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ERL1 | LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase ERL1; Receptor kinase that regulates inflorescence architecture and organ shape as well as stomatal patterning, including density and clustering, together with ER and ERL2. Redundantly involved with ER in procambial development regulation. Forms a functional ligand-receptor pair with EPF1 (AC Q8S8I4). Forms a constitutive complex with TMM involved in the recognition of the stomatal regulatory peptides EPF1, EPF2 and EPFL9/STOMAGEN. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (966 aa) | ||||
F22D22.11 | Transmembrane receptor. (353 aa) | ||||
BRI1 | Protein BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1; Receptor with a dual specificity kinase activity acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates. Regulates, in response to brassinosteroid binding, a signaling cascade involved in plant development, including expression of light- and stress-regulated genes, promotion of cell elongation, normal leaf and chloroplast senescence, and flowering. Binds brassinolide, and less effectively castasterone, but not 2,3,22,23-O-tetramethylbrassinolide or ecdysone. May be involved in a feedback regulation of brassinosteroid biosynthesis. Pho [...] (1196 aa) | ||||
SBT1.2 | Subtilisin-like protease SBT1.2; Serine protease involved in the negative regulation of stomatal density and distribution. Not active on EPFL6 (AC Q1PEY6). Positive regulator of water use efficiency (WUE). (775 aa) | ||||
CDKA-1 | Cyclin-dependent kinase A-1; Involved in the control of the cell cycle. Essential for both G1/S and G2/M (mitosis) phase transitions. Functions in cell morphogenesis as well as cell proliferation. Required for cell division (entry into mitosis) of the generative cell in male gametogenesis. Required to trigger guard mother cells (GMC) symmetric divisions at the late stage of stomatal development, probably via the regulation of G1 to S transition in the cell cycle. Required for the function of SPCH in entering the stomatal lineage. Promotes divisions in the guard cells (GCs) after the gu [...] (294 aa) | ||||
EPFL6 | EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-like protein 6; Acts primarily as positive regulator of inflorescence growth. Endodermal expression is sufficient for proper inflorescence architecture. Redundantly involved with EPFL4 in procambial development regulation. Acts also as tissue-specific regulator of epidermal pattern. Controls stomatal patterning by repressing stomatal production. TMM (AC Q9SSD1) functions to dampen or block CHAL signaling. Not processed by SDD1 (AC O64495). Acts as growth-regulatory ligand for ERECTA family receptors. Belongs to the plant cysteine rich small secretory peptide [...] (156 aa) | ||||
EPFL4 | EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-like protein 4; Acts primarily as positive regulator of inflorescence growth. Endodermal expression is sufficient for proper inflorescence architecture. Redundantly involved with EPFL6 in procambial development regulation. Controls stomatal patterning. Mediates stomatal development inhibition. TMM (AC Q9SSD1) functions to dampen or block CLL2 signaling. Acts as growth-regulatory ligand for ERECTA family receptors. (109 aa) | ||||
ASK7 | Shaggy-related protein kinase eta; Negative regulator in brassinosteroid signal transduction pathway important for plant growth. May be also involved in auxin signaling pathway. Phosphorylates and increases the degradation of BZR1 and BZR2/BES1 by the proteasome. Phosphorylates BHLH150, beet curly top virus C4 and tomato golden mosaic virus AC4 on threonine and serine residues. Upon brassinosteroid signaling, inhibits stomatal development by phosphorylating and inhibiting the MAPKK kinase YDA and the MAPK kinases MKK4 and MKK5. Phosphorylates BSK1, BSK3, BSK5, BSK6, BSK8 AND BSK11 in v [...] (380 aa) | ||||
MPK3 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; Involved in oxidative stress-mediated signaling cascade (such as ozone). Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. May be involved in hypersensitive response (HR)-mediated signaling cascade by modulating LIP5 phosphorylation and subsequent multivesicular bodies (MVBs) trafficking. May phosphorylate regulators of WRKY transcription factors. Mediates the phosphorylation of VIP1 and subsequent stress genes transcription in response to Agrobacterium. MKK9-M [...] (370 aa) | ||||
MPK4 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 4; The ANPs-MKK6-MPK4 module is involved in the regulation of plant cytokinesis during meiosis and mitosis. Essential to promote the progression of cytokinesis and for cellularization (formation of the cell plate) during male-specific meiosis. Involved in cortical microtubules organization and stabilization by regulating the phosphorylation state of microtubule-associated proteins such as MAP65- 1. Involved in root hair development process. Negative regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and salicylic acid- (SA) mediated defense response. Requi [...] (376 aa) | ||||
MPK6 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6; Involved in oxidative stress-mediated signaling cascade (such as ozone). Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. May be involved in hypersensitive response (HR)-mediated signaling cascade by modulating LIP5 phosphorylation and subsequent multivesicular bodies (MVBs) trafficking. May phosphorylate regulators of WRKY transcription factors. Phosphorylates 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid synthases (ACS2 and ACS6) and may be involved in the regulati [...] (395 aa) | ||||
FAMA | Transcription factor FAMA; Transcription activator. Together with MYB88 and MYB124, ensures that stomata contain just two guard cells (GCs) by enforcing a single symmetric precursor cell division before stomatal maturity. Together with SPCH and MUTE, regulates the stomata formation. Required to promote differentiation and morphogenesis of stomatal guard cells and to halt proliferative divisions in their immediate precursors. Mediates the formation of stomata. Prevents histone H3K27me3 marks and derepresses stem cell gene expression. (414 aa) | ||||
BASL | Protein BREAKING OF ASYMMETRY IN THE STOMATAL LINEAGE; Regulates asymmetric cell division (ACD), especially in stomatal-lineage cells, probably by modulating accumulation and subcellular polarization of POLAR and SPCH. Mediates an attenuation of MAPK signaling upon polarization of POLAR and ASK7/BIN2 in stomatal lineage ground cells (SLGCs) undergoing ACD, and relieves BIN2 inhibition of SPCH in the nucleus. When phosphorylated, functions as a scaffold and recruits the MAPKKK YODA, MPK3 and MPK6 to spatially reorganize the MAPK signaling pathway at the cortex of cells undergoing ACD. C [...] (262 aa) | ||||
ERL2 | LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase ERL2; Receptor kinase that regulates inflorescence architecture and organ shape as well as stomatal patterning, including density and clustering, together with ERL1 and ER. (967 aa) | ||||
SPCH | Transcription factor SPEECHLESS; Transcription factor acting as an integration node for stomata and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathways to control stomatal initiation and development. Activates transcription when in the presence of SCRM/ICE1. Functions as a dimer with SCRM or SCRM2 during stomatal initiation. Required for the initiation, the spacing and the formation of stomata, by promoting the first asymmetric cell divisions. Together with FMA and MUTE, modulates the stomata formation. Involved in the regulation of growth reduction under osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol), associated [...] (364 aa) | ||||
EPF2 | Protein EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 2; Controls stomatal patterning. Regulates the number of cells that enter, and remain in, the stomatal lineage by inhibiting protodermal cells from adopting the meristemoid mother cell (MMC) fate in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Mediates stomatal development inhibition. MEPF2: mobile signal controlling stomatal development in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Uses ERECTA as major receptor. Inactivated by cleavage by CRSP (AC Q9LNU1). May act by competing with somatogen (AC Q9SV72) for the same receptor, TMM (AC Q9SSD1). (120 aa) | ||||
SERK5 | Somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 5; Serine/threonine-kinase of unknown function. (601 aa) | ||||
EPF1 | Protein EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 1; Controls stomatal patterning. Regulates asymmetric cell division during guard cell differentiation. Mediates stomatal development inhibition. Not cleaved by the protease CRSP (AC Q9LNU1). MEPF1: mobile signal controlling stomatal development in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Uses ERL1 as major receptor. May act by competing with somatogen (AC Q9SV72) for the same receptor, TMM (AC Q9SSD1). Belongs to the plant cysteine rich small secretory peptide family. Epidermal patterning factor subfamily. (104 aa) | ||||
SERK1 | Somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 1; Dual specificity kinase acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates. Phosphorylates BRI1 on 'Ser-887' and CDC48 on at least one threonine residue and on 'Ser-41'. Confers embryogenic competence. Acts redundantly with SERK2 as a control point for sporophytic development controlling male gametophyte production. Involved in the brassinolide signaling pathway. (625 aa) | ||||
BAK1 | BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1; Dual specificity kinase acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates. Controls the expression of genes associated with innate immunity in the absence of pathogens or elicitors. Involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction. Phosphorylates BRI1. May be involved in changing the equilibrium between plasma membrane-located BRI1 homodimers and endocytosed BRI1- BAK1 heterodimers. Interaction with MSBP1 stimulates the endocytosis of BAK1 and suppresses brassinosteroid signaling. Acts in pathogen- associ [...] (615 aa) | ||||
YDA | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase YODA; Functions in a MAP kinase cascade that acts as a molecular switch to regulate the first cell fate decisions in the zygote and the early embryo. Promotes elongation of the zygote and development of its basal daughter cell into the extra-embryonic suspensor. In stomatal development, acts downstream of the LRR receptor TMM, but upstream of the MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module to regulate stomatal cell fate before the guard mother cell (GMC) is specified. Plays a central role in both guard cell identity and pattern formation. This MAPK cascade [...] (883 aa) | ||||
RBR1 | Retinoblastoma-related protein 1; Key regulator of entry into cell division. Acts as a transcription repressor of E2F target genes, whose activity is required for progress from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. Hyperphosphorylation by CDKA-1 prevents the binding to E2F transcription factors, allowing G1 to S phase transition to operate. Forms a stable complex with E2FA that functions in maintaining cell proliferation through repression of cell differentiation. Plays a central role in the mechanism controlling meristem cell differentiation, cell fate establishment and cell fate m [...] (1013 aa) | ||||
CRSP | CO(2)-response secreted protease; Mediates CO(2)-controlled stomatal development by cleaving peptide EPF2 (AC Q8LC53). Not active on peptides EPF1 (AC Q8S8I4) or stomagen (AC Q9SV72). (769 aa) | ||||
SCRM2 | Transcription factor SCREAM2; Mediates stomatal differentiation in the epidermis probably by controlling successive roles of SPCH, MUTE, and FAMA. Functions as a dimer with SPCH during stomatal initiation. (450 aa) | ||||
SCRM | Transcription factor ICE1; Transcriptional activator that regulates the cold-induced transcription of CBF/DREB1 genes. Binds specifically to the MYC recognition sites (5'-CANNTG-3') found in the CBF3/DREB1A promoter. Mediates stomatal differentiation in the epidermis probably by controlling successive roles of SPCH, MUTE, and FAMA. Functions as a dimer with SPCH during stomatal initiation. (494 aa) | ||||
MUTE | Transcription factor MUTE; Transcription factor. Together with FMA and SPCH, regulates the stomata formation. Required for the differentiation of stomatal guard cells, by promoting successive asymmetric cell divisions and the formation of guard mother cells. Promotes the conversion of the leaf epidermis into stomata. (202 aa) | ||||
SERK4 | Somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 4; Dual specificity kinase acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates. Positively regulates the BR-dependent plant growth pathway and negatively regulates the BR-independent cell- death pathway. (620 aa) | ||||
EPFL9 | EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-like protein 9; [Stomagen]: Positively regulates stomatal density and patterning. Acts by competing with EPF2 (AC Q8LC53) for the same receptors, ERECTA (AC Q42371) and TMM (AC Q9SSD1). Not cleaved by the protease CRSP (AC Q9LNU1). Belongs to the plant cysteine rich small secretory peptide family. Epidermal patterning factor subfamily. (102 aa) | ||||
SERK2 | Somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 2; Serine/threonine-kinase involved in brassinosteroid-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. Acts redundantly with SERK1 as a control point for sporophytic development controlling male gametophyte production. (628 aa) |