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| | RGL1 | DELLA protein RGL1; Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Has overlapping but distinct roles in GA signaling compared to RGA and GAI. Regulates the floral development. May also participate in seed germination and in ovule and anther development. Its activity is probably regulated by other phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene. (511 aa) |
| | PYM | Protein POLYCHOME; Negative regulator of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase required for proper mitotic progression and cell fate determination; inhibits premature cell differentiation. Prevents DNA endoreplication by promoting the maintenance of the mitotic state by preferentially inhibiting APC/C(FZR) and triggering cyclins accumulation (e.g. CYCB1-1, CYCB1-2 and CYCA2-3) in a temporal manner. Required for megagametophyte and endosperm development. Counteracts the activity of CCS52A1 thus inhibiting the turnover of CYCA2-3. Confers immunity to bacterial [...] (259 aa) |
| | NAC029 | NAC transcription factor 29; Transcription activator that binds to, and transactivates the promoter of the abscisic aldehyde oxidase AAO3. Promotes chlorophyll degradation in leaves by enhancing transcription of AAO3, which leads to increased levels of the senescence-inducing hormone abscisic acid (ABA). Involved in the control of dehydration in senescing leaves. Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CACGTAAGT-3' of SAG113 promoter. SAG113 acts as negative regulator of ABA signaling for stomatal closure in leaves, and controls water loss during leaf senescence. Transcription factor of the NAC f [...] (268 aa) |
| | MYB32 | Transcription factor MYB32. (274 aa) |
| | AMC4 | Metacaspase-4 subunit p10; Cysteine protease that cleaves specifically after arginine or lysine residues. Does not cleave caspase-specific substrates. Plays a positive regulatory role in biotic and abiotic stress-induced programmed cell death. (418 aa) |
| | STI | Protein STICHEL; Acts as a key regulator of trichome branching through an endoreduplication-independent pathway. (1218 aa) |
| | GL1 | Trichome differentiation protein GL1; Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH2/EGL3/MYC146 or BHLH12/MYC1. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification in leaves. Together with TTG1 and GL3, promotes trichome formation and endoreplication. Regulates the production of a signal that induces hair (trichome) precursor cells on leaf primordia to differentiate. Binds to the WER-binding sites (WBS) promoter regions and activates the transcription of target genes (By similarity). (228 aa) |
| | DRP1A | Dynamin-related protein 1A; Microtubule-associated force-producing protein that is targeted to the forming cell plate during cytokinesis. Plays also a major role in plasma membrane maintenance and cell wall integrity with implications in vesicular trafficking, polar cell expansion, vascular formation, and other aspects of plant growth and development. Has a GTPase activity. (610 aa) |
| | GL2 | Homeobox-leucine zipper protein GLABRA 2; Probable transcription factor required for correct morphological development and maturation of trichomes as well as for normal development of seed coat mucilage. Regulates the frequency of trichome initiation and determines trichome spacing. (747 aa) |
| | ZFP8 | Zinc finger protein 8; Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin and cytokinin. Is not involved in the regulation of trichome branching. Is functionally equivalent to GIS2. Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during germination and early seedling development. (257 aa) |
| | FPP4 | Filament-like plant protein 4. (982 aa) |
| | MYB5 | Transcription repressor MYB5; Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH002/EGL3/MYC146, BHLH012/MYC1 or BHLH042/TT8. (249 aa) |
| | MYB6 | Transcription repressor MYB6. (236 aa) |
| | LWD2 | WD repeat-containing protein LWD2; Clock protein essential for the proper expression phase and period length of both the oscillator and output genes known to participate in photoperiod sensing. Required for the expression of APRR9, APRR7, and APRR5. Regulated by APRR9 and APRR7 at the transcriptional level, indicating the existence of a positive feedback loop within the circadian clock. (346 aa) |
| | XI-1 | Myosin-5; Myosin heavy chain that is required for the cell cycle- regulated transport of various organelles and proteins for their segregation. Functions by binding with its tail domain to receptor proteins on organelles and exerting force with its N-terminal motor domain against actin filaments, thereby transporting its cargo along polarized actin cables. Contributes to the trafficking of Golgi stacks, mitochondria and peroxisomes. Required for development of pavement cells, trichomes, and stigmatic papillae. (1520 aa) |
| | ZFP5 | Zinc finger protein 5; Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin (GA). Acts upstream of GIS, GIS2, ZFP8 and the trichome initiation regulators GL1 and GL3. Binds the promoter region of ZFP8, which may be a direct target of ZPF5. Is not involved in the regulation of trichome branching. Modulates root hair initiation and elongation in response to cytokinin and ethylene signals by directly promoting expression of the CAPRICE (CPC) gene. (211 aa) |
| | ZFP6 | Zinc finger protein 6; Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin and cytokinin. Acts upstream of GIS, GIS2, ZFP8, ZFP5 and the trichome initiation regulators GL1 and GL3. Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during germination and early seedling development. (197 aa) |
| | MYB7 | Transcription factor MYB7; Transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of flavonol biosynthesis. Represses the early phenylpropanoid genes, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4- coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), as well as the flavonoid-specific genes, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR). Plays a role in seed germination inhibition. Negatively regulates the expression of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling transcription factor ABI5 in seeds. (269 aa) |
| | PIR | Protein PIR; Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the ARP2/3 complex. Interacts with the active form of RHO-family GTPases. (1282 aa) |
| | NAP1 | Protein NAP1; Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex. (1425 aa) |
| | SCAR2 | Protein SCAR2; Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex. Regulates trichome branch positioning and expansion. Belongs to the SCAR/WAVE family. (1399 aa) |
| | SCAR1 | Protein SCAR1; Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex. Regulates trichome branch positioning and expansion. (821 aa) |
| | ABIL3 | Protein ABIL3; Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex (By similarity); Belongs to the ABI family. (321 aa) |
| | RVE3 | Protein REVEILLE 3; Probable transcription factor. (287 aa) |
| | UPL3 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UPL3; Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Involved in the repression of endoreduplication process and the cell morphogenesis in the trichomes. (1888 aa) |
| | AMC1 | Metacaspase-1; Cysteine protease that cleaves specifically after arginine or lysine residues. Does not cleave caspase-specific substrates. Acts as a positive regulator of cell death. Required for both oxidative stress cell death response and hypersensitive cell death response mediated by immune response. (367 aa) |
| | ETC2 | MYB-like transcription factor ETC2; MYB-type transcription factor involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Acts as a negative regulator of trichome development, by mediating lateral inhibition. Promotes the formation of hair developing cells in H position in root epidermis, probably by inhibiting non-hair cell formation. (112 aa) |
| | GIS | Zinc finger protein GIS; Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin (GA). Mediates the induction of GL1 expression by GA in inflorescence organs and is antagonized in its action by the DELLA repressor GAI. Acts upstream of the trichome initiation regulators GL1 and GL3, and downstream of the GA signaling repressor SPINDLY (SPY). Does not play a significant role in the cytokinin response. Controls trichome branching through GA signaling. Acts downstream of the key regulator STICHEL (STI) in an endoreduplication- indepe [...] (253 aa) |
| | WVD2 | Protein WAVE-DAMPENED 2; Microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that regulates the orientation of interphase cortical microtubules. Able to bundle microtubules in vitro. Modulates both rotational polarity and anisotropic cell expansion during organ growth. Promotes clockwise root and etiolated hypocotyls coiling, clockwise leaf curling, but left- handed petiole twisting. (202 aa) |
| | TRY | Transcription factor TRY; Transcription factor. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Negative regulator of trichome development, including endoreplication, by lateral inhibition involving intercellular interactions. Promotes the formation of hair developing cells (trichoblasts) in H position in root epidermis, probably by inhibiting non-hair cell (atrichoblasts) formation. (106 aa) |
| | RGL2 | DELLA protein RGL2; Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Upon GA application, it is degraded by the proteasome, allowing the GA signaling pathway. Acts as a major GA-response repressor of seed germination, including seed thermoinhibition. Promotes the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), especially in seed coats to maintain seed dormancy. Delays flowering and adu [...] (547 aa) |
| | CYCT1-4 | Cyclin-T1-4; Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin T subfamily. (541 aa) |
| | FZR2 | Protein FIZZY-RELATED 2; Activator protein that regulates the ubiquitin ligase activity and substrate specificity of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Necessary and sufficient for endoreduplication and correct cell expansion. Controls meristem size by stimulating endoreduplication in the elongation zone. (483 aa) |
| | B'GAMMA | Serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A 59 kDa regulatory subunit B' gamma isoform; The B regulatory subunit may modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and also may direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment (By similarity). Required for the formation of the PP2A holoenzyme that negatively regulates brassinosteroid signaling by dephosphorylating and inactivating BRI1 in the cytoplasm. Seems to be functionally connected with CPR5 and may mediate the negative regulation of defense reactions and senescence under low irradiances. [...] (522 aa) |
| | ATML1 | Homeobox-leucine zipper protein MERISTEM L1; Probable transcription factor involved in cell specification and pattern formation during embryogenesis. Binds to the L1 box DNA sequence 5'-TAAATG[CT]A-3'. Plays a role in maintaining the identity of L1 cells, possibly by interacting with their L1 box or other target- gene promoters. Functionally redundant to PDF2. (762 aa) |
| | ABIL1 | Protein ABIL1; Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex (By similarity); Belongs to the ABI family. (298 aa) |
| | BHLH12 | Transcription factor MYC1; Trancsription activator, when associated with MYB75/PAP1 or MYB90/PAP2. (526 aa) |
| | PDF2 | Homeobox-leucine zipper protein PROTODERMAL FACTOR 2; Probable transcription factor that binds to the L1 box DNA sequence 5'-TAAATG[CT]A-3'. Plays a role in maintaining the identity of L1 cells, possibly by interacting with their L1 box or other target- gene promoters. Functionally redundant to ATML1. (743 aa) |
| | KIN13A | Kinesin-like protein KIN-13A; Internal motor kinesin involved in trichome morphogenesis. Participates in regulating the formation of Golgi- associated vesicles. Plays a central role in microtubule disassembly via the active ARAC10-ICR5 cascade, which establishes the secondary cell wall pattern in metaxylem vessel cells. Acts redundantly with KIN13B to modulate cell wall synthesis and cell expansion via the THE1 pathway. (794 aa) |
| | GID1C | Gibberellin receptor GID1C; Functions as soluble gibberellin (GA) receptor. GA is an essential hormone that regulates growth and development in plants. Binds with high affinity the biologically active gibberellin GA4, but has no affinity for the biologically inactive GAs. In response to GA, interacts with specific DELLA proteins, known as repressors of GA- induced growth, and targets them for degradation via proteasome. Seems to be required for GA signaling that controls root growth, seed germination and stem elongation. Partially redundant with GID1A and GID1B; Belongs to the 'GDXG' l [...] (344 aa) |
| | RBX1A | RING-box protein 1a; Component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. The SCF complex plays a crucial role in regulating response to auxin and is essential for growth and development. Through the RING-type zinc finger, seems to recruit the E2 ubiquitination enzyme, to the complex and brings it into close proximity to the substrate. Promotes the neddylation of CUL1. Belongs to the RING-box family. (118 aa) |
| | CUL1 | Cullin-1; Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Regulator of mitotic processes which plays a role during gametogenesis and embryogenesis. Together with SKP1, RBX1 and a F-box protein, it forms a SCF complex. The functional specificity of this complex depends of the type of F-box protein. SCF(UFO) is implicated in floral organ development. SCF(TIR1) is involved in auxin signaling pathway. SCF(COI1) regulates responses to jasmonates. SCF(EID1) and SCF(AFR) are implicated in phytochrome A light signaling. SCF(ADO1/ZTL), SCF(ADO2/LKP2), SCF(A [...] (738 aa) |
| | HDG2 | Homeobox-leucine zipper protein HDG2; Probable transcription factor. (721 aa) |
| | MYB23 | Transcription factor MYB23; Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH2/EGL3/MYC146 or BHLH12/MYC1. Regulates the epidermal cell fate specification. Mediates the formation of columellae and accumulation of mucilages on seed coats. Controls the elongation of epidermal cells positively in roots but negatively in stems, leading to the promotion of primary roots elongation and repression of leaves and stems elongation, respectively. Ovoids ectopic root-hair formation, probably by inducing GL2 in roots. Controls trichome initiation and branching. (219 aa) |
| | BHLH83 | Transcription factor bHLH83. (298 aa) |
| | GTL1 | Trihelix transcription factor GTL1; Transcription repressor that binds specific DNA sequence such as GT3 box 5'-GGTAAA-3' in the SDD1 promoter. Negative regulator of water use efficiency (WUE) via the promotion of stomatal density and distribution by the transcription repression of SDD1. Regulates the expression of several cell cycle genes and endoreduplication, especially in trichomes where it prevents ploidy-dependent plant cell growth. (587 aa) |
| | BHLH2 | Transcription factor EGL1; Transcription activator, when associated with MYB75/PAP1, MYB90/PAP2 or TT2. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Regulates negatively stomata formation but promotes trichome formation. Together with MYB66/WER, promotes the formation of non-hair cells in root epidermis cells in the N position. Whereas together with CPC, promotes the formation of hair cells in root epidermis cells in the H position by inhibiting non-hair cell formation. Seems also to play a role in the activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, probably together with MYB75/PAP1. Involve [...] (596 aa) |
| | MYB75 | Transcription factor MYB75; Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH12/MYC1, EGL3, or GL3. Promotes the synthesis of. phenylpropanoid-derived compounds such as anthocyanins and proanthocyanidin, probably together with GL3 and BHLH2. Regulates the expression of CHS, DFRA, LDOX, and BAN. (248 aa) |
| | GIS2 | Zinc finger protein GIS2; Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin and cytokinin. Is not involved in the regulation of trichome branching. Is functionally equivalent to ZFP8. (191 aa) |
| | ABIL4 | Protein ABIL4; Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex (By similarity). (279 aa) |
| | CYCT1-5 | Cyclin-T1-5. (579 aa) |
| | AMC3 | Metacaspase-3. (362 aa) |
| | GL3 | Transcription factor GLABRA 3; Transcription activator, when associated with MYB75/PAP1, MYB90/PAP2 or TT2. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Regulates negatively stomata formation, but, in association with TTG1 and MYB0/GL1, promotes trichome formation, branching and endoreplication. Regulates also trichome cell wall maturation. Together with MYB66/WER, promotes the formation of non-hair cells in root epidermis cells in the N position. Whereas together with CPC, promotes the formation of hair cells in root epidermis cells in the H position by inhibiting non-hair cell form [...] (637 aa) |
| | MYB114 | Transcription factor MYB114; Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH002/EGL3/MYC146, BHLH012/MYC1, or BHLH042/TT8. (139 aa) |
| | MYB113 | Transcription factor MYB113; Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH002/EGL3/MYC146, BHLH012/MYC1, or BHLH042/TT8. (246 aa) |
| | E2FA | Transcription factor E2FA; Transcription activator that binds DNA cooperatively with DP proteins through the E2 recognition site, 5'-TTTC[CG]CGC-3' found in the promoter region of a number of genes whose products are involved in cell cycle regulation or in DNA replication. The binding of retinoblastoma-related proteins represses transactivation. Regulates gene expression both positively and negatively. Activates the expression of E2FB. Involved in the control of cell-cycle progression from G1 to S phase. Stimulates cell proliferation and delays differentiation. Belongs to the E2F/DP family. (485 aa) |
| | TT8 | Transcription factor TT8; Transcription activator, when associated with MYB75/PAP1 or MYB90/PAP2. Involved in the control of flavonoid pigmentation. Plays a key role in regulating leucoanthocyanidin reductase (BANYULS) and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR). Not required for leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) expression. (518 aa) |
| | E2FC | Transcription factor E2FC; Involved in transcriptional repression. May act by repressing E2F-regulated genes in mature differentiated cells, but is not an antagonist of E2FA. Restricts cell division and is involved in the coordination between cell proliferation and endoreduplication during development. May play a role during the transition from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis. Regulated by phosphorylation- dependent proteolysis via the protein-ubiquitin ligase SCF(SKP2A) complex. Belongs to the E2F/DP family. (396 aa) |
| | E2FB | Transcription factor E2FB; Transcription activator that binds DNA cooperatively with DP proteins through the E2 recognition site, 5'-TTTC[CG]CGC-3' found in the promoter region of a number of genes whose products are involved in cell cycle regulation or in DNA replication. The binding of retinoblastoma-related proteins represses transactivation. Involved in the control of cell-cycle progression from G1 to S phase and from G2 to M phase. Stimulates cell proliferation and delays differentiation. Represses cell enlargement and endoreduplication in auxin-free conditions. (469 aa) |
| | RGL3 | DELLA protein RGL3; Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Its activity may be regulated by phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene (By similarity); Belongs to the GRAS family. DELLA subfamily. (523 aa) |
| | ELC | Protein ELC; Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I), a regulator of vesicular trafficking process. Required for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). May control nuclear division through the microtubule cytoskeleton; Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UEV subfamily. (398 aa) |
| | XI-2 | Myosin-6; Myosin heavy chain that is required for the cell cycle- regulated transport of various organelles and proteins for their segregation. Functions by binding with its tail domain to receptor proteins on organelles and exerting force with its N-terminal motor domain against actin filaments, thereby transporting its cargo along polarized actin cables. Involved in the tip growth of root hair cells. Plays a major role in trafficking of Golgi stacks, mitochondria and peroxisomes during root hair development. Targets the peroxisome through an interaction with RABC2A. Required for deve [...] (1505 aa) |
| | RBR1 | Retinoblastoma-related protein 1; Key regulator of entry into cell division. Acts as a transcription repressor of E2F target genes, whose activity is required for progress from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. Hyperphosphorylation by CDKA-1 prevents the binding to E2F transcription factors, allowing G1 to S phase transition to operate. Forms a stable complex with E2FA that functions in maintaining cell proliferation through repression of cell differentiation. Plays a central role in the mechanism controlling meristem cell differentiation, cell fate establishment and cell fate m [...] (1013 aa) |
| | ETC1 | MYB-like transcription factor ETC1; MYB-type transcription factor involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Acts as a negative regulator of trichome development, by mediating lateral inhibition. Promotes the formation of hair developing cells in H position in root epidermis, probably by inhibiting non-hair cell formation. (83 aa) |
| | SCAR3 | Protein SCAR3; Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex. Regulates trichome branch positioning and expansion. (1020 aa) |
| | LWD1 | WD repeat-containing protein LWD1; Clock protein essential for the proper expression phase and period length of both the oscillator and output genes known to participate in photoperiod sensing. Required for the expression of APRR9, APRR7, and APRR5. Regulated by APRR9 and APRR7 at the transcriptional level, indicating the existence of a positive feedback loop within the circadian clock. May function to delay the expression of the morning genes until dawn approaches. (346 aa) |
| | GAI | DELLA protein GAI; Transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. Transcription coactivator of the zinc finger transcription factors GAF1/IDD2 and ENY/IDD1 in regulation of gibberellin homeostasis and signaling. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Positively regulates XERICO expression. In contrast to RGA, it is less sensitive to GA. Its activity is probably regulated by other phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene [...] (533 aa) |
| | MYB82 | Transcription factor MYB82; Transcription activation factor positively regulating trichomes development. Has a function nearly equivalent to that of GL1 and can complement gl1 mutants. (201 aa) |
| | PPA6 | Soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase 6, chloroplastic; Belongs to the PPase family. (300 aa) |
| | GID1B | Gibberellin receptor GID1B; Functions as soluble gibberellin (GA) receptor. GA is an essential hormone that regulates growth and development in plants. Binds with high affinity the biologically active gibberellin GA4, but has no affinity for the biologically inactive GAs. In response to GA, interacts with specific DELLA proteins, known as repressors of GA- induced growth, and targets them for degradation via proteasome. Seems to be required for GA signaling that controls root growth, seed germination and flower development. May function as a dominant GA receptor at low GA concentration [...] (358 aa) |
| | ML4 | Protein MEI2-like 4; Probable RNA-binding protein that plays a role in meiosis and vegetative growth. (907 aa) |
| | ARPC5A | Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5A; Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks (By similarity). Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development. (132 aa) |
| | ETC3 | MYB-like transcription factor ETC3; MYB-type transcription factor involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Acts as a negative regulator of trichome development, including endoreplication, by mediating lateral inhibition. Promotes the formation of hair developing cells in H position in root epidermis, probably by inhibiting non-hair cell formation. May have pleiotropic effects on flowering development and epidermal cell size through the regulation of endoreduplication. (75 aa) |
| | RANGAP2 | RAN GTPase-activating protein 2; GTPase activator for the nuclear Ras-related regulatory protein Ran, converting it to the putatively inactive GDP-bound state. Belongs to the RNA1 family. (545 aa) |
| | GID1A | Gibberellin receptor GID1A; Functions as soluble gibberellin (GA) receptor. GA is an essential hormone that regulates growth and development in plants. Binds with high affinity the biologically active gibberellin GA4, but has no affinity for the biologically inactive GAs. In response to GA, interacts with specific DELLA proteins, known as repressors of GA- induced growth, and targets them for degradation via proteasome. Seems to be required for GA signaling that controls root growth, seed germination, stem elongation and flower development. Partially redundant with GID1B and GID1C; Bel [...] (345 aa) |
| | MYB3 | Transcription factor MYB3. (257 aa) |
| | ARP3 | Actin-related protein 3; Functions as ATP-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the pointed end of the daughter actin filament (By similarity). Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development. Involved in the control of cell morphogenesis in leaf epidermal pavement cells, root hairs, hypocotyls epidermal cells and trichomes, [...] (427 aa) |
| | CRK5-2 | CDPK-related kinase 5; May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDPK subfamily. (601 aa) |
| | WER | Transcription factor WER; Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH2/EGL3/MYC146 or BHLH12/MYC1. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification in roots and hypocotyl. Together with GL3 or BHLH2, promotes the formation of non-hair developing cells (atrichoblasts) et the N position in root epidermis. Regulates stomata spatial distribution in hypocotyls. Binds to the WER-binding sites (WBS) promoter regions and activates the transcription of target genes such as GL2 and of CPC. (203 aa) |
| | AAA1 | Katanin p60 ATPase-containing subunit A1; Severs microtubules in vitro in an ATP-dependent manner. This activity may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays. May be required for reorientation of cortical microtubule arrays during cellular elongation. Failure to correctly orient these arrays drastically compromises fiber length, cell wall thickness and mechanical strength. May also be required for the spatial organization of developmental cues within the root. Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily. (523 aa) |
| | ARPC1B | Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B; Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development; Belongs to the WD repeat ARPC1 family. (378 aa) |
| | RGA | DELLA protein RGA; Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Positively regulates XERICO expression in seeds. Upon GA application, it is degraded by the proteasome, allowing the GA signaling pathway. Compared to other DELLA proteins, it is the most sensitive to GA application. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Its activity is probably regulated by other phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene, attenu [...] (587 aa) |
| | GID2 | F-box protein GID2; Essential component of the SCF-type E3 ligase complex, SCF(GID2), a complex that positively regulates the gibberellin signaling pathway. Upon gibberellin treatment, the SCF(GID2) complex mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of DELLA proteins (GAI, RGA and RGL2), some repressors of the gibberellin pathway, leading to activate the pathway. (151 aa) |
| | RAP74 | Transcription initiation factor IIF subunit alpha; TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. It promotes transcription elongation (By similarity); Belongs to the TFIIF alpha subunit family. (649 aa) |
| | CML42 | Calcium-binding protein CML42; Probable calcium sensor that binds calcium in vitro. Involved in the regulation of trichome branching. (191 aa) |
| | FAS1 | Chromatin assembly factor 1 subunit FAS1; Component of the chromatin assembly factor complex (CAF-1) involved in chromatin assembly following DNA replication and DNA repair. Assembles histone octamers onto replicating DNA in vitro. Required for several aspects of development, including seedling growth and leaf hair differentiation. Plays a critical role in the organization of shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) during postembryonic development by facilitating stable maintenance of gene expression states. Seems not required to maintain transcriptional repression o [...] (815 aa) |
| | MYB4 | Transcription repressor MYB4; Transcription repressor involved in regulation of protection against UV. Mediates transcriptional repression of CYP73A5, the gene encoding trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase, thereby regulating the accumulation of the UV-protectant compound sinapoylmalate. (282 aa) |
| | TTG1 | Protein TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1; May regulate MYC transcription factors. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification such as trichome and root hair development, seed mucilage production, and anthocyanin biosynthesis by acting at the dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) step. Together with GL1 and GL3, promotes trichome formation. Activates the transcription of GL2. (341 aa) |
| | NTL8 | NAC domain-containing protein 40; Transcriptional activator activated by proteolytic cleavage through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP), probably via metalloprotease activity. Regulates gibberellic acid-mediated salt- responsive repression of seed germination and flowering via FT, thus delaying seed germination under high salinity conditions. (335 aa) |
| | KIC | Calcium-binding protein KIC; Calcium-binding regulatory protein that interacts with kinesin motor protein KCBP in a calcium-dependent manner. Inhibits KCBP microtubule binding activity and microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity. Involved in the regulation of trichome branching through its interaction with KCBP. (135 aa) |
| | MYB90 | Transcription factor MYB90; Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH12/MYC1, EGL3, or GL3. Promotes the synthesis of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds such as anthocyanins. (249 aa) |
| | MYB116 | Myb domain protein 116. (308 aa) |
| | TCL2 | MYB-like transcription factor TCL2; MYB-type transcription factor involved in trichome cell specification. Acts as a negative regulator of trichome patterning and formation. May function by suppressing the expression of GL3. (100 aa) |
| | ARPC5B | Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5B; Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development. (135 aa) |
| | RVE5 | Protein REVEILLE 5; Probable transcription factor. (303 aa) |
| | TCL1 | MYB-like transcription factor TCL1; MYB-type transcription factor involved in trichome cell specification. Acts as a negative regulator of trichome patterning and formation by direct binding to the cis-acting regulatory elements of GL1, thus suppressing the expression of GL1. (84 aa) |
| | SPI | Protein SPIRRIG; Involved in cell morphogenesis. May have a function in membrane fusion or membrane composition. Required for salt stress tolerance. Regulates the salt stress-dependent post-transcriptional stabilization, cytoplasmic agglomeration, and localization to P-bodies of a subset of salt stress- regulated mRNAs. (3601 aa) |
| | BLT | Protein BRANCHLESS TRICHOME; Acts as a key regulator of trichome branching. Could participate with STI in the same pathway. Also plays a role in integrating endoreplication levels with cell shape. (273 aa) |
| | XI-K | Myosin-17; Myosin heavy chain that is required for the cell cycle- regulated transport of various organelles and proteins for their segregation. Functions by binding with its tail domain to receptor proteins on organelles and exerting force with its N-terminal motor domain against actin filaments, thereby transporting its cargo along polarized actin cables. Involved in the tip growth of root hair cells and in the elongation of trichome stalk and branches. Plays a major role in trafficking of Golgi stacks, mitochondria and peroxisomes during root hair development. Acts as the primary co [...] (1531 aa) |
| | COI1 | Coronatine-insensitive protein 1; Required for jasmonate-regulated plant fertility and defense processes, and for coronatine and/or other elicitors perceptions/responses. Seems to not be required for meiosis. Required for the regulation of some genes induced by wounding, but not for all. Component of SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (probably including the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain 1B RBCS-1B and the histone deacetylase HDA6). These SCF complexes play crucial roles [...] (592 aa) |
| | CPC | Transcription factor CPC; Transcription factor. Determines the fate of epidermal cell differentiation. Represses trichome development by lateral inhibition. Together with GL3 or BHLH2, promotes the formation of hair developing cells (H position) in root epidermis, probably by inhibiting non-hair cell formation. Represses the expression of GL2 and WER in H cells. Positively regulates stomatal formation in the hypocotyl. (94 aa) |
| | AN | C-terminal binding protein AN; Involved in controlling the equilibrium between tubular and stacked structures in the Golgi complex (By similarity). Required for cortical microtubules (MTs) arrangement that confers cell shape. Regulates the width of leaves by controlling the polar elongation of leaf cells. Involved in the regulation of trichome branching. Seems to not be able to regulate gene transcription. Regulates epidermal cell divisions and elongation in a non-cell-autonomous manner (regulated by subepidermal cells), but regulates epidermal cell polarity, shape, trichome branching [...] (636 aa) |
