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GL2 | Homeobox-leucine zipper protein GLABRA 2; Probable transcription factor required for correct morphological development and maturation of trichomes as well as for normal development of seed coat mucilage. Regulates the frequency of trichome initiation and determines trichome spacing. (747 aa) | ||||
ERL1 | LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase ERL1; Receptor kinase that regulates inflorescence architecture and organ shape as well as stomatal patterning, including density and clustering, together with ER and ERL2. Redundantly involved with ER in procambial development regulation. Forms a functional ligand-receptor pair with EPF1 (AC Q8S8I4). Forms a constitutive complex with TMM involved in the recognition of the stomatal regulatory peptides EPF1, EPF2 and EPFL9/STOMAGEN. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (966 aa) | ||||
MYB88 | Transcription factor MYB88; Transcription factor that binds to DNA in promoters cis- regulatory element 5'-GGCGCGC-3' of cell cycle genes, including cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and components of the pre- replication complex. Binds to DNA in promoters cis-regulatory element 5'-AGCCG-3' of auxin regulated genes (e.g. PIN3 and PIN7). Together with FAMA and MYB124, ensures that stomata contain just two guard cells (GCs) by enforcing a single symmetric precursor cell division before stomatal maturity. Represses the expression of the mitosis-inducing factors CDKB1-1 and CDKA-1, [...] (484 aa) | ||||
EPFL6 | EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-like protein 6; Acts primarily as positive regulator of inflorescence growth. Endodermal expression is sufficient for proper inflorescence architecture. Redundantly involved with EPFL4 in procambial development regulation. Acts also as tissue-specific regulator of epidermal pattern. Controls stomatal patterning by repressing stomatal production. TMM (AC Q9SSD1) functions to dampen or block CHAL signaling. Not processed by SDD1 (AC O64495). Acts as growth-regulatory ligand for ERECTA family receptors. Belongs to the plant cysteine rich small secretory peptide [...] (156 aa) | ||||
EPFL4 | EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-like protein 4; Acts primarily as positive regulator of inflorescence growth. Endodermal expression is sufficient for proper inflorescence architecture. Redundantly involved with EPFL6 in procambial development regulation. Controls stomatal patterning. Mediates stomatal development inhibition. TMM (AC Q9SSD1) functions to dampen or block CLL2 signaling. Acts as growth-regulatory ligand for ERECTA family receptors. (109 aa) | ||||
ARAC3 | Rac-like GTP-binding protein ARAC3; Inactive GDP-bound Rho GTPases reside in the cytosol, are found in a complex with Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitors (Rho GDIs), and are released from the GDI protein in order to translocate to membranes upon activation. May be involved in cell polarity control during the actin-dependent tip growth of root hairs. SPK1- dependent activation is required for auxin-mediated inhibition of PIN2 internalization during gravitropic responses. (198 aa) | ||||
ARAC4 | Rac-like GTP-binding protein ARAC4; Inactive GDP-bound Rho GTPases reside in the cytosol, are found in a complex with Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitors (Rho GDIs), and are released from the GDI protein in order to translocate to membranes upon activation (By similarity). May be involved in cell polarity control during the actin-dependent tip growth of root hairs. May regulate a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex. (195 aa) | ||||
MPK3 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; Involved in oxidative stress-mediated signaling cascade (such as ozone). Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. May be involved in hypersensitive response (HR)-mediated signaling cascade by modulating LIP5 phosphorylation and subsequent multivesicular bodies (MVBs) trafficking. May phosphorylate regulators of WRKY transcription factors. Mediates the phosphorylation of VIP1 and subsequent stress genes transcription in response to Agrobacterium. MKK9-M [...] (370 aa) | ||||
MYC2 | Transcription factor MYC2; Transcriptional activator. Common transcription factor of light, abscisic acid (ABA), and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways. With MYC3 and MYC4, controls additively subsets of JA-dependent responses. In cooperation with MYB2 is involved in the regulation of ABA-inducible genes under drought stress conditions. Can form complexes with all known glucosinolate-related MYBs to regulate glucosinolate biosynthesis. Binds to the MYC recognition site (5'-CACATG-3'), and to the G-box (5'-CACNTG-3') and Z-box (5'-ATACGTGT-3') of promoters. Binds directly to the prom [...] (623 aa) | ||||
FAMA | Transcription factor FAMA; Transcription activator. Together with MYB88 and MYB124, ensures that stomata contain just two guard cells (GCs) by enforcing a single symmetric precursor cell division before stomatal maturity. Together with SPCH and MUTE, regulates the stomata formation. Required to promote differentiation and morphogenesis of stomatal guard cells and to halt proliferative divisions in their immediate precursors. Mediates the formation of stomata. Prevents histone H3K27me3 marks and derepresses stem cell gene expression. (414 aa) | ||||
BASL | Protein BREAKING OF ASYMMETRY IN THE STOMATAL LINEAGE; Regulates asymmetric cell division (ACD), especially in stomatal-lineage cells, probably by modulating accumulation and subcellular polarization of POLAR and SPCH. Mediates an attenuation of MAPK signaling upon polarization of POLAR and ASK7/BIN2 in stomatal lineage ground cells (SLGCs) undergoing ACD, and relieves BIN2 inhibition of SPCH in the nucleus. When phosphorylated, functions as a scaffold and recruits the MAPKKK YODA, MPK3 and MPK6 to spatially reorganize the MAPK signaling pathway at the cortex of cells undergoing ACD. C [...] (262 aa) | ||||
ERL2 | LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase ERL2; Receptor kinase that regulates inflorescence architecture and organ shape as well as stomatal patterning, including density and clustering, together with ERL1 and ER. (967 aa) | ||||
SPCH | Transcription factor SPEECHLESS; Transcription factor acting as an integration node for stomata and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathways to control stomatal initiation and development. Activates transcription when in the presence of SCRM/ICE1. Functions as a dimer with SCRM or SCRM2 during stomatal initiation. Required for the initiation, the spacing and the formation of stomata, by promoting the first asymmetric cell divisions. Together with FMA and MUTE, modulates the stomata formation. Involved in the regulation of growth reduction under osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol), associated [...] (364 aa) | ||||
ETC2 | MYB-like transcription factor ETC2; MYB-type transcription factor involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Acts as a negative regulator of trichome development, by mediating lateral inhibition. Promotes the formation of hair developing cells in H position in root epidermis, probably by inhibiting non-hair cell formation. (112 aa) | ||||
BHLH85 | Transcription factor bHLH85. (352 aa) | ||||
EPF2 | Protein EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 2; Controls stomatal patterning. Regulates the number of cells that enter, and remain in, the stomatal lineage by inhibiting protodermal cells from adopting the meristemoid mother cell (MMC) fate in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Mediates stomatal development inhibition. MEPF2: mobile signal controlling stomatal development in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Uses ERECTA as major receptor. Inactivated by cleavage by CRSP (AC Q9LNU1). May act by competing with somatogen (AC Q9SV72) for the same receptor, TMM (AC Q9SSD1). (120 aa) | ||||
BHLH54 | Transcription factor bHLH54. (258 aa) | ||||
HDA18 | Histone deacetylase 18; Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Required for appropriate cellular patterning in the root epidermis. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (By similarity). (682 aa) | ||||
ATML1 | Homeobox-leucine zipper protein MERISTEM L1; Probable transcription factor involved in cell specification and pattern formation during embryogenesis. Binds to the L1 box DNA sequence 5'-TAAATG[CT]A-3'. Plays a role in maintaining the identity of L1 cells, possibly by interacting with their L1 box or other target- gene promoters. Functionally redundant to PDF2. (762 aa) | ||||
EPF1 | Protein EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 1; Controls stomatal patterning. Regulates asymmetric cell division during guard cell differentiation. Mediates stomatal development inhibition. Not cleaved by the protease CRSP (AC Q9LNU1). MEPF1: mobile signal controlling stomatal development in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Uses ERL1 as major receptor. May act by competing with somatogen (AC Q9SV72) for the same receptor, TMM (AC Q9SSD1). Belongs to the plant cysteine rich small secretory peptide family. Epidermal patterning factor subfamily. (104 aa) | ||||
BHLH12 | Transcription factor MYC1; Trancsription activator, when associated with MYB75/PAP1 or MYB90/PAP2. (526 aa) | ||||
PIN7 | Auxin efflux carrier component 7; Acts as a component of the auxin efflux carrier. Mediates the initial auxin gradient which contributes to the establishment of the apical-basal axis in early embryogenesis. (619 aa) | ||||
HDG2 | Homeobox-leucine zipper protein HDG2; Probable transcription factor. (721 aa) | ||||
BAK1 | BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1; Dual specificity kinase acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates. Controls the expression of genes associated with innate immunity in the absence of pathogens or elicitors. Involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction. Phosphorylates BRI1. May be involved in changing the equilibrium between plasma membrane-located BRI1 homodimers and endocytosed BRI1- BAK1 heterodimers. Interaction with MSBP1 stimulates the endocytosis of BAK1 and suppresses brassinosteroid signaling. Acts in pathogen- associ [...] (615 aa) | ||||
AUX1 | Auxin transporter protein 1; Carrier protein involved in proton-driven auxin influx. Mediates the formation of auxin gradient from developing leaves (site of auxin biosynthesis) to tips by contributing to the loading of auxin in vascular tissues and facilitating acropetal (base to tip) auxin transport within inner tissues of the root apex, and basipetal (tip to base) auxin transport within outer tissues of the root apex. Unloads auxin from the mature phloem to deliver the hormone to the root meristem via the protophloem cell files. Coordinated subcellular localization of AUX1 is regula [...] (485 aa) | ||||
MYB23 | Transcription factor MYB23; Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH2/EGL3/MYC146 or BHLH12/MYC1. Regulates the epidermal cell fate specification. Mediates the formation of columellae and accumulation of mucilages on seed coats. Controls the elongation of epidermal cells positively in roots but negatively in stems, leading to the promotion of primary roots elongation and repression of leaves and stems elongation, respectively. Ovoids ectopic root-hair formation, probably by inducing GL2 in roots. Controls trichome initiation and branching. (219 aa) | ||||
BHLH83 | Transcription factor bHLH83. (298 aa) | ||||
BHLH2 | Transcription factor EGL1; Transcription activator, when associated with MYB75/PAP1, MYB90/PAP2 or TT2. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Regulates negatively stomata formation but promotes trichome formation. Together with MYB66/WER, promotes the formation of non-hair cells in root epidermis cells in the N position. Whereas together with CPC, promotes the formation of hair cells in root epidermis cells in the H position by inhibiting non-hair cell formation. Seems also to play a role in the activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, probably together with MYB75/PAP1. Involve [...] (596 aa) | ||||
GL3 | Transcription factor GLABRA 3; Transcription activator, when associated with MYB75/PAP1, MYB90/PAP2 or TT2. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Regulates negatively stomata formation, but, in association with TTG1 and MYB0/GL1, promotes trichome formation, branching and endoreplication. Regulates also trichome cell wall maturation. Together with MYB66/WER, promotes the formation of non-hair cells in root epidermis cells in the N position. Whereas together with CPC, promotes the formation of hair cells in root epidermis cells in the H position by inhibiting non-hair cell form [...] (637 aa) | ||||
TOZ | Transducin family protein / WD-40 repeat family protein. (876 aa) | ||||
SCRM2 | Transcription factor SCREAM2; Mediates stomatal differentiation in the epidermis probably by controlling successive roles of SPCH, MUTE, and FAMA. Functions as a dimer with SPCH during stomatal initiation. (450 aa) | ||||
SCRM | Transcription factor ICE1; Transcriptional activator that regulates the cold-induced transcription of CBF/DREB1 genes. Binds specifically to the MYC recognition sites (5'-CANNTG-3') found in the CBF3/DREB1A promoter. Mediates stomatal differentiation in the epidermis probably by controlling successive roles of SPCH, MUTE, and FAMA. Functions as a dimer with SPCH during stomatal initiation. (494 aa) | ||||
EPFL5 | EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-like protein 5; Controls stomatal patterning. Mediates differentiation of stomatal lineage cells to pavement cells and stomatal development inhibition. TMM (AC Q9SSD1) functions to dampen or block CLL1 signaling. Acts as growth-regulatory ligand for ERECTA family receptors. Promotes fruit growth and fertility. Belongs to the plant cysteine rich small secretory peptide family. Epidermal patterning factor subfamily. (107 aa) | ||||
ETC3 | MYB-like transcription factor ETC3; MYB-type transcription factor involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Acts as a negative regulator of trichome development, including endoreplication, by mediating lateral inhibition. Promotes the formation of hair developing cells in H position in root epidermis, probably by inhibiting non-hair cell formation. May have pleiotropic effects on flowering development and epidermal cell size through the regulation of endoreduplication. (75 aa) | ||||
MUTE | Transcription factor MUTE; Transcription factor. Together with FMA and SPCH, regulates the stomata formation. Required for the differentiation of stomatal guard cells, by promoting successive asymmetric cell divisions and the formation of guard mother cells. Promotes the conversion of the leaf epidermis into stomata. (202 aa) | ||||
PIN3 | Auxin efflux carrier component 3; Acts as a component of the auxin efflux carrier. Seems to be involved in the lateral auxin transport system and mediates tropic growth. Coordinated polar localization of PIN3 is directly regulated by the vesicle trafficking process. (640 aa) | ||||
WER | Transcription factor WER; Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH2/EGL3/MYC146 or BHLH12/MYC1. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification in roots and hypocotyl. Together with GL3 or BHLH2, promotes the formation of non-hair developing cells (atrichoblasts) et the N position in root epidermis. Regulates stomata spatial distribution in hypocotyls. Binds to the WER-binding sites (WBS) promoter regions and activates the transcription of target genes such as GL2 and of CPC. (203 aa) | ||||
EPFL9 | EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-like protein 9; [Stomagen]: Positively regulates stomatal density and patterning. Acts by competing with EPF2 (AC Q8LC53) for the same receptors, ERECTA (AC Q42371) and TMM (AC Q9SSD1). Not cleaved by the protease CRSP (AC Q9LNU1). Belongs to the plant cysteine rich small secretory peptide family. Epidermal patterning factor subfamily. (102 aa) | ||||
TTG1 | Protein TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1; May regulate MYC transcription factors. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification such as trichome and root hair development, seed mucilage production, and anthocyanin biosynthesis by acting at the dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) step. Together with GL1 and GL3, promotes trichome formation. Activates the transcription of GL2. (341 aa) | ||||
ABCB1 | ABC transporter B family member 1; Auxin efflux transporter that acts as a negative regulator of light signaling to promote hypocotyl elongation. Mediates the accumulation of chlorophyll and anthocyanin, as well as the expression of genes in response to light. Participates directly in auxin efflux and thus regulates the polar (presumably basipetal) auxin transport (from root tips to root elongating zone). Transports also some auxin metabolites such as oxindoleacetic acid and indoleacetaldehyde. Involved in diverse auxin-mediated responses including gravitropism, phototropism and latera [...] (1286 aa) |