in the synthesis of salicylic acid (SA) required for both local and systemic acquired resistance (LAR and SAR) while SA synthesized through the phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL) pathway seems to potentiate plant cell death. Also involved in phylloquinone (vitamin K1) synthesis. Has no isochorismate pyruvate lyase (IPL) activity. (569 aa) |
| | RLP30 | Receptor-like protein 30; Receptor for microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that induces a BAK1-dependent basal immune response to necrotrophic fungi (e.g. S.sclerotiorum) in the presence of MAMPs (e.g. flg22 and SCLEROTINIA CULTURE FILTRATE ELICITOR1 (SCFE1) from the necrotrophic fungal pathogen S. sclerotiorum). Functionality seems to depend on the presence of the receptor kinase SOBIR1 as an adapter protein. Required for full non-host resistance to bacterial pathogens (e.g. P.syringae pv phaseolicola). Belongs to the RLP family. (786 aa) |
| | POT5 | Potassium transporter 5; High-affinity potassium transporter. Can also transport rubidium and cesium. Is essential with AKT1 for high-affinity potassium uptake in roots during seedling establishment and postgermination growth under low potassium conditions. Mediates potassium uptake by plant roots in response to low potassium conditions, by a calcium-, CBL-, and CIPK-dependent pathway. Positively regulated by the calcium sensors calcineurin B-like genes CBL1, CBL8, CBL9 and CBL10, and by phosphorylation by CIPK23 ; Belongs to the HAK/KUP transporter (TC 2.A.72.3) family. (785 aa) |
| | EFR | LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase EFR; Constitutes the pattern-recognition receptor (PPR) that determines the specific perception of elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), a potent elicitor of the defense response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Reduces transformation by Rhizobium radiobacter probably by inducing plant defense during the interaction. Binding to the effector AvrPto1 from P.syringae blocks the downstream plant immune response while interaction with hopD2 decreases the phosphorylation level of EFR upon elf18 treatment. Specific endoplasmic reticu [...] (1031 aa) |
| | XLG2 | Extra-large guanine nucleotide-binding protein 2; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems (By similarity). Binds GTP with specificity. Plays a role in the root morphogenesis by regulation of the cell proliferation. Acts as a positive regulator in resistance to pathogen that triggers the salicylic acid (SA) pathway. Promotes the DNA binding activity of RTV1 specifically to promoter regions of FT and SOC1 in vivo leading to the activation of floral integrator genes. Belongs to the G-alpha family [...] (861 aa) |
| | RLK7 | Receptor-like protein kinase 7; Plays a role in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Acts as a receptor for PIP1 defense peptide. PIP1 is an endogenous secreted peptide that acts as elicitor of immune response and positive regulator of defense response. Involved in the control of seed germination speed, in tolerance to oxidative stress and in maintaining seed longevity. (977 aa) |
| | F22D22.11 | Transmembrane receptor. (353 aa) |
| | BIG5 | Brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide-exchange protein 5; Activates the ARF proteins by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting. Acts as the major regulator of early endosomal vesicle trafficking but is also involved in the endocytosis process. Target of hopM1, a conserved Pseudomonas syringae virulence protein that directs the protein to its own proteasome-mediated degradation. Plays a broad role in PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), and salicylic acid (SA)-regulated immunity. (1739 aa) |
| | PBL13 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase PBL13; Involved in defense responses. Acts as negative regulator of plant immune responses. (494 aa) |
| | CBP60G | Calmodulin-binding protein 60 G; Transcription activator that binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner, 5'-GAAATTTTGG-3', to promote the expression of target genes. Recruited to the promoter of ICS1 and other defense-related genes (e.g. PR1, PR2 and EDS5) in response to both biotic (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326, P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000, and microbe- associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as flg22) and abiotic stresses (e.g. UV-B, drought and abscisic acid), thus triggering rapid defense responses by stimulating salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis. Involved in b [...] (563 aa) |
| | LYK5 | Protein LYK5; May recognize microbe-derived N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)- containing ligands; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (664 aa) |
| | BIK1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase BIK1; Plays a central role in immune responses. Required to activate the resistance responses to necrotrophic pathogens. Phosphorylates FLS2 and BAK1. Involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling and defense responses downstream of FLS2. Acts additively with PBL1 in PTI defenses. Acts as positive regulator of the PAMP flg22-induced increase of cytosolic calcium. Binds directly and phosphorylates the NADPH oxidase RBOHD at specific sites in a calcium-independent manner to enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) [...] (395 aa) |
| | RLP23 | Receptor like protein 23; Involved in the perception of necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1-like proteins (NLPs), that act as extracellular signals mediating immune activation. Component of the RLP23-SOBIR1-BAK1 complex that mediates NLP-triggered immunity. (890 aa) |
| | CNGC2 | Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 2; Acts as cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel. Permeable to potassium and calcium in a cyclic nucleotide-dependent fashion (cAMP or cGMP). Could also transport lithium, cesium and rubium and displays a strong selectivity against sodium. Seems to directly participate in pathogen-induced calcium influx. May function in homeostasis, re- establishing ionic balance after defense action and/or other stimuli. Could mediate the initiation of the developmentally regulated cell death programs. (726 aa) |
| | MKK4 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4; Involved in the second phase of hydrogen peroxide generation during hypersensitive response-like cell death. Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. Activates by phosphorylation the downstream MPK3 and MPK6. YDA-MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module regulates stomatal cell fate before the guard mother cell (GMC) is specified. This MAPK cascade also functions downstream of the ER receptor in regulating coordinated local cell proliferation, which shapes the [...] (366 aa) |
| | XLG1 | Extra-large guanine nucleotide-binding protein 1; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems (By similarity). Binds GTP with specificity. Plays a role in the root morphogenesis by regulation of the cell proliferation. (888 aa) |
| | NPC2 | Non-specific phospholipase C2. (514 aa) |
| | TUFA | Elongation factor Tu, chloroplastic; This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl- tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis. (476 aa) |
| | GPA1 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-1 subunit; Exhibits a fast rate of basal nucleotide exchange. Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Together with GCR1, may regulate the cell cycle via a signaling cascade that uses phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) as an effector and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) as a second messenger. Promotes abscisic acid (ABA) responses in guard cells. But, together with GCR1 and GB1, acts as a negative regulator of ABA during seed ge [...] (383 aa) |
| | PER33 | Peroxidase 33; Removal of H(2)O(2), oxidation of toxic reductants, biosynthesis and degradation of lignin, suberization, auxin catabolism, response to environmental stresses such as wounding, pathogen attack and oxidative stress. These functions might be dependent on each isozyme/isoform in each plant tissue. (354 aa) |
| | CML24 | Calcium-binding protein CML24; Calcium-binding protein that may positively regulate abscisic acid (ABA) inhibition of germination and seedling development. May be required for photoperiod-induced flowering and function in ion homeostasis. (161 aa) |
| | CDKB1-1 | Cyclin-dependent kinase B1-1; May control G2/M (mitosis) phase progression. Plays a role in regulating seedling growth in darkness via regulation of hypocotyl cell elongation and cotyledon cell development. Plays a role in stomatal development. Required to suppress endoreduplication. Together with CDKB1-2, promotes both the last division in the stomatal cell lineage as well as the number of stomata. In collaboration with MYB124 and MYB88, restrict the G1/S transition and chloroplast and nuclear number during stomatal formation, and normally maintain fate and developmental progression t [...] (309 aa) |
| | GB1 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. Together with GCR1 and GPA1, acts as a negative regulator of ABA during seed germination and early seedling development. The heterotrimeric G-protein controls defense responses to necrotrophic and vascular fungi probably by modulating cell wall-related genes expression (e. [...] (377 aa) |
| | ACS2 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 2; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) enzymes catalyze the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) into 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), a direct precursor of ethylene; Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. (496 aa) |
| | PARP2 | Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2; Involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, by catalyzing the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a limited number of acceptor proteins involved in chromatin architecture and in DNA metabolism. This modification follows DNA damages and appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks (By similarity). (637 aa) |
| | PBL27 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase PBL27; Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase involved in the transduction of signal between the host cell surface chitin receptor complex CERK1- LYK5 and the intracellular MAPKKK5-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade that leads to chitin-induced immunity. Phosphorylates and activates MAPKKK5 when phosphorylated by CERK1 after elicitation by chitin. (513 aa) |
| | PIP1 | PAMP-induced secreted peptide 1; Endogenous secreted peptide that acts as elicitor of immune response and positive regulator of defense response. Amplifies the immune response triggered by flg22, the active epitope of bacterial flagellin. Acts as negative regulator of root growth. (72 aa) |
| | CDKB1-2 | Cyclin-dependent kinase B1-2; Together with CDKB1-1, promotes both the last division in the stomatal cell lineage as well as the number of stomata. In collaboration with MYB124 and MYB88, restrict the G1/S transition and chloroplast and nuclear number during stomatal formation, and normally maintain fate and developmental progression throughout the stomatal cell lineage. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily. (311 aa) |
| | CPK4 | Calcium-dependent protein kinase 4; May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Functions as regulator of the calcium- mediated abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway. Phosphorylates ABA- responsive transcription factors ABF1 and ABF4 in vitro. Phosphorylates the nuclear zinc finger Di19 in vitro. (501 aa) |
| | CPK5 | Calcium-dependent protein kinase 5; May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDPK subfamily. (556 aa) |
| | CPK6 | Calcium-dependent protein kinase 6; May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Functions in abscisic acid (ABA) regulation of guard cell S-type anion- and Ca(2+)-permeable channels and stomatal closure. Phosphorylates FD ; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDPK subfamily. (544 aa) |
| | CPK11 | Calcium-dependent protein kinase 11; May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Functions as regulator of the calcium- mediated abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway. Phosphorylates ABA- responsive transcription factors ABF1 and ABF4 in vitro. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDPK subfamily. (495 aa) |
| | MPK3 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; Involved in oxidative stress-mediated signaling cascade (such as ozone). Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. May be involved in hypersensitive response (HR)-mediated signaling cascade by modulating LIP5 phosphorylation and subsequent multivesicular bodies (MVBs) trafficking. May phosphorylate regulators of WRKY transcription factors. Mediates the phosphorylation of VIP1 and subsequent stress genes transcription in response to Agrobacterium. MKK9-M [...] (370 aa) |
| | MPK4 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 4; The ANPs-MKK6-MPK4 module is involved in the regulation of plant cytokinesis during meiosis and mitosis. Essential to promote the progression of cytokinesis and for cellularization (formation of the cell plate) during male-specific meiosis. Involved in cortical microtubules organization and stabilization by regulating the phosphorylation state of microtubule-associated proteins such as MAP65- 1. Involved in root hair development process. Negative regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and salicylic acid- (SA) mediated defense response. Requi [...] (376 aa) |
| | MPK6 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6; Involved in oxidative stress-mediated signaling cascade (such as ozone). Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. May be involved in hypersensitive response (HR)-mediated signaling cascade by modulating LIP5 phosphorylation and subsequent multivesicular bodies (MVBs) trafficking. May phosphorylate regulators of WRKY transcription factors. Phosphorylates 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid synthases (ACS2 and ACS6) and may be involved in the regulati [...] (395 aa) |
| | WAK1 | Wall-associated receptor kinase 1; Serine/threonine-protein kinase that may function as a signaling receptor of extracellular matrix component. Binding to pectin may have significance in the control of cell expansion, morphogenesis and development. Required during plant's response to pathogen infection and in plant defense against heavy metal toxicity. Phosphorylates the oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 2 (OEE2) in an GRP-3-dependent manner. (735 aa) |
| | VQ4 | VQ motif-containing protein 4; Acts as negative regulator of WRKY33 transcription factor activity in the promotion of defense gene expression. Acts as a negative regulator of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)- induced responses to modulate resistance to pathogens. (247 aa) |
| | NOA1 | NO-associated protein 1, chloroplastic/mitochondrial; Exhibits cGTPase activity; binds and hydrolyzes specifically GTP. May participate in ribosome assembly and stability and thus regulates protein synthesis in chloroplasts. The GTPase activity requires MgCl(2)and the presence of either KCl or (NH(4))(2)SO(4). Involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. Involved in chlorophyll-a fluorescence regulation; Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. NOA1 subfamily. (561 aa) |
| | GG3 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit gamma 3; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. (251 aa) |
| | LYM3 | LysM domain-containing GPI-anchored protein 3; Required as a cell surface receptor for peptidoglycan (PGN) elicitor signaling leading to innate immunity. Plays an essential role in detecting PGNs and restricting bacterial growth (of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 for example). (423 aa) |
