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KCS8 KCS8 CER1 CER1 LACS1 LACS1 MPK14 MPK14 CYTB5-B CYTB5-B FEN1 FEN1 FAD7 FAD7 FAD6 FAD6 FAD2 FAD2 GL2 GL2 AP2 AP2 FAD8 FAD8 FAD3 FAD3 KAS_III KAS_III ACBP6 ACBP6 MYB96 MYB96 FAE1 FAE1 CER2 CER2 FDH FDH KCS2 KCS2 ERF086 ERF086 KCR1 KCR1 PAS2 PAS2 FAR3 FAR3 HAG3 HAG3 WSD1 WSD1 ADS3 ADS3 KCS5 KCS5 ELP4 ELP4 CYP704B1 CYP704B1 ABCG12 ABCG12 LACS9 LACS9 DCR DCR KCS21 KCS21 CYP96A15 CYP96A15 KCR2 KCR2 CER26L CER26L ADS4 ADS4 CYP703A2 CYP703A2 KCS3 KCS3 KCS19 KCS19 ECR ECR GLPK GLPK TGD4 TGD4 KCS1 KCS1 MYB30 MYB30 ADS2 ADS2 KCS9 KCS9 LACS8 LACS8 ACBP1 ACBP1 MYB94 MYB94 ACBP3 ACBP3 CER26 CER26 KCS16 KCS16 LACS4 LACS4 CUT1 CUT1 LACS2 LACS2 HIC HIC
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proteins of unknown 3D structure
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KCS83-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 8. (481 aa)
CER1Very-long-chain aldehyde decarbonylase CER1; Aldehyde decarbonylase involved in the conversion of aldehydes to alkanes. Core component of a very-long-chain alkane synthesis complex. Involved in epicuticular wax biosynthesis and pollen fertility; Belongs to the sterol desaturase family. (625 aa)
LACS1Long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1; Activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Acts in both the wax and cutin pathways. Preferentially uses palmitate, palmitoleate, linoleate and eicosenoate. Seems to have a specific activity against very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) class with acids longer than 24 carbons (C(24)). (660 aa)
MPK14Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily. (361 aa)
CYTB5-BCytochrome b5 isoform B; Membrane bound hemoprotein which function as an electron carrier for several membrane bound oxygenases, including fatty acid desaturases; Belongs to the cytochrome b5 family. (134 aa)
FEN1Flap endonuclease 1; Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease and 5'- 3' exonuclease activities involved in DNA replication and repair. During DNA replication, cleaves the 5'-overhanging flap structure that is generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. It enters the flap from the 5'-end and then tracks to cleave the flap base, leaving a nick for ligation. Also involved in the long patch base excision repair (LP-BER) pathway, by cleaving within the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site- terminated flap. Acts as [...] (383 aa)
FAD7Sn-2 acyl-lipid omega-3 desaturase (ferredoxin), chloroplastic; Chloroplast omega-3 fatty acid desaturase introduces the third double bond in the biosynthesis of 16:3 and 18:3 fatty acids, important constituents of plant membranes. It is thought to use ferredoxin as an electron donor and to act on fatty acids esterified to galactolipids, sulfolipids and phosphatidylglycerol. (446 aa)
FAD6Omega-6 fatty acid desaturase, chloroplastic; Chloroplast omega-6 fatty acid desaturase introduces the second double bond in the biosynthesis of 16:3 and 18:3 fatty acids, important constituents of plant membranes. It is thought to use ferredoxin as an electron donor and to act on fatty acids esterified to galactolipids, sulfolipids and phosphatidylglycerol. (448 aa)
FAD2Delta(12)-fatty-acid desaturase; ER (microsomal) omega-6 fatty acid desaturase introduces the second double bond in the biosynthesis of 18:3 fatty acids, important constituents of plant membranes. Delta(12)-desaturase with regioselectivity determined by the double bond (delta(9) position) and carboxyl group of the substrate. Can use both 16:1 and 18:1 fatty acids as substrates. It is thought to use cytochrome b5 as an electron donor and to act on fatty acids esterified to phosphatidylcholine (PC) and, possibly, other phospholipids. Very low constitutive hydroxylation activity. Required [...] (383 aa)
GL2Homeobox-leucine zipper protein GLABRA 2; Probable transcription factor required for correct morphological development and maturation of trichomes as well as for normal development of seed coat mucilage. Regulates the frequency of trichome initiation and determines trichome spacing. (747 aa)
AP2Floral homeotic protein APETALA 2; Probable transcriptional activator that promotes early floral meristem identity. Is required subsequently for the transition of an inflorescence meristem into a floral meristem. Plays a central role in the specification of floral identity, particularly for the normal development of sepals and petals in the wild-type flower, by spatially controlling the expression domains of multiple floral organ identity genes. Acts as A class cadastral protein by repressing the C class floral homeotic gene AGAMOUS in association with other repressors like LEUNIG and [...] (432 aa)
FAD8Temperature-sensitive sn-2 acyl-lipid omega-3 desaturase (ferredoxin), chloroplastic; Chloroplast omega-3 fatty acid desaturase introduces the third double bond in the biosynthesis of 16:3 and 18:3 fatty acids, important constituents of plant membranes. It is thought to use ferredoxin as an electron donor and to act on fatty acids esterified to galactolipids, sulfolipids and phosphatidylglycerol. (435 aa)
FAD3Acyl-lipid omega-3 desaturase (cytochrome b5), endoplasmic reticulum; Microsomal (ER) omega-3 fatty acid desaturase introduces the third double bond in the biosynthesis of 18:3 fatty acids, important constituents of plant membranes. It is thought to use cytochrome b5 as an electron donor and to act on fatty acids esterified to phosphatidylcholine and, possibly, other phospholipids. (386 aa)
KAS_III3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase III, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the condensation reaction of fatty acid synthesis by the addition to an acyl acceptor of two carbons from malonyl-ACP. KAS III catalyzes the first condensation reaction which initiates fatty acid synthesis and may therefore play a role in governing the total rate of fatty acid production. Possesses both acetoacetyl-ACP synthase and acetyl transacylase activities (By similarity); Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. FabH family. (404 aa)
ACBP6Acyl-CoA-binding domain-containing protein 6; Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with very high affinity. May function as an intracellular carrier of acyl-CoA esters. Confers resistance to cold and freezing. Interacts with phosphatidylcholine and derivatives, but not phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine. May be involved in phospholipid metabolism. Belongs to the ACBP family. (92 aa)
MYB96Transcription factor MYB96; Transcription activator involved in the activation of cuticular wax biosynthesis under drought stress. Binds directly to DNA consensus sequences found in the promoters of genes encoding very-long- chain fatty acid-condensing enzymes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis. Functions together with MYB94 in the activation of cuticular wax biosynthesis. Involved in drought stress response through abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Mediates ABA signals that enhance plant resistance to drought by reducing stomatal opening. Mediates ABA-auxin cross-talk to regulate lat [...] (352 aa)
FAE13-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 18; Contributes to fatty acids elongation and stockage in developing seeds. Active on both saturated and mono-unsaturated acyl- CoAs of 16 and 18 carbons. Required for the elongation of C18 to C20 and of C20 to C22 fatty acids. Mediates also the synthesis of VLCFAs from 20 to 26 carbons in length (e.g. C20:1, C20, C22:1, C22, C24:1, C24, C26) (Ref.4, Ref.5,. Has no activity with polyunsaturated C18:2 and C18:3 or with acyl-CoAs having 22 carbons or longer chain length. (506 aa)
CER2Protein ECERIFERUM 2; Involved in biosynthesis of the epicuticular wax. Plays a role in very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis and is required for C28 fatty acid elongation in stem. Despite its classification as a BAHD acyltransferase based on sequence homology, CER2 does not seem to share the catalytic mechanism of the members of the BAHD family. (421 aa)
FDH3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 10; Contributes to cuticular wax and suberin biosynthesis. Prevents the postgenital fusion of epiderm cells in organs in contact, as well as ectopic pollen hydration and germination. Required during ovules formation. May regulate an epidermis-specific developmental program during gynoecial ontogeny. (550 aa)
KCS23-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 2; Mediates the synthesis of VLCFAs from 22 to 26 carbons in length (e.g. C22, C24, C26). Involved in the elongation of C20 fatty acid suberin precursors. Functionally redundant with KCS20 in the two-carbon elongation of C22 fatty acids that is required for cuticular wax and root suberin biosynthesis ; Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Chalcone/stilbene synthases family. (528 aa)
ERF086Ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF086; Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity). Involved in the control of cell division patterns during the early lateral root primordium development. Acts downstream of auxin signaling. Regulated by ARF7 and ARF19 in response to auxin. Co-acts with LBD16 and LBD18 to control lateral root development. Involved in the determination of floral meristem identity and suppression of bract growth. Requi [...] (348 aa)
KCR1Very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA reductase 1; Beta-ketoacyl-coenzyme A reductase required for the elongation of fatty acids precursors of sphingolipids, triacylglycerols, cuticular waxes and suberin. Responsible for the first reduction step in very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) synthesis. Decreased expression of KCR1 (RNAi) leads to plants with fused vegetative and reproductive organs, and abnormal trichome, epidermal cell and root morphology. Cannot be complemented by KCR2. Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. (318 aa)
PAS2Very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase PASTICCINO 2; Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates in the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes a [...] (221 aa)
FAR3Fatty acyl-CoA reductase 3; Catalyzes the reduction of fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols. The preferred substrates are C24:0 and C26:0. May be unable to use saturated and monounsaturated C16 and C18 acyl-CoA as substrates. Involved in cuticular wax formation. (493 aa)
HAG3Elongator complex protein 3; Catalytic tRNA acetyltransferase subunit of the RNA polymerase II elongator complex, which is a component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) holoenzyme and is involved in transcriptional elongation. Involved in tRNA wobble uridine modification. In the elongator complex, acts as a tRNA uridine(34) acetyltransferase by mediating formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity). Promotes organs development by modulating cell division rate. Required for auxin distribution or signaling. Required for meristem cell cycle [...] (565 aa)
WSD1O-acyltransferase WSD1; Bifunctional wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase. Involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis. In the N-terminal section; belongs to the long-chain O- acyltransferase family. (481 aa)
ADS3Palmitoyl-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol delta-7 desaturase, chloroplastic; Fatty acid desaturase involved in the first desaturation step leading to the formation of hexadeca 7,10,13-trienoic acid (16:3(7Z,10Z,13Z)), the major functional components of thylakoid membranes. Required for chloroplast biogenesis at low temperature. Also indirectly involved in the production of the oxylipin dinor-oxo-phyto- dienoic acid implicated in wound signaling. (371 aa)
KCS53-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 5; Mediates mostly the synthesis of VLCFAs from 26 to 30 carbons in length (e.g. C20:1, C26, C28, C30). (492 aa)
ELP4Elongator complex protein 4; Component of the RNA polymerase II elongator complex, a multiprotein complex associated with the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) holoenzyme, and which is involved in transcriptional elongation (By similarity). The elongator complex catalyzes formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity). Promotes organs development by modulating cell division rate. May regulate mechanisms producing carbon assimilates or importing sucrose. Involved in the repression of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway during seed germination [...] (355 aa)
CYP704B1Cytochrome P450 704B1; Involved in pollen wall development. Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to the corresponding omega-hydroxylated fatty acids. Omega-hydroxylated fatty acids, together with in-chain hydroxylated fatty acids, are key monomeric aliphatic building blocks for sporopollenin synthesis during exine formation. Belongs to the cytochrome P450 family. (524 aa)
ABCG12ABC transporter G family member 12; Involved in the secretion of cuticular wax from epidermal cells to the cuticle. (687 aa)
LACS9Long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 9, chloroplastic; Activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Preferentially uses palmitate, palmitoleate, oleate and linoleate. (691 aa)
DCRBAHD acyltransferase DCR; Required for incorporation of 9(10),16-dihydroxy-hexadecanoic acid into cutin. (484 aa)
KCS21Probable 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 21; Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Chalcone/stilbene synthases family. (464 aa)
CYP96A15Alkane hydroxylase MAH1; Involved in the formation of secondary alcohols and ketones in stem cuticular wax. Catalyzes the hydroxylation of a methylene unit in the middle of alkane molecules to form secondary alcohols and possibly also a second hydroxylation leading to the corresponding ketones; Belongs to the cytochrome P450 family. (497 aa)
KCR2Very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA reductase-like protein At1g24470; Probable reductase, but unlike KCR1, has no beta-ketoacyl- coenzyme A reductase activity. (312 aa)
CER26LProtein ECERIFERUM 26-like; Involved in biosynthesis of the epicuticular wax. Plays a role in very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis and is required for VLCFA elongation in leaf. Despite its classification as a BAHD acyltransferase based on sequence homology, CER26L does not seem to share the catalytic mechanism of the members of the BAHD family (By similarity). (420 aa)
ADS4Delta-9 desaturase-like 4 protein; Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. (300 aa)
CYP703A2Cytochrome P450 703A2; Involved in pollen wall development. Catalyzes the conversion of medium-chain saturated fatty acids to the corresponding monohydroxylated fatty acids, with a preferential hydroxylation of lauric acid at the C-7 position. In-chain hydroxylated fatty acids, together with omega-hydroxylated fatty acids, are key monomeric aliphatic building blocks for sporopollenin synthesis during exine formation; Belongs to the cytochrome P450 family. (510 aa)
KCS33-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 3. (478 aa)
KCS193-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 19. (464 aa)
ECRVery-long-chain enoyl-CoA reductase; Catalyzes the last of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme reduces the trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA fatty acid intermediate to an acyl-CoA that can be further elongated by entering a new cycle of elongation. Thereby, it participates in the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane [...] (310 aa)
GLPKGlycerol kinase; Key enzyme in the regulation of glycerol uptake and metabolism. Required for resistance to nonhost Pseudomonas bacteria and to the pathogenic fungus B.cinerea. (522 aa)
TGD4Protein TRIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL 4, chloroplastic; Involved in lipid transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to plastids. Specifically binds phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). (479 aa)
KCS13-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 1; Contributes to cuticular wax and suberin biosynthesis. Involved in both decarbonylation and acyl-reduction wax synthesis pathways. Elongase condensing enzyme mostly active with saturated fatty acids, especially with 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, and 20:0. Mediates the synthesis of VLCFAs from 20 to 26 carbons in length (e.g. C20:1, C20, C22, C24 and C26); Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Chalcone/stilbene synthases family. (528 aa)
MYB30Transcription factor MYB30; Transcription factor that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-AACAAAC-3'. Acts as a positive regulator of hypersensitive cell death. Acts as a positive regulator of salicylic acid synthesis. Regulates very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. Acts cooperatively with BZR2 to promote expression of a subset of brassinosteroids target genes. Transcriptional activity and hypersensitive response control negatively regulated by PLA2-ALPHA and by the Xanthomonas type III effector XopD (AC G9L9K6). Involved in the regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Inc [...] (323 aa)
ADS2Delta-9 acyl-lipid desaturase 2; Involved in delta-9 desaturation of fatty acids. Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. (307 aa)
KCS93-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 9; Involved in the elongation of C22 to C24 fatty acids, which are precursors for the biosynthesis of cuticular waxes, aliphatic suberins, and membrane lipids, including sphingolipids and phospholipids. (512 aa)
LACS8Long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 8; Activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Preferentially uses palmitate, palmitoleate, oleate and linoleate; Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. (720 aa)
ACBP1Acyl-CoA-binding domain-containing protein 1; Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with very high affinity. Can interact in vitro with arachidonyl-CoA, barely with oleoyl-CoA, but not with palmitoyl-CoA. Confers tolerance and binds to lead ions Pb(2+), probably by promoting lead translocation from roots to shoots. May function as an intracellular carrier of acyl-CoA esters (By similarity). (338 aa)
MYB94Transcription factor MYB94; Transcription activator involved in the activation of cuticular wax biosynthesis under drought stress. Binds directly to the promoters of genes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis. Transactivates WSD1, KCS2/DAISY, CER1, CER2, FAR3 and ECR genes. Functions together with MYB96 in the activation of cuticular wax biosynthesis. (333 aa)
ACBP3Acyl-CoA-binding domain-containing protein 3; Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with very high affinity. Can interact in vitro with arachidonyl-CoA, barely with oleoyl-CoA, but not with palmitoyl-CoA; Belongs to the ACBP family. (362 aa)
CER26Protein ECERIFERUM 26; Involved in biosynthesis of the epicuticular wax. Plays a role in very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis and is required for C30 fatty acid elongation in leaf. Despite its classification as a BAHD acyltransferase based on sequence homology, CER26 does not seem to share the catalytic mechanism of the members of the BAHD family. (428 aa)
KCS163-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 16. (493 aa)
LACS4Long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4; Activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Preferentially uses palmitate, palmitoleate, oleate and linoleate; Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. (666 aa)
CUT13-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 6; Contributes to cuticular wax and suberin biosynthesis. Involved in both decarbonylation and acyl-reduction wax synthesis pathways. Required for elongation of C24 fatty acids, an essential step of the cuticular wax production. Major condensing enzyme for stem wax and pollen coat lipid biosynthesis. (497 aa)
LACS2Long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 2; Activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Acts in the cutin pathway. Preferentially uses palmitate, palmitoleate, oleate and linoleate. Required for repression of lateral root formation through its role in cutin biosynthesis and subsequent aerial tissues permeability. Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. (665 aa)
HIC3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 13; Contributes to cuticular wax and suberin biosynthesis (By similarity). Regulates negatively the stomatal development in elevated CO(2) conditions; Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Chalcone/stilbene synthases family. (466 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Arabidopsis thaliana
NCBI taxonomy Id: 3702
Other names: A. thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., mouse-ear cress, thale cress, thale-cress
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