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| | SRK2H | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2H; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (360 aa) |
| | SAUR13 | SAUR-like auxin-responsive protein family. (89 aa) |
| | T5I8.13 | Twinkle homolog protein, chloroplastic/mitochondrial; Has both DNA primase and DNA helicase activities and may be involved in organelle DNA replication. Capable of producing RNA primers of 9 to 18 bases from a single-stranded DNA template. (709 aa) |
| | SAUR63 | Auxin-responsive protein SAUR63; May promote auxin-stimulated organ elongation, such as hypocotyls, stamen filaments and petals; Belongs to the ARG7 family. (141 aa) |
| | KIN14D | Kinesin-like protein KIN-14D; Kinesin that supports microtubule movement in an ATP- dependent manner and that functions as a minus-end directed motor as well as a plus-end tracking protein. During mitosis, is involved in early spindle assembly. Participates in the capture of antiparallel interpolar microtubules and helps in generating force to coalign microtubules; Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-14 subfamily. (790 aa) |
| | RUK | Serine/threonine-protein kinase RUNKEL; Essential protein that regulates phragmoplast microtubule organization during cell plate expansion in cytokinesis during cell division, both somatic and syncytial. Required for endosperm cellularisation. In pollen development, involved in cellularisation during microsporogenesis by regulating radial microtubules (MT) organization in microspore mother cells. Seems to not have kinase activity. (1366 aa) |
| | AS2 | Protein ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2; Negative regulator of cell proliferation in the adaxial side of leaves. Regulates the formation of a symmetric lamina and the establishment of venation. Positively regulates LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (LOB) within the shoot apex, and the class III HD-ZIP genes REV, PHB, and PHV. Interacts directly with ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1 (AS1) to repress the knox homeobox genes KNAT1, KNAT2, and KNAT6 and the abaxial determinants ARF3, KAN2 and YAB5. May act in parallel with the RDR6- SGS3-AGO7 pathway, an endogenous RNA silencing pathway, to regulate the leaf morphogenesis. [...] (199 aa) |
| | IAA19 | Auxin-responsive protein IAA19; Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived transcriptional factors that function as repressors of early auxin response genes at low auxin concentrations. Repression is thought to result from the interaction with auxin response factors (ARFs), proteins that bind to the auxin- responsive promoter element (AuxRE). Formation of heterodimers with ARF proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression. (197 aa) |
| | SKP2B | F-box protein SKP2B; Component of SCF(SKP2B) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor KRP1. Does not interact with auxin. (360 aa) |
| | FEN1 | Flap endonuclease 1; Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease and 5'- 3' exonuclease activities involved in DNA replication and repair. During DNA replication, cleaves the 5'-overhanging flap structure that is generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. It enters the flap from the 5'-end and then tracks to cleave the flap base, leaving a nick for ligation. Also involved in the long patch base excision repair (LP-BER) pathway, by cleaving within the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site- terminated flap. Acts as [...] (383 aa) |
| | SKIP | SNW/SKI-interacting protein; Splicing factor involved in post-transcriptional regulation of circadian clock and flowering time genes. Associates with the pre- mRNA of PRR7, PRR9, ELF3 and GI, and is necessary for the regulation of their alternative splicing and mRNA maturation. Probably involved in splice site recognition; Belongs to the SNW family. (613 aa) |
| | AS1 | Transcription factor AS1; Transcription factor required for normal cell differentiation. Positively regulates LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (LOB) within the shoot apex, and the class III HD-ZIP genes REV, PHB, and PHV. Interacts directly with ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2 (LBD6/AS2) to repress the knox homeobox genes BP/KNAT1, KNAT2, and KNAT6 and the abaxial determinants ARF3/ETT, KAN2 and YAB5. May act in parallel with the RDR6-SGS3-AGO7 pathway, an endogenous RNA silencing pathway, to regulate the leaf morphogenesis. Binds directly to KNAT1, KNAT2, and KNATM chromatin, regulating leaf development. [...] (367 aa) |
| | ARR4 | Two-component response regulator ARR4; Functions as response regulator involved in His-to-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Phosphorylation of the Asp residue in the receiver domain activates the ability of the protein to promote the transcription of target genes. Type-A response regulators seem to act as negative regulators of the cytokinin signaling. Modulates red light signaling through its interaction with the phytochrome B photoreceptor. (259 aa) |
| | F1I21.19 | Putative cullin-like protein 1; Belongs to the cullin family. (721 aa) |
| | PHYA | Phytochrome A; Regulatory photoreceptor which exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by light: the Pr form that absorbs maximally in the red region of the spectrum and the Pfr form that absorbs maximally in the far-red region. Photoconversion of Pr to Pfr induces an array of morphogenetic responses, whereas reconversion of Pfr to Pr cancels the induction of those responses. Pfr controls the expression of a number of nuclear genes including those encoding the small subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase, chlorophyll A/B binding protein, protochlorophyllide reduct [...] (1122 aa) |
| | PHYB | Phytochrome B; Regulatory photoreceptor which exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by light: the Pr form that absorbs maximally in the red region of the spectrum and the Pfr form that absorbs maximally in the far-red region. Photoconversion of Pr to Pfr induces an array of morphogenetic responses, whereas reconversion of Pfr to Pr cancels the induction of those responses. Pfr controls the expression of a number of nuclear genes including those encoding the small subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase, chlorophyll A/B binding protein, protochlorophyllide reduct [...] (1172 aa) |
| | CYCB1-1 | Cyclin-B1-1. (428 aa) |
| | COP1 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase COP1; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a repressor of photomorphogenesis and as an activator of etiolation in darkness. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Represses photomorphogenesis in darkness by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of light-induced transcription factors such as HY5, HYH and LAF1. Down-regulates MYB21, probably via ubiquitination process. Light stimuli abrogate the repre [...] (675 aa) |
| | HAT2 | Homeobox-leucine zipper protein HAT2; Probable transcription factor that plays a role in auxin- mediated morphogenesis. Negatively regulates lateral root elongation. (283 aa) |
| | ATHB-6 | Homeobox-leucine zipper protein ATHB-6; Transcription activator that may act as growth regulators in response to water deficit. Interacts with the core sequence 5'- CAATTATTA-3' of promoters in response to ABA and in an ABI1-dependent manner. Involved in the negative regulation of the ABA signaling pathway; Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class I subfamily. (311 aa) |
| | ABI1 | Protein phosphatase 2C 56; Key component and repressor of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomatal closure, osmotic water permeability of the plasma membrane (Pos), drought-induced resistance and rhizogenesis, response to glucose, high light stress, seed germination and inhibition of vegetative growth. During the stomatal closure regulation, modulates the inward calcium-channel permeability as well as the actin reorganization in guard cells in response to ABA. Involved in the resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syrin [...] (434 aa) |
| | ERS2 | Ethylene response sensor 2; Ethylene receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Acts as a redundant negative regulator of ethylene signaling. (645 aa) |
| | CLF | Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase CLF; Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Catalytic subunit of some PcG multiprotein complex, which methylates 'Lys-27' of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target genes. Required to regulate floral development by repressing the AGAMOUS homeotic gene in leaves, inflorescence stems and flowers. Together with ATX1, modulates AG nucleosome methylation statement. Regulates the antero-posterior organization of the endosperm, as well as the division and elongation rates of leaf cells. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complex [...] (902 aa) |
| | HAT5 | Homeobox-leucine zipper protein HAT5; Probable transcription activator involved in leaf development. Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CAAT[AT]ATTG-3'. Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class I subfamily. (272 aa) |
| | HAT4 | Homeobox-leucine zipper protein HAT4; Probable transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of cell elongation and specific cell proliferation processes such as lateral root formation and secondary growth of the vascular system. Acts as mediator of the red/far-red light effects on leaf cell expansion in the shading response. Binds to the DNA sequence 5'- CAAT[GC]ATTG-3'. Negatively regulates its own expression. Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class II subfamily. (284 aa) |
| | PYL7 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL7; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA. (211 aa) |
| | KIN12D | Kinesin-like protein KIN-12D; Involved in the spatial control of cytokinesis by a proper phragmoplast guidance; Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-12 subfamily. (2771 aa) |
| | KIN12C | Kinesin-like protein KIN-12C; Involved in the spatial control of cytokinesis by a proper phragmoplast guidance. Localizes TAN to the cortical division sites (CDS) during cytokinesis via direct binding. Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-12 subfamily. (2066 aa) |
| | SRK2D | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2D; Together with SRK2I, key component and activator of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as seed germination, Pro accumulation, root growth inhibition, dormancy and seedling growth, and, to a lesser extent, stomatal closure; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (362 aa) |
| | SRK2I | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2I; Together with SRK2D, key component and activator of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as seed germination, Pro accumulation, root growth inhibition, dormancy and seedling growth, and, to a lesser extent, stomatal closure. (361 aa) |
| | SKP1A | SKP1-like protein 1A; Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Together with CUL1, RBX1 and a F-box protein, it forms a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. The functional specificity of this complex depends on the type of F-box protein. In the SCF complex, it serves as an adapter that links the F-box protein to CUL1. SCF(UFO) is required for vegetative and floral organ development as well as for male gametogenesis. SCF(TIR1) is involved in auxin signaling pathway. SCF(COI1) regulates responses to jasmonates. SCF(EID1) and SCF(AFR) are implicate [...] (160 aa) |
| | DCL2 | Endoribonuclease Dicer homolog 2; Ribonuclease (RNase) III involved in RNA-mediated post- transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Involved in the processing of natural small interfering RNAs (nat-siRNAs, derived from cis-natural antisense transcripts) by cleaving small dsRNAs into 24 nucleotide nat- siRNAs. Plays an essential role in transitive silencing of transgenes by processing secondary siRNAs. This pathway, which requires DCL4 and RDR6, amplifies silencing by using the target RNA as substrate to generate secondary siRNAs, providing an efficient mechanism for long- distance silenci [...] (1388 aa) |
| | PORA | Protochlorophyllide reductase A, chloroplastic; Phototransformation of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide). PORA may also function as a photoprotectant during the transitory stage from dark to light. Functions in skotomorphogenesis, photomorphogenesis and throughout the plant life under specific light conditions. (405 aa) |
| | PIGM | GPI mannosyltransferase 1; Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol- anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the first alpha-1,4-mannose to GlcN- acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly; Belongs to the PIGM family. (450 aa) |
| | ETG1 | Mini-chromosome maintenance complex-binding protein; Associated component of the MCM complex that acts as a regulator of DNA replication. Binds to the MCM complex during late S phase and may act by promoting the disassembly of the MCM complex from chromatin. Required for sister chromatid cohesion. Belongs to the MCMBP family. (589 aa) |
| | FAMA | Transcription factor FAMA; Transcription activator. Together with MYB88 and MYB124, ensures that stomata contain just two guard cells (GCs) by enforcing a single symmetric precursor cell division before stomatal maturity. Together with SPCH and MUTE, regulates the stomata formation. Required to promote differentiation and morphogenesis of stomatal guard cells and to halt proliferative divisions in their immediate precursors. Mediates the formation of stomata. Prevents histone H3K27me3 marks and derepresses stem cell gene expression. (414 aa) |
| | CKX5 | Cytokinin dehydrogenase 5; Catalyzes the oxidation of cytokinins, a family of N(6)- substituted adenine derivatives that are plant hormones, where the substituent is an isopentenyl group. (540 aa) |
| | AUR2 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase Aurora-2; Phosphorylates specifically 'Ser-10' of histone H3 in vitro. Associates with cytoskeletal structures that are necessary for cytokinesis and with the microtubule spindle. Might colocalize with gamma-tubulin and function in microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Aurora subfamily. (282 aa) |
| | WOX1 | WUSCHEL-related homeobox 1; Transcription factor which may be involved in developmental processes. (350 aa) |
| | SPCH | Transcription factor SPEECHLESS; Transcription factor acting as an integration node for stomata and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathways to control stomatal initiation and development. Activates transcription when in the presence of SCRM/ICE1. Functions as a dimer with SCRM or SCRM2 during stomatal initiation. Required for the initiation, the spacing and the formation of stomata, by promoting the first asymmetric cell divisions. Together with FMA and MUTE, modulates the stomata formation. Involved in the regulation of growth reduction under osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol), associated [...] (364 aa) |
| | EB1A | Microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 1A; Binds to the plus end of microtubules and regulates the dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton. May be involved in anchoring microtubules to their nucleation sites and/or functioning as a reservoir for distribution to the growing end. In plants, microtubule minus ends are not necessarily severed from the nucleation site and transported to the plus end of a microtubule as part of the recycling process. May play a role in endomembrane organization during polarized growth of plant cells. Interacts with the tobamovirus movement prote [...] (276 aa) |
| | PIF5 | Transcription factor PIF5; Transcription factor acting negatively in the phytochrome B signaling pathway to promote the shade-avoidance response. Regulates PHYB abundance at the post-transcriptional level, possibly via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Promotes ethylene activity in the dark. May regulate the expression of a subset of genes by binding to the G- box motif. Might be involved in the integration of light-signals to control both circadian and photomorphogenic processes. Activated by CRY1 and CRY2 in response to low blue light (LBL) by direct binding at chromatin on E-box var [...] (444 aa) |
| | TAN | Probable microtubule-binding protein TANGLED; Is required for spatial control cell division during plant development. Through an association with microtubules, acts both for the positioning of cytoskeletal arrays that establish planes of cell division during prophase and for spatial guidance of expanding phragmoplasts toward preestablished cortical division sites (CDS) during cytokinesis (By similarity). (444 aa) |
| | PYL9 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL9; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) in an ABA- independent manner but more efficiently when activated by ABA. Confers enhanced sensitivity to ABA. Can be activated only by (+)-ABA but not by (-)-ABA. (187 aa) |
| | DAR5 | Protein DA1-related 5. (702 aa) |
| | BEE3 | Transcription factor BEE 3; Positive regulator of brassinosteroid signaling. (261 aa) |
| | TGH | G patch domain-containing protein TGH; Functions as component of microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) biogenesis. May assist DCL1 and DCL4 to efficiently process and/or recruit the precursors of miRNAs and siRNAs. In the miRNA biogenesis pathway, associates with the DCL1 complex that processes primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) into miRNAs. Binds pri-miRNAs and precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs). Is required for the interaction between pri-miRNAs and DRB1. Required for general proper plant growth and, in particular, initiation of vascular development. Interacts genetically with AMP1, [...] (930 aa) |
| | RGL2 | DELLA protein RGL2; Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Upon GA application, it is degraded by the proteasome, allowing the GA signaling pathway. Acts as a major GA-response repressor of seed germination, including seed thermoinhibition. Promotes the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), especially in seed coats to maintain seed dormancy. Delays flowering and adu [...] (547 aa) |
| | BHLH63 | Transcription factor bHLH63; Transcription factor that binds DNA to G box 5'-CACGTG-3' and, to a lower extent, to E-box 5'-CANNTG-3' in vitro. Binds to chromatin DNA of the FT gene and promotes its expression, and thus triggers flowering in response to blue light. (335 aa) |
| | BEE1 | Transcription factor BEE 1; Positive regulator of brassinosteroid signaling. (260 aa) |
| | PIF6 | Transcription factor PIF6. (363 aa) |
| | PIL1 | Transcription factor PIL1; Transcription factor. Involved in responses to transient and long-term shade. Required for the light-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. Necessary for rapid light-induced expression of the photomorphogenesis- and circadian-related gene APRR9. Seems to play a role in multiple PHYB responses, such as flowering transition and petiole elongation. (416 aa) |
| | BB | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase BIG BROTHER; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that limits organ size, and possibly seed size, in a dose-dependent manner. Negatively regulates the duration of cell proliferation in leaves and petals independently of the major phytohormones (e.g. auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, brassinosteroids, ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid), probably by targeting growth stimulators for degradation. Limits the proliferation of root meristematic cells. Polyubiquitinates DA1. Involved in the promotion of leaf senescence, in addition to its function in restricting plant grow [...] (248 aa) |
| | KIN12B | Kinesin-like protein KIN-12B; Plus-end directed kinesin-like motor enzyme that plays a critical role in the organization of phragmoplast microtubules during cytokinesis. Constitutes a signaling module in association with serine/threonine-protein kinase TIO that is required to support phragmoplast expansion and cell-plate growth in plant cells. Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-12 subfamily. (1313 aa) |
| | GRF2-2 | Growth-regulating factor 2; Transcription activator that plays a role in the regulation of cell expansion in leaf and cotyledons tissues. Component of a network formed by miR396, the GRFs and their interacting factors (GIFs) acting in the regulation of meristem function, at least partially through the control of cell proliferation. (535 aa) |
| | AHP5 | Histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein 5; Functions as two-component phosphorelay mediators between cytokinin sensor histidine kinases and response regulators (B-type ARRs). Plays an important role in propagating cytokinin signal transduction through the multistep His-to-Asp phosphorelay. (157 aa) |
| | E2FF | E2F transcription factor-like E2FF; Inhibitor of E2F-dependent activation of gene expression. Binds specifically the E2 recognition site without interacting with DP proteins and prevents transcription activation by E2F/DP heterodimers. Does not bind retinoblastoma-related proteins. Acts as a growth regulator but is not associated with changes in the expression of cell cycle marker genes or in nuclear ploidy levels. Has no effect on cell proliferation, but may repress cell wall biosynthesis genes during cell elongation in differentiated cells. (354 aa) |
| | ARF32 | B3 domain-containing protein At3g11580. (267 aa) |
| | KIN7A | Kinesin-like protein KIN-7A; Probable plus end-directed motor protein that functions in the NACK-PQR (ANP1-MKK6-MPK4) MAP kinase signaling pathway, which is essential for somatic cell cytokinesis, especially for the cell-plate formation and its expansion. Regulates the activity and the localization of ANP1, probably by association through the non-catalytic region of the kinase. Functionally redundant with NACK2 and essential to promote the progression of cytokinesis and for cellularization (formation of the cell plate) during microgametogenesis and megagametogenesis. Belongs to the TRA [...] (974 aa) |
| | PIF4 | Transcription factor PIF4; Transcription factor acting negatively in the phytochrome B signaling pathway. May regulate the expression of a subset of genes involved in cell expansion by binding to the G-box motif (By similarity). Activated by CRY1 and CRY2 in response to low blue light (LBL) by direct binding at chromatin on E-box variant 5'-CA[CT]GTG-3' to stimulate specific gene expression to adapt global physiology (e.g. hypocotyl elongation in low blue light). Belongs to the bHLH protein family. (430 aa) |
| | IAA29 | Auxin-responsive protein IAA29; Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived transcriptional factors that function as repressors of early auxin response genes at low auxin concentrations. Repression is thought to result from the interaction with auxin response factors (ARFs), proteins that bind to the auxin- responsive promoter element (AuxRE). Formation of heterodimers with ARF proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression. (251 aa) |
| | KAN1 | Transcription repressor KAN1; Transcriptional repressor that regulates lateral organ polarity. Promotes lateral organ abaxial identity by repressing the adaxial regulator ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) in abaxial cells. Required for abaxial identity in both leaves and carpels. Functions with KAN2 in the specification of polarity of the ovule outer integument. Regulates cambium activity by repressing the auxin efflux carrier PIN1. Plays a role in lateral root formation and development. (403 aa) |
| | ATHB-16 | Homeobox-leucine zipper protein ATHB-16; Probable transcription factor that may function as a negative regulator of the flowering time response to photoperiod. May act to repress cell expansion during plant development. (294 aa) |
| | CUL1 | Cullin-1; Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Regulator of mitotic processes which plays a role during gametogenesis and embryogenesis. Together with SKP1, RBX1 and a F-box protein, it forms a SCF complex. The functional specificity of this complex depends of the type of F-box protein. SCF(UFO) is implicated in floral organ development. SCF(TIR1) is involved in auxin signaling pathway. SCF(COI1) regulates responses to jasmonates. SCF(EID1) and SCF(AFR) are implicated in phytochrome A light signaling. SCF(ADO1/ZTL), SCF(ADO2/LKP2), SCF(A [...] (738 aa) |
| | KRP7 | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 7; Binds and inhibits CYCD2-1/CDKA-1 complex kinase activity. May target specifically CDKA-1. (195 aa) |
| | MYB124 | Transcription factor MYB124; Transcription factor that binds to DNA in promoters cis- regulatory element 5'-GGCGCGC-3' of cell cycle genes, including cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and components of the pre- replication complex. Binds to DNA in promoters cis-regulatory element 5'-AGCCG-3' of auxin regulated genes (e.g. PIN3 and PIN7). Together with FAMA and MYB88, ensures that stomata contain just two guard cells (GCs) by enforcing a single symmetric precursor cell division before stomatal maturity. Represses the expression of the mitosis-inducing factors CDKB1-1 and CDKA-1, [...] (436 aa) |
| | CRY2 | Cryptochrome-2; Photoreceptor that mediates primarily blue light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and photoperiodic control of floral initiation, and regulates other light responses, including circadian rhythms, tropic growth, stomata opening, guard cell development, root development, bacterial and viral pathogen responses, abiotic stress responses, cell cycles, programmed cell death, apical dominance, fruit and ovule development, seed dormancy, and magnetoreception. Photoexcited cryptochromes interact with signaling partner proteins to alter gene expression at both transcriptional a [...] (612 aa) |
| | DPBF4 | ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 5-like protein 3; Binds to the embryo specification element and the ABA- responsive element (ABRE) of the Dc3 gene promoter and to the ABRE of the Em1 gene promoter. Could participate in abscisic acid-regulated gene expression during seed development; Belongs to the bZIP family. ABI5 subfamily. (262 aa) |
| | IAA34 | Auxin-responsive protein IAA34; Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived transcriptional factors that function as repressors of early auxin response genes at low auxin concentrations. Repression is thought to result from the interaction with auxin response factors (ARFs), proteins that bind to the auxin- responsive promoter element (AuxRE). Formation of heterodimers with ARF proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression. (185 aa) |
| | KAN2 | Probable transcription factor KAN2; Probable transcription factor that regulates lateral organ polarity. Promotes abaxial cell fate during lateral organd formation. Functions with KAN1 in the specification of polarity of the ovule outer integument. (388 aa) |
| | BHLH76 | Transcription factor bHLH76; Transcriptional activator involved in cell elongation. Regulates the expression of a subset of genes involved in cell expansion by binding to the G-box motif. Binds to chromatin DNA of the FT gene and promotes its expression, and thus triggers flowering in response to blue light. (390 aa) |
| | CYCA3-2 | Cyclin-A3-2; Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin AB subfamily. (372 aa) |
| | BUB3.2 | Mitotic checkpoint protein BUB3.2; Has a dual function in spindle-assembly checkpoint signaling and in promoting the establishment of correct kinetochore-microtubule (K-MT) attachments. Promotes the formation of stable end-on bipolar attachments. Necessary for kinetochore localization of BUB1. The BUB1/BUB3 complex plays a role in the inhibition of anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) when spindle-assembly checkpoint is activated and inhibits the ubiquitin ligase activity of APC/C by phosphorylating its activator CDC20 (By similarity). (339 aa) |
| | SKIP1 | F-box protein SKIP1; Component of SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. (300 aa) |
| | HFR1 | Transcription factor HFR1; Atypical bHLH transcription factor that regulates photomorphogenesis through modulation of phytochrome (e.g. PHYA) and cryptochrome signalings (Ref.4,. Suppresses the transcriptional regulation activity of PIF4 by forming non-DNA-binding heterodimer. (292 aa) |
| | NFXL2 | NF-X1-type zinc finger protein NFXL2; Probable transcriptional regulator. May mediate E2- or E3- dependent ubiquitination. Required to gate light sensitivity during the night. Regulates the speed of the clock by acting in the feedback loop between CCA1, LHY and APRR1/TOC1. Promotes the expression of CCA1 at night but not by days. This activational effect is enhanced by interaction with ADO1/ZTL. Association with ADO1/ZTL is not leading to the degradation of NFXL2. Confers sensitivity to osmotic stress such as high salinity. Prevents H(2)O(2) production and abscisic acid accumulation. P [...] (883 aa) |
| | PYL8 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL8; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) in an ABA- independent manner but more efficiently when activated by ABA. Confers enhanced sensitivity to ABA. Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA. Mediates crosstalk between ABA and auxin signaling to regulate lateral root growth. Required for lateral root growth suppression by ABA. In response to auxin, promotes lateral root growth by enhancing MYB77- depend [...] (188 aa) |
| | EB1C | Microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 1C; Plant-specific EB1 subtype that functions preferentially at early stages of plant mitosis by regulating spindle positioning and chromosome segregation. Accumulates in the prophase nucleus and is required to maintain spindle bipolarity during premetaphase and/or metaphase and for efficient segregation of chromosomes at anaphase. May play a role in the dynamics of microtubule network in elongating pollen tubes. (329 aa) |
| | CYCD3-2 | Cyclin-D3-2; Promotes divisions in the guard cells (GCs) after the guard mother cells (GMC) symmetric division when in the presence of CDKA-1. (367 aa) |
| | SAG113 | Probable protein phosphatase 2C 78; Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling for stomatal closure in leaves, and controls water loss during leaf senescence. Activated by the NAC029/NAP transcription factor during ABA signaling in senescing leaves. Functions as negative regulator of osmotic stress and ABA signaling. Acts as negative regulator of response to drought. Belongs to the PP2C family. (413 aa) |
| | SAUR22 | Auxin-responsive protein SAUR22; Functions as positive effectors of cell expansion through modulation of auxin transport. (90 aa) |
| | SAUR19 | Auxin-responsive protein SAUR19; Functions as positive effectors of cell expansion through modulation of auxin transport; Belongs to the ARG7 family. (90 aa) |
| | EB1B | Microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 1B; Binds to the plus end of microtubules and regulates the dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton. May be involved in anchoring microtubules to their nucleation sites and/or functioning as a reservoir for distribution to the growing end. In plants, microtubule minus ends are not necessarily severed from the nucleation site and transported to the plus end of a microtubule as part of the recycling process. May play a role in endomembrane organization during polarized growth of plant cells. (293 aa) |
| | DAR7 | Protein DA1-related 7; Ubiquitin receptor that probably regulates developmental process. (560 aa) |
| | KRP3 | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3; Binds and inhibits CYCD2-1/CDKA-1 complex kinase activity. May target specifically CDKA-1; Belongs to the CDI family. ICK/KRP subfamily. (222 aa) |
| | ATHB-52 | Homeobox-leucine zipper protein ATHB-52; Probable transcription factor. (156 aa) |
| | E2FA | Transcription factor E2FA; Transcription activator that binds DNA cooperatively with DP proteins through the E2 recognition site, 5'-TTTC[CG]CGC-3' found in the promoter region of a number of genes whose products are involved in cell cycle regulation or in DNA replication. The binding of retinoblastoma-related proteins represses transactivation. Regulates gene expression both positively and negatively. Activates the expression of E2FB. Involved in the control of cell-cycle progression from G1 to S phase. Stimulates cell proliferation and delays differentiation. Belongs to the E2F/DP family. (485 aa) |
| | DPA | Transcription factor-like protein DPA; Involved in the regulation of the G1/S transition. Increases the DNA binding and the transactivation activities of E2F proteins after heterodimerization. The complex DPA/E2FA promotes cell division and acts as a regulator of the endocycle. Positively regulates the activity of S phase-specific genes; Belongs to the E2F/DP family. (292 aa) |
| | KIN12A | Kinesin-like protein KIN-12A; Plus-end directed kinesin-like motor enzyme that plays a critical role in the organization of phragmoplast microtubules during cytokinesis. Constitutes a signaling module in association with serine/threonine-protein kinase TIO that is required to support phragmoplast expansion and cell-plate growth in plant cells. Binds microtubules in an ATP-sensitive manner. (1292 aa) |
| | BIM1 | Transcription factor BIM1; Positive brassinosteroid-signaling protein. Transcription factor that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-CANNTG-3'(E box). Can bind individually to the promoter as a homodimer or synergistically as a heterodimer with BZR2/BES1. Does not itself activate transcription but enhances BZR2/BES1-mediated target gene activation. (529 aa) |
| | RGL3 | DELLA protein RGL3; Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Its activity may be regulated by phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene (By similarity); Belongs to the GRAS family. DELLA subfamily. (523 aa) |
| | E2FD | E2F transcription factor-like E2FD; Inhibitor of E2F-dependent regulation of gene expression. Binds specifically the E2 recognition site as a monomer without interacting with DP proteins. May be up-regulating E2FA and down- regulating repressors of cell cycle progression. Promotes cell proliferation and represses cell elongation. Regulated by proteolysis via a ubiquitin-proteasome pathway; Belongs to the E2F/DP family. (359 aa) |
| | BUB3.1 | Mitotic checkpoint protein BUB3.1; Has a dual function in spindle-assembly checkpoint signaling and in promoting the establishment of correct kinetochore-microtubule (K-MT) attachments. Promotes the formation of stable end-on bipolar attachments. Necessary for kinetochore localization of BUB1. The BUB1/BUB3 complex plays a role in the inhibition of anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) when spindle-assembly checkpoint is activated and inhibits the ubiquitin ligase activity of APC/C by phosphorylating its activator CDC20 (By similarity). Essential for gametophyte development; [...] (340 aa) |
| | RBR1 | Retinoblastoma-related protein 1; Key regulator of entry into cell division. Acts as a transcription repressor of E2F target genes, whose activity is required for progress from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. Hyperphosphorylation by CDKA-1 prevents the binding to E2F transcription factors, allowing G1 to S phase transition to operate. Forms a stable complex with E2FA that functions in maintaining cell proliferation through repression of cell differentiation. Plays a central role in the mechanism controlling meristem cell differentiation, cell fate establishment and cell fate m [...] (1013 aa) |
| | BZR2 | Protein BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 2; Positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. Transcription factor that activates target gene expression by binding specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-CANNTG-3'(E box) through its N- terminal domain. Can bind individually to the promoter as a homodimer or synergistically as a heterodimer with BIM1, BIM2 or BIM3. The C- terminal domain is probably involved in transcriptional activation. Recruits the transcription elongation factor IWS1 to control BR- regulated gene expression. Forms a trimeric complex with IWS1 and ASHH2/SDG8 to regulate BR-reg [...] (335 aa) |
| | SKP2A | F-box protein SKP2A; Component of SCF(SKP2A) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (including cell cycle repressors). Acts as an auxin receptor. Regulates the stability of the transcription factors E2FC and DPB, repressors of cell proliferation. Confers increase tolerance to osmotic stress by promoting cell division, especially in meristems. Promotes the formation of lateral root primordia. (360 aa) |
| | AUR1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase Aurora-1; Phosphorylates specifically 'Ser-10' of histone H3 in vitro and colocalizes with phosphorylated histone H3 during mitosis. Associates with cytoskeletal structures that are necessary for cytokinesis and with the microtubule spindle. Colocalizes also with gamma-tubulin and function in microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). In contrast with the mammalian B-type Aurora, AUR1 has no kinase activity toward 'Ser-28' of histone H3; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Aurora subfamily. (294 aa) |
| | T26I12.220 | Phragmoplastin interacting protein 1. (597 aa) |
| | ABF4 | ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 5-like protein 7; Functions as transcriptional activator in the ABA-inducible expression of rd29B. Binds specifically to the ABA-responsive element (ABRE) of the rd29B gene promoter. (431 aa) |
| | ABF3 | ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 5-like protein 6; Binds to the ABA-responsive element (ABRE). Mediates stress- responsive ABA signaling; Belongs to the bZIP family. ABI5 subfamily. (454 aa) |
| | PCNA | Proliferating cellular nuclear antigen 1; This protein is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand; Belongs to the PCNA family. (263 aa) |
| | SRK2C | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2C; Involved in gene regulation and confers tolerance to drought and osmotic stress; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (343 aa) |
| | BEH1 | BES1/BZR1 homolog protein 1. (276 aa) |
| | TAA1 | L-tryptophan--pyruvate aminotransferase 1; L-tryptophan aminotransferase involved in auxin (IAA) biosynthesis. Can convert L-tryptophan and pyruvate to indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) and alanine. Catalyzes the first step in IPA branch of the auxin biosynthetic pathway. Required for auxin production to initiate multiple change in growth in response to environmental and developmental cues. It is also active with phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, alanine, methionine and glutamine. Both TAA1 and TAR2 are required for maintaining proper auxin levels in roots, while TAA1, TAR1 and TAR2 are requ [...] (391 aa) |
| | PAR1 | Transcription factor PAR1; Atypical bHLH transcription factor that acts as negative regulator of a variety of shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) responses, including seedling elongation and photosynthetic pigment accumulation. Acts as direct transcriptional repressor of two auxin-responsive genes, SAUR15 and SAUR68. May function in integrating shade and hormone transcriptional networks in response to light and auxin changes. (118 aa) |
| | ABI5 | Protein ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 5; Participates in ABA-regulated gene expression during seed development and subsequent vegetative stage by acting as the major mediator of ABA repression of growth. Binds to the embryo specification element and the ABA-responsive element (ABRE) of the Dc3 gene promoter and to the ABRE of the Em1 and Em6 genes promoters. Can also trans- activate its own promoter, suggesting that it is autoregulated. Plays a role in sugar-mediated senescence. Belongs to the bZIP family. ABI5 subfamily. (442 aa) |
| | EIL1 | ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like 1 protein; Probable transcription factor acting as a positive regulator in the ethylene response pathway. Could bind the primary ethylene response element present in the ETHYLENE-RESPONSE-FACTOR1 promoter. Belongs to the EIN3 family. (584 aa) |
| | RGA | DELLA protein RGA; Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Positively regulates XERICO expression in seeds. Upon GA application, it is degraded by the proteasome, allowing the GA signaling pathway. Compared to other DELLA proteins, it is the most sensitive to GA application. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Its activity is probably regulated by other phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene, attenu [...] (587 aa) |
| | CYCD3-3 | Cyclin-D3-3; Promotes divisions in the guard cells (GCs) after the guard mother cells (GMC) symmetric division; Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin D subfamily. (361 aa) |
| | CUL2 | Cullin-2; Core component of multiple SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes. Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). (742 aa) |
| | EPFL9 | EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-like protein 9; [Stomagen]: Positively regulates stomatal density and patterning. Acts by competing with EPF2 (AC Q8LC53) for the same receptors, ERECTA (AC Q42371) and TMM (AC Q9SSD1). Not cleaved by the protease CRSP (AC Q9LNU1). Belongs to the plant cysteine rich small secretory peptide family. Epidermal patterning factor subfamily. (102 aa) |
| | YUC8 | Probable indole-3-pyruvate monooxygenase YUCCA8; Involved in auxin biosynthesis. Belongs to the set of redundant YUCCA genes probably responsible for auxin biosynthesis in roots. (426 aa) |
| | SPA1 | Protein SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 1; Controls normal photoperiodic flowering and regulates circadian rhythms. Required for suppression of photomorphogenesis in dark-grown seedlings and for normal elongation growth of adult plants. Integral component of the COP1/SPA E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex. Involved in HY5, HFR1, LAF1 and CO degradation. (1029 aa) |
| | ACS8 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 8; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) enzymes catalyze the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) into 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), a direct precursor of ethylene. (469 aa) |
| | CCS1 | Cytochrome c biogenesis protein CCS1, chloroplastic; Required during biogenesis of c-type cytochromes (cytochrome c6 and cytochrome f) at the step of heme attachment. (547 aa) |
| | F23H11.12 | Cullin-like protein 3; Belongs to the cullin family. (255 aa) |
| | F23H11.11 | Putative cullin-like protein 2; Belongs to the cullin family. (374 aa) |
| | NPR5 | Regulatory protein NPR5; May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin- protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Acts redundantly with BOP2. BOP1/2 promote leaf and floral meristem fate and determinacy in a pathway targeting AP1 and AGL24. BOP1/2 act as transcriptional co-regulators through direct interaction with TGA factors, including PAN, a direct regulator of AP1. Controls lateral organ fate through positive regulation of adaxial-abaxial polarity genes ATHB-14/PHB [...] (491 aa) |
