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CIPK17 CIPK17 RLK RLK RBOHD RBOHD SLAH3 SLAH3 SLAC1 SLAC1 ALMT9 ALMT9 CBL9 CBL9 MPK9 MPK9 CPK23 CPK23 CIPK9 CIPK9 ALMT6 ALMT6 ALMT1 ALMT1 SULTR3;1 SULTR3;1 DTX33 DTX33 CPK21 CPK21 SLAH4 SLAH4 GHR1 GHR1 COI1 COI1 ABI2 ABI2 CIPK11 CIPK11 RBOHF RBOHF BIK1 BIK1 DTX56 DTX56 ALMT12 ALMT12 CBL1 CBL1 NIA1 NIA1 ABI1 ABI1 CLC-A CLC-A NPF6.3 NPF6.3 LOX1 LOX1 HT1 HT1 CPK4 CPK4 CPK6 CPK6 AKT2 AKT2 AKT1 AKT1 MPK3 MPK3 MPK4 MPK4 MPK6 MPK6 CPK3 CPK3 NHX2 NHX2 SLAH1 SLAH1 NHX1 NHX1 CBL5 CBL5 CIPK26 CIPK26 MPK12 MPK12 CBL2 CBL2 CBL3 CBL3 CIPK23 CIPK23 SRK2E SRK2E GORK GORK BAK1 BAK1 CLC-C CLC-C SLAH2 SLAH2 ALMT4 ALMT4 ABCB14 ABCB14
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CIPK17CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 17; CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity); Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily. (432 aa)
RLKLeucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase. (751 aa)
RBOHDRespiratory burst oxidase homolog protein D; Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide. Involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during incompatible interactions with pathogens and in UV-B and abscisic acid ROS-dependent signaling. Might be required for ROS signal amplification during light stress. Belongs to the RBOH (TC 5.B.1.3) family. (921 aa)
SLAH3S-type anion channel SLAH3; Slow, weak voltage-dependent S-type anion efflux channel involved in maintenance of anion homeostasis. Binds to the highly selective inward-rectifying potassium channel KAT1 and inhibits its activity. Functions as an essential negative regulator of inward potassium channels in guard cells. Essential for the efficient stomatal closure and opening in guard cells. (635 aa)
SLAC1Guard cell S-type anion channel SLAC1; Slow, weak voltage-dependent S-type anion efflux channel involved in maintenance of anion homeostasis. Cl(-) efflux through SLAC1 causes membrane depolarization, which activates outward- rectifying K1 channels, leading to KCl and water efflux to reduce turgor further and cause stomatal closure, that reduces water loss and promotes leaf turgor. Essential for stomatal closure in response to CO(2), abscisic acid (ABA), ozone O(3), light/dark transitions, humidity change, calcium ions, hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nit [...] (556 aa)
ALMT9Aluminum-activated malate transporter 9; Vacuolar malate channel. Has a higher selectivity for malate than for fumarate. Exhibits also a weak chloride conductance. (598 aa)
CBL9Calcineurin B-like protein 9; Acts as a calcium sensor involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and stress-induced ABA biosynthesis pathways. Contributes to the regulation of early stress-related CBF/DREB transcription factors. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. May function as a negative regulator of stress and ABA responses. Mediates the activation of AKT1 by CIPK proteins (CIPK6, CIPK16, and CIPK23) in response to [...] (213 aa)
MPK9Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily. (510 aa)
CPK23Calcium-dependent protein kinase 23; May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Could act as a calcium sensor involved in drought- and salt stress-induced calcium signaling cascades. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of the S-type anion efflux channel SLAC1; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDPK subfamily. (520 aa)
CIPK9CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 9; CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Involved in K(+) homeostasis under low-K(+) stress. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily. (447 aa)
ALMT6Aluminum-activated malate transporter 6; Malate transporter; Belongs to the aromatic acid exporter (TC 2.A.85) family. (538 aa)
ALMT1Aluminum-activated malate transporter 1; Malate transporter critical for aluminum tolerance. The STOP1 transcription factor is required for ALMT1 expression. (493 aa)
SULTR3;1Sulfate transporter 3.1; H(+)/sulfate cotransporter that may play a role in the regulation of sulfate assimilation; Belongs to the SLC26A/SulP transporter (TC 2.A.53) family. (658 aa)
DTX33Protein DETOXIFICATION 33. (484 aa)
CPK21Calcium-dependent protein kinase 21; May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of the S-type anion efflux channel SLAC1. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDPK subfamily. (531 aa)
SLAH4S-type anion channel SLAH4; Slow, weak voltage-dependent S-type anion efflux channel involved in maintenance of anion homeostasis. (365 aa)
GHR1LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase GHR1; Receptor kinase acting as an early component in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Required for darkness, ABA, high CO(2) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) induction of S-type anion currents in guard cells leading to stomatal closure, possibly via the phosphorylation and activation of the anion channel SLAC1 and as a scaffolding component. Seems to act in parallel with SRK2E/OST1 in the ABA signaling pathway which regulates stomatal movement. Binds ATP. Involved in the local and/or systemic stomatal responses (e.g. stomatal closure) to [...] (1053 aa)
COI1Coronatine-insensitive protein 1; Required for jasmonate-regulated plant fertility and defense processes, and for coronatine and/or other elicitors perceptions/responses. Seems to not be required for meiosis. Required for the regulation of some genes induced by wounding, but not for all. Component of SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (probably including the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain 1B RBCS-1B and the histone deacetylase HDA6). These SCF complexes play crucial roles [...] (592 aa)
ABI2Protein phosphatase 2C 77; Repressor of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomatal closure, osmotic water permeability of the plasma membrane (Pos), high light stress, response to glucose, seed germination and inhibition of vegetative growth. During the stomatal closure regulation, modulates the inward calcium-channel permeability as well as H(2)O(2) and oxidative burst in response to ABA and dehydration. Represses GHR1 and, to some extent, SRK2E/OST1, kinases involved in the regulation of SLAC1-dependent stomatal closure. Controls [...] (423 aa)
CIPK11CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 11; CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Acts as a negative regulator of the plasma membrane proton pump AHA2 by preventing its interaction with 14-3-3 protein. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily. (435 aa)
RBOHFRespiratory burst oxidase homolog protein F; Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide. Generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) during incompatible interactions with pathogens and is important in the regulation of the hypersensitive response (HR). Involved in abscisic acid-induced stomatal closing and in UV-B and abscisic acid ROS-dependent signaling. Belongs to the RBOH (TC 5.B.1.3) family. (944 aa)
BIK1Serine/threonine-protein kinase BIK1; Plays a central role in immune responses. Required to activate the resistance responses to necrotrophic pathogens. Phosphorylates FLS2 and BAK1. Involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling and defense responses downstream of FLS2. Acts additively with PBL1 in PTI defenses. Acts as positive regulator of the PAMP flg22-induced increase of cytosolic calcium. Binds directly and phosphorylates the NADPH oxidase RBOHD at specific sites in a calcium-independent manner to enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) [...] (395 aa)
DTX56Protein DETOXIFICATION 56; Could function as a HCO(3)(-) -sensing component in the CO(2) signaling pathway in guard cells. Acts as an upsteam repressor of HT1. Plays a role in stomatal response to CO(2). Belongs to the multi antimicrobial extrusion (MATE) (TC 2.A.66.1) family. (491 aa)
ALMT12Aluminum-activated malate transporter 12; Malate-sensitive anion transporter permeable to chloride, nitrate, sulfate and malate. Involved in dark-, CO(2)-, abscisic acid- and water-deficient-induced stomatal closure. Belongs to the R- type anion channels. (560 aa)
CBL1Calcineurin B-like protein 1; Acts as a calcium sensor involved in the signaling pathway during growth and development and in response to abiotic stresses. May function as a positive regulator of salt and drought responses and as a negative regulator of cold response. Contributes to the regulation of early stress-related CBF/DREB transcription factors. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Mediates the activation of AKT1 [...] (213 aa)
NIA1Nitrate reductase [NADH] 1; Nitrate reductase is a key enzyme involved in the first step of nitrate assimilation in plants, fungi and bacteria. (917 aa)
ABI1Protein phosphatase 2C 56; Key component and repressor of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomatal closure, osmotic water permeability of the plasma membrane (Pos), drought-induced resistance and rhizogenesis, response to glucose, high light stress, seed germination and inhibition of vegetative growth. During the stomatal closure regulation, modulates the inward calcium-channel permeability as well as the actin reorganization in guard cells in response to ABA. Involved in the resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syrin [...] (434 aa)
CLC-AChloride channel protein CLC-a; Voltage-gated chloride channel that could play a role in the regulation of nitrate content. (775 aa)
NPF6.3Protein NRT1/ PTR FAMILY 6.3; Dual affinity nitrate transporter. Involved in proton- dependent nitrate uptake and in the regulation of the nitrate transporter NRT2.1. Acts also as a nitrate sensor that trigger a specific signaling pathway stimulating lateral root growth and seed germination. The uptake activity is not required for sensor function. Displays an auxin transport facilitation inhibited by high nitrate concentration. Required to prevent auxin accumulation in preemerged lateral root primordia and young lateral roots when external nitrate concentration is low or null. May be i [...] (590 aa)
LOX1Linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase 1; 9S-lipoxygenase that can use linoleic acid or linolenic acid as substrates. Plant lipoxygenases may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding. Catalyzes the hydroperoxidation of lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene structure. Function as regulators of root development by controlling the emergence of lateral roots. (859 aa)
HT1Serine/threonine/tyrosine-protein kinase HT1; Serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase involved in the control of stomatal movement in response to CO(2). Functions as a major negative regulator of CO(2)-induced stomatal closing. Does not seem to be involved in stomatal closure in response to abscisic acid (ABA) or light. Involved in the control of red light-induced stomatal opening. Is epistatic to SRK2E/OST1 function during stomatal responses to red light and altered CO(2). Phosphorylates SRK2E/OST1 and GHR1 to prevents SRK2E/OST1- and GHR1-induced activation of SLAC1, thus preventing stomata [...] (390 aa)
CPK4Calcium-dependent protein kinase 4; May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Functions as regulator of the calcium- mediated abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway. Phosphorylates ABA- responsive transcription factors ABF1 and ABF4 in vitro. Phosphorylates the nuclear zinc finger Di19 in vitro. (501 aa)
CPK6Calcium-dependent protein kinase 6; May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Functions in abscisic acid (ABA) regulation of guard cell S-type anion- and Ca(2+)-permeable channels and stomatal closure. Phosphorylates FD ; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDPK subfamily. (544 aa)
AKT2Potassium channel AKT2/3; Highly selective and weak inward-rectifying potassium channel. Plays a role in both loading and unloading potassium into/from the phloem sap. Seems to control sugar loading into phloem via a voltage-dependent process. Blocked by physiological concentrations of external calcium and by external acidification. May interact with the cytoskeleton or with regulatory proteins. Dephosphorylation by PP2CA not only leads to the inhibition of potassium currents but also to an increase of the voltage-dependence of the channel. Regulated by the CBL4/CIPK6 calcium sensor/pr [...] (802 aa)
AKT1Potassium channel AKT1; Highly selective inward-rectifying potassium channel that mediate potassium uptake by plant roots in response to low K(+) conditions, by a calcium-, CBL-, and CIPK-dependent pathway. Positively regulated by phosphorylation by CIPK23. Negatively regulated by a kinase-independent regulatory mechanism involving a competing direct binding of CBL10. Involved in the stomatal regulation by monitoring the turgor pressure in guard cells. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the channel is activated by hyperpol [...] (857 aa)
MPK3Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; Involved in oxidative stress-mediated signaling cascade (such as ozone). Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. May be involved in hypersensitive response (HR)-mediated signaling cascade by modulating LIP5 phosphorylation and subsequent multivesicular bodies (MVBs) trafficking. May phosphorylate regulators of WRKY transcription factors. Mediates the phosphorylation of VIP1 and subsequent stress genes transcription in response to Agrobacterium. MKK9-M [...] (370 aa)
MPK4Mitogen-activated protein kinase 4; The ANPs-MKK6-MPK4 module is involved in the regulation of plant cytokinesis during meiosis and mitosis. Essential to promote the progression of cytokinesis and for cellularization (formation of the cell plate) during male-specific meiosis. Involved in cortical microtubules organization and stabilization by regulating the phosphorylation state of microtubule-associated proteins such as MAP65- 1. Involved in root hair development process. Negative regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and salicylic acid- (SA) mediated defense response. Requi [...] (376 aa)
MPK6Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6; Involved in oxidative stress-mediated signaling cascade (such as ozone). Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. May be involved in hypersensitive response (HR)-mediated signaling cascade by modulating LIP5 phosphorylation and subsequent multivesicular bodies (MVBs) trafficking. May phosphorylate regulators of WRKY transcription factors. Phosphorylates 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid synthases (ACS2 and ACS6) and may be involved in the regulati [...] (395 aa)
CPK3Calcium-dependent protein kinase 3; May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Functions in abscisic acid (ABA) regulation of guard cell S-type anion- and Ca(2+)-permeable channels and stomatal closure. (529 aa)
NHX2Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 2; Acts in low affinity electroneutral exchange of protons for cations such as Na(+) or K(+) across membranes. May also exchange Li(+) and Cs(+) with a lower affinity. Involved in vacuolar ion compartmentalization necessary for cell volume regulation and cytoplasmic Na(+) detoxification. (546 aa)
SLAH1S-type anion channel SLAH1; Slow, weak voltage-dependent S-type anion efflux channel involved in maintenance of anion homeostasis. Belongs to the SLAC1 S-type anion channel family. (385 aa)
NHX1Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1; Acts in low affinity electroneutral exchange of protons for cations such as Na(+) or K(+) across membranes. Can also exchange Li(+) and Cs(+) with a lower affinity. Involved in vacuolar ion compartmentalization necessary for cell volume regulation and cytoplasmic Na(+) detoxification. Required during leaves expansion, probably to stimulate epidermal cell expansion. Confers competence to grow in high salinity conditions. (538 aa)
CBL5Calcineurin B-like protein 5; Acts as a calcium sensor. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. May function as a positive regulator of salt or drought responses; Belongs to the calcineurin regulatory subunit family. (203 aa)
CIPK26CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 26; CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Involved in the calcium-dependent regulation of reactive oxygen species production by the NADPH oxidase RBOHF. (439 aa)
MPK12Mitogen-activated protein kinase 12; Negative regulator of the auxin transduction signaling pathway. Involved in stomatal movement regulation by phosphorylating and repressing HT1 and HT1-mediated GHR1 phosphorylation. Required for CO(2)- mediated stomatal movements (e.g. closure). Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily. (372 aa)
CBL2Calcineurin B-like protein 2; Acts as a calcium sensor. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Binds four calcium ions per subunit. Mediates the activation of AKT1 by CIPK proteins (CIPK6, CIPK16, and CIPK23) in response to low potassium conditions and in the context of stomatal movement. Mediates the inactivation of the proton pump AHA2 by CIPK11. Probably involved in regulating signaling responses to abscisic acid. (226 aa)
CBL3Calcineurin B-like protein 3; Acts as a calcium sensor. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binds calcium ions. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Mediates the activation of AKT1 by CIPK proteins (CIPK6, CIPK16, and CIPK23) in response to low potassium conditions and in the context of stomatal movement. Negatively regulates the enzyme activity of MTN1 in the presence of calcium. (226 aa)
CIPK23CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 23; CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein leads to activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Downstream of CBL1, CBL2, CBL3 and CBL9, regulates by phosphorylation the K(+) conductance and uptake of AKT1 in low K(+) condition, in response to calcium signaling and during the stomatal opening regulation by monitoring the turgor pressure in guard cells. In response to low nitrate concentration, phosphorylates NRT1.1, switching it fr [...] (482 aa)
SRK2ESerine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2E; Activator of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomata closure in response to drought, darkness, high CO(2), plant pathogens, or decreases in atmospheric relative humidity (RH). Involved in the resistance to drought by avoiding water loss. Required for the stomata closure mediated by pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) (e.g. flg22 and LPS) of pathogenic bacteria such as P.syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and E.coli O157:H7. As a plant defense process, stomata are closed transiently in order [...] (362 aa)
GORKPotassium channel GORK; Major selective outward-rectifying potassium channel of the guard cell membrane. Involved in regulation of stomatal movements according to the water status. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the channel is activated by depolarization. Conductance of the channel is modulated in a potassium-dependent fashion. May interact with the cytoskeleton or with regulatory proteins. (820 aa)
BAK1BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1; Dual specificity kinase acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates. Controls the expression of genes associated with innate immunity in the absence of pathogens or elicitors. Involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction. Phosphorylates BRI1. May be involved in changing the equilibrium between plasma membrane-located BRI1 homodimers and endocytosed BRI1- BAK1 heterodimers. Interaction with MSBP1 stimulates the endocytosis of BAK1 and suppresses brassinosteroid signaling. Acts in pathogen- associ [...] (615 aa)
CLC-CChloride channel protein CLC-c; Voltage-gated chloride channel; Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family. (779 aa)
SLAH2S-type anion channel SLAH2; Slow, weak voltage-dependent S-type anion efflux channel involved in maintenance of anion homeostasis. Belongs to the SLAC1 S-type anion channel family. (519 aa)
ALMT4Aluminum-activated malate transporter 4; Malate transporter; Belongs to the aromatic acid exporter (TC 2.A.85) family. (548 aa)
ABCB14ABC transporter B family member 14. (1247 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Arabidopsis thaliana
NCBI taxonomy Id: 3702
Other names: A. thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., mouse-ear cress, thale cress, thale-cress
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