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CIPK24 CIPK24 GPX3 GPX3 PXG3 PXG3 SR34 SR34 GPX2 GPX2 SUA SUA ADC2 ADC2 GPX5 GPX5 PAP15 PAP15 SK1 SK1 JAR1 JAR1 MDAR3 MDAR3 GPX7 GPX7 GPX6 GPX6 VSP1 VSP1 HSFA4A HSFA4A STR1 STR1 MKK4 MKK4 CBL4 CBL4 MSD1 MSD1 VSP2 VSP2 AVP1 AVP1 EMB2360 EMB2360 AP2 AP2 GPX1 GPX1 LTI65 LTI65 ACO4 ACO4 RD29A RD29A RD22 RD22 MEKK1 MEKK1 MPK4 MPK4 MPK6 MPK6 SRK2D SRK2D SRK2I SRK2I MYC2 MYC2 ACO1 ACO1 NHX1 NHX1 HKT1 HKT1 GPX4 GPX4 GPX8 GPX8 WRKY50 WRKY50 MDAR2 MDAR2 AOC4 AOC4 SRK2E SRK2E NPF2.10 NPF2.10 MKK1 MKK1 ARF2 ARF2 ZAT10 ZAT10 ERD4 ERD4 BZIP8 BZIP8 DHAR2 DHAR2 NHX7 NHX7 NCED3 NCED3 AOC3 AOC3 AOC2 AOC2 AOC1 AOC1
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proteins of unknown 3D structure
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CIPK24CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 24; Involved in the regulatory pathway for the control of intracellular Na(+) and K(+) homeostasis and salt tolerance. Activates the vacuolar H(+)/Ca(2+) antiporter CAX1 and operates in synergy with CBL4/SOS3 to activate the plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiporter SOS1. CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Phosphorylates CBL1, CBL4 and CBL10. (446 aa)
GPX3Probable glutathione peroxidase 3, mitochondrial; May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against oxidative stresses. Involved positively in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomatal closure, seed germination and inhibition of vegetative growth. Oxidizes and represses target proteins (e.g. the phosphatase activity of ABI1 and ABI2) when oxidized by H(2)O(2), probably after ABA signaling. Modulates the calcium channel activity in guard cells in response to ABA or H(2)O(2). Confers tolerance to drought stress, by [...] (206 aa)
PXG3Probable peroxygenase 3; Probable calcium-binding peroxygenase. May be involved in the degradation of storage lipid in oil bodies, in abiotic stress-related signaling pathway and in drought tolerance through stomatal control under water deficit conditions. (236 aa)
SR34Serine/arginine-rich-splicing factor SR34; General splicing factor. Can promote splice site selection in vitro presumably by antagonizing the effects of the A1 heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein. May have an essential function during early plant development; Belongs to the splicing factor SR family. SR subfamily. (303 aa)
GPX2Probable glutathione peroxidase 2; May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against oxidative stresses; Belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family. (169 aa)
SUASUPPRESSOR OF ABI3-5; Splicing factor that controls alternative splicing of the developmental regulator ABI3. Reduces splicing of a cryptic intron in ABI3, leading to a decreased in ABI3-beta transcript. Regulates the splicing of the receptor-like kinase SNC4/LRKL-2.6. (1007 aa)
ADC2Arginine decarboxylase 2; Required for the biosynthesis of putrescine. Catalyzes the first step of polyamine (PA) biosynthesis to produce putrescine from arginine. Is a major contributor to basal arginine decarboxylase (ADC) activity and putrescine biosynthesis. Accumulation of putrescine plays a positive role in salt stress tolerance. Accumulation of putrescine plays a positive role in freezing tolerance. Production of PA is essential for normal seed development. Controls PA homeostasis which is crucial for normal plant growth and development. Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase [...] (711 aa)
GPX5Probable glutathione peroxidase 5; May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against oxidative stresses. (173 aa)
PAP15Purple acid phosphatase 15; Acid phosphatase activity with p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP), D-myoinositol 1-phosphate (Ins(1)P1), phytic acid and Myo- inositol hexakisphosphate. Low or no activity with Glc-6-P and ATP. Confers shoot growth stimulation, enhanced salt and osmotic stress tolerance, and ABA insensitivity. May modulate ascorbic acid (AsA) levels by controlling the input of myoinositol into this branch of AsA biosynthesis. (532 aa)
SK1Shikimate kinase 1, chloroplastic; Catalyzes the specific phosphorylation of the 3-hydroxyl group of shikimic acid using ATP as a cosubstrate. (303 aa)
JAR1Jasmonoyl--L-amino acid synthetase JAR1; Catalyzes the synthesis of jasmonates-amino acid conjugates by adenylation; can use Ile and, in vitro at least, Val, Leu and Phe as conjugating amino acids on jasmonic acid (JA) and 9,10-dihydro-JA substrates, and to a lower extent, on 3-oxo-2-(2Z-pentenyl)- cyclopentane-1-butyric acid (OPC-4) and 12-hydroxy-JA (12-OH-JA). Can synthesize adenosine 5-tetraphosphate in vitro. Required for the JA- mediated signaling pathway that regulates many developmental and defense mechanisms, including growth root inhibition, vegetative storage proteins (VSPs) [...] (575 aa)
MDAR3Monodehydroascorbate reductase 3; Catalyzes the conversion of monodehydroascorbate to ascorbate, oxidizing NADH in the process. Required for producing sufficient ascorbate to maintain the interaction between Piriformospora indica and Arabidopsis in a mutualistic state. (441 aa)
GPX7Putative glutathione peroxidase 7, chloroplastic; May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against oxidative stresses. (233 aa)
GPX6Probable phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase 6, mitochondrial; Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione. (232 aa)
VSP1Vegetative storage protein 1; May function as somatic storage protein during early seedling development; Belongs to the APS1/VSP family. (270 aa)
HSFA4AHeat stress transcription factor A-4a; Transcriptional activator that specifically binds DNA sequence 5'-AGAAnnTTCT-3' known as heat shock promoter elements (HSE). (401 aa)
STR1Thiosulfate/3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase 1, mitochondrial; Catalyzes the transfer of a sulfur ion from a donor to cyanide or to other thiol compounds. Substrate preference is 3- mercaptopyruvate > thiosulfate. Involved in embryo and seed development. (379 aa)
MKK4Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4; Involved in the second phase of hydrogen peroxide generation during hypersensitive response-like cell death. Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. Activates by phosphorylation the downstream MPK3 and MPK6. YDA-MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module regulates stomatal cell fate before the guard mother cell (GMC) is specified. This MAPK cascade also functions downstream of the ER receptor in regulating coordinated local cell proliferation, which shapes the [...] (366 aa)
CBL4Calcineurin B-like protein 4; Acts as a calcium sensor involved in the regulatory pathway for the control of intracellular Na(+) and K(+) homeostasis and salt tolerance. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK serine-threonine protein kinase lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Operates in synergy with CIPK24/SOS2 to activate the plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiporter SOS1. Involved in salt stress responses by mediating calcium-dependent microfilament reorganization. The CBL4/CIPK6 complex mediates translocation of AKT2 from the end [...] (222 aa)
MSD1Superoxide dismutase [Mn] 1, mitochondrial; Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems; Belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. (231 aa)
VSP2Vegetative storage protein 2; May function as somatic storage protein during early seedling development; Belongs to the APS1/VSP family. (265 aa)
AVP1Pyrophosphate-energized vacuolar membrane proton pump 1; Contributes to the transtonoplast (from cytosol to vacuole lumen) H(+)-electrochemical potential difference. It establishes a proton gradient of similar and often greater magnitude than the H(+)- ATPase on the same membrane. In addition, facilitates auxin transport by modulating apoplastic pH and regulates auxin-mediated developmental processes. Confers tolerance to NaCl and to drought by increasing ion retention; Belongs to the H(+)-translocating pyrophosphatase (TC 3.A.10) family. K(+)-stimulated subfamily. (770 aa)
EMB2360Glutathione reductase, chloroplastic; Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the chloroplast. (565 aa)
AP2Floral homeotic protein APETALA 2; Probable transcriptional activator that promotes early floral meristem identity. Is required subsequently for the transition of an inflorescence meristem into a floral meristem. Plays a central role in the specification of floral identity, particularly for the normal development of sepals and petals in the wild-type flower, by spatially controlling the expression domains of multiple floral organ identity genes. Acts as A class cadastral protein by repressing the C class floral homeotic gene AGAMOUS in association with other repressors like LEUNIG and [...] (432 aa)
GPX1Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase 1, chloroplastic; Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione. (236 aa)
LTI65Low-temperature-induced 65 kDa protein; Belongs to the LTI78/LTI65 family. (619 aa)
ACO41-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase 4; Enzyme involved in the ethylene biosynthesis. May promote stem elongation by maximizing the extensibility cells, possibly by activating ethylene biosynthesis, in response to very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs C20:0 to C30:0); Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family. (323 aa)
RD29ALow-temperature-induced 78 kDa protein; Involved in responses to abiotic stresses. Regulates probably root elongation in cold conditions ; Belongs to the LTI78/LTI65 family. (710 aa)
RD22BURP domain protein RD22; Acts to suppress chlorophyll degradation under moisture stress. (392 aa)
MEKK1Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1; The MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4 function in a signaling pathway that modulates the expression of genes responding to biotic and abiotic stresses and also plays an important role in pathogen defense by negatively regulating innate immunity. Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. May be involved in the cold and salinity stress-mediated MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4/MPK6). Activates by phosphorylation the downstream [...] (608 aa)
MPK4Mitogen-activated protein kinase 4; The ANPs-MKK6-MPK4 module is involved in the regulation of plant cytokinesis during meiosis and mitosis. Essential to promote the progression of cytokinesis and for cellularization (formation of the cell plate) during male-specific meiosis. Involved in cortical microtubules organization and stabilization by regulating the phosphorylation state of microtubule-associated proteins such as MAP65- 1. Involved in root hair development process. Negative regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and salicylic acid- (SA) mediated defense response. Requi [...] (376 aa)
MPK6Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6; Involved in oxidative stress-mediated signaling cascade (such as ozone). Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. May be involved in hypersensitive response (HR)-mediated signaling cascade by modulating LIP5 phosphorylation and subsequent multivesicular bodies (MVBs) trafficking. May phosphorylate regulators of WRKY transcription factors. Phosphorylates 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid synthases (ACS2 and ACS6) and may be involved in the regulati [...] (395 aa)
SRK2DSerine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2D; Together with SRK2I, key component and activator of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as seed germination, Pro accumulation, root growth inhibition, dormancy and seedling growth, and, to a lesser extent, stomatal closure; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (362 aa)
SRK2ISerine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2I; Together with SRK2D, key component and activator of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as seed germination, Pro accumulation, root growth inhibition, dormancy and seedling growth, and, to a lesser extent, stomatal closure. (361 aa)
MYC2Transcription factor MYC2; Transcriptional activator. Common transcription factor of light, abscisic acid (ABA), and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways. With MYC3 and MYC4, controls additively subsets of JA-dependent responses. In cooperation with MYB2 is involved in the regulation of ABA-inducible genes under drought stress conditions. Can form complexes with all known glucosinolate-related MYBs to regulate glucosinolate biosynthesis. Binds to the MYC recognition site (5'-CACATG-3'), and to the G-box (5'-CACNTG-3') and Z-box (5'-ATACGTGT-3') of promoters. Binds directly to the prom [...] (623 aa)
ACO1Aconitate hydratase 1; Catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis- aconitate. Contributes to oxidative stress tolerance. May have a role in respiration. Belongs to the aconitase/IPM isomerase family. (898 aa)
NHX1Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1; Acts in low affinity electroneutral exchange of protons for cations such as Na(+) or K(+) across membranes. Can also exchange Li(+) and Cs(+) with a lower affinity. Involved in vacuolar ion compartmentalization necessary for cell volume regulation and cytoplasmic Na(+) detoxification. Required during leaves expansion, probably to stimulate epidermal cell expansion. Confers competence to grow in high salinity conditions. (538 aa)
HKT1Sodium transporter HKT1; Sodium transporter protein, which plays a central role in plant tolerance to salt. Upon prolongated exposure to high concentrations, Na(+) translocates from the roots to the transpiring leaves where it can increase to toxic level. Involved in Na(+) recirculation from shoots to roots, probably by mediating Na(+) loading into the phloem sap in shoots and unloading in roots, thereby removing large amounts of Na(+) from the shoot. Does not transport K(+) but regulates K(+) nutrient status via its ability to facilitate Na(+) homeostasis. Probably not involved in roo [...] (506 aa)
GPX4Probable glutathione peroxidase 4; May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against oxidative stresses; Belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family. (170 aa)
GPX8Probable glutathione peroxidase 8; May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against oxidative stresses; Belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family. (167 aa)
WRKY50Probable WRKY transcription factor 50; Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis- acting element (By similarity); Belongs to the WRKY group II-c family. (173 aa)
MDAR2Monodehydroascorbate reductase 2; Catalyzes the conversion of monodehydroascorbate to ascorbate, oxidizing NADH in the process. (435 aa)
AOC4Allene oxide cyclase 4, chloroplastic; Involved in the production of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), a precursor of jasmonic acid; Belongs to the allene oxide cyclase family. (254 aa)
SRK2ESerine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2E; Activator of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomata closure in response to drought, darkness, high CO(2), plant pathogens, or decreases in atmospheric relative humidity (RH). Involved in the resistance to drought by avoiding water loss. Required for the stomata closure mediated by pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) (e.g. flg22 and LPS) of pathogenic bacteria such as P.syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and E.coli O157:H7. As a plant defense process, stomata are closed transiently in order [...] (362 aa)
NPF2.10Protein NRT1/ PTR FAMILY 2.10; High-affinity, proton-dependent glucosinolate-specific transporter. Involved in the distribution of glucosinolates within the leaf, including import into the glucosinolate-rich S-cells located adjacent to the phloem. Involved in bidirectional long-distance transport of aliphatic but not indole glucosinolates. May be involved in removal of glucosinolates from the xylem in roots. Belongs to the PTR2/POT transporter (TC 2.A.17) family. (636 aa)
MKK1Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1; MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4/MPK6 function in a signaling pathway that modulates the expression of genes responding to biotic and abiotic stresses and also plays an important role in pathogen defense by negatively regulating innate immunity. Activates by phosphorylation the downstream MPK4. Acts redundantly with MKK2. MKK1-MPK6 module mediates abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent CAT1 expression with H(2)O(2) production and response to drought and salt stress. MKK1-MPK6 module is also involved in sugar signaling during the process of seed germination. (354 aa)
ARF2Auxin response factor 2; Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). Could act as transcriptional activator or repressor. Formation of heterodimers with Aux/IAA proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression. Promotes flowering, stamen development, floral organ abscission and fruit dehiscence. Functions independently of ethylene and cytokinin response pathways. May act as a repressor of cell division and organ growth. (859 aa)
ZAT10Zinc finger protein ZAT10; Transcriptional repressor involved in abiotic stress responses. Can repress the stress responsive genes DREB1A and LTI78. Probably involved in jasmonate (JA) early signaling response. May regulate the expression of the JA biosynthesis gene LOX3 and control the expression of TIFY10A/JAZ1, a key repressor in the JA signaling cascade. (227 aa)
ERD4CSC1-like protein ERD4; Acts as a hyperosmolarity-gated non-selective cation channel that permeates Ca(2+) ions. Mechanosensitive ion channel that converts mechanical stimuli into a flow of ions. (724 aa)
BZIP8Basic leucine zipper 8; Belongs to the bZIP family. (138 aa)
DHAR2Glutathione S-transferase DHAR2; Displays a dual function. As a soluble protein, exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate (DHA) reductase activities. Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate (DHA) reductase activities. Key component of the ascorbate recycling system. Involved in the redox homeostasis, especially in scavenging of ROS under oxidative stresses. Plays a role in ozone tolerance; Belongs to the GST superfamily. DHAR family. (213 aa)
NHX7Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 7; Acts in electroneutral exchange of protons for cations such as Na(+) or Li(+) across plasma membrane. Involved in Na(+) and K(+) homeostasis. Required for cytoplasmic Na(+) and Li(+) detoxification by secreting them from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space. Regulates Na(+) content of the xylem sap. Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) transporter (TC 2.A.36) family. (1146 aa)
NCED39-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase NCED3, chloroplastic; Has a 11,12(11',12') 9-cis epoxycarotenoid cleavage activity. Catalyzes the first step of abscisic-acid biosynthesis from carotenoids, in response to water stress. (599 aa)
AOC3Allene oxide cyclase 3, chloroplastic; Involved in the production of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), a precursor of jasmonic acid; Belongs to the allene oxide cyclase family. (258 aa)
AOC2Allene oxide cyclase 2, chloroplastic; Involved in the production of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), a precursor of jasmonic acid; Belongs to the allene oxide cyclase family. (253 aa)
AOC1Allene oxide cyclase 1, chloroplastic; Involved in the production of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), a precursor of jasmonic acid; Belongs to the allene oxide cyclase family. (254 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Arabidopsis thaliana
NCBI taxonomy Id: 3702
Other names: A. thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., mouse-ear cress, thale cress, thale-cress
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