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| | PAA2 | Copper-transporting ATPase PAA2, chloroplastic; Mediates copper transfer across the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. Required for copper delivery into the thylakoids lumen, which is essential for the function of copper proteins. Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily. (883 aa) |
| | ERL1 | LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase ERL1; Receptor kinase that regulates inflorescence architecture and organ shape as well as stomatal patterning, including density and clustering, together with ER and ERL2. Redundantly involved with ER in procambial development regulation. Forms a functional ligand-receptor pair with EPF1 (AC Q8S8I4). Forms a constitutive complex with TMM involved in the recognition of the stomatal regulatory peptides EPF1, EPF2 and EPFL9/STOMAGEN. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (966 aa) |
| | RTE1 | Protein REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1; Acts at an early step in the ethylene signaling pathway. Positively regulates ETR1, leading to the negative regulation of ethylene responses. (250 aa) |
| | WRKY22 | WRKY transcription factor 22; Transcription factor involved in the expression of defense genes in innate immune response of plants. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor- responsive cis-acting element. Activates WRKY 29, SIRK and its own promoters; Belongs to the WRKY group II-e family. (298 aa) |
| | ABI2 | Protein phosphatase 2C 77; Repressor of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomatal closure, osmotic water permeability of the plasma membrane (Pos), high light stress, response to glucose, seed germination and inhibition of vegetative growth. During the stomatal closure regulation, modulates the inward calcium-channel permeability as well as H(2)O(2) and oxidative burst in response to ABA and dehydration. Represses GHR1 and, to some extent, SRK2E/OST1, kinases involved in the regulation of SLAC1-dependent stomatal closure. Controls [...] (423 aa) |
| | ANP1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase ANP1; May be involved in an oxidative stress-mediated signaling cascade that phosphorylates downstream MAP kinases MPK3 and MPK6. May suppress auxin signaling that promotes cell cycle. Functionally redundant to ANP2 and ANP3 in the positive regulation of cytokinesis. (666 aa) |
| | WRKY25 | Probable WRKY transcription factor 25; Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis- acting element (By similarity). Functions with WRKY33 as positive regulator of salt stress response and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Plays a partial role in heat stress tolerance. Functions with WRKY26 and WRKY33 as positive regulator of plant thermotolerance by partially participating in ethylene-response signal transduction pathway. (393 aa) |
| | EIL2 | ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like 2 protein; Probable transcription factor acting as a positive regulator in the ethylene response pathway. Could bind the primary ethylene response element present in the ETHYLENE-RESPONSE-FACTOR1 promoter. (518 aa) |
| | EIL3 | ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like 3 protein; Probable transcription factor that may be involved in the ethylene response pathway. (567 aa) |
| | MPK14 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily. (361 aa) |
| | EIN3 | Protein ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3; Probable transcription factor acting as a positive regulator in the ethylene response pathway. Is required for ethylene responsiveness in adult plant tissues. Binds a primary ethylene response element present in the ETHYLENE-RESPONSE-FACTOR1 promoter with consequence to activate the transcription of this gene. (628 aa) |
| | RBOHF | Respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein F; Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide. Generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) during incompatible interactions with pathogens and is important in the regulation of the hypersensitive response (HR). Involved in abscisic acid-induced stomatal closing and in UV-B and abscisic acid ROS-dependent signaling. Belongs to the RBOH (TC 5.B.1.3) family. (944 aa) |
| | NDPK3 | Nucleoside diphosphate kinase III, chloroplastic/mitochondrial; Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Shows the highest specificity towards GDP (By similarity); Belongs to the NDK family. (238 aa) |
| | PYR1 | Abscisic acid receptor PYR1; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA. Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA. Promotes drought tolerance. (191 aa) |
| | SIRK | Senescence-induced receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase; Involved in innate immune response of plants. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (876 aa) |
| | SRK2J | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2J; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (339 aa) |
| | NDPK2 | Nucleoside diphosphate kinase II, chloroplastic; Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. May activate MPK3 and MPK6. May be involved in the regulation of cellular redox state and hydrogen peroxide-mediated MAP kinase signaling. (231 aa) |
| | MKK3 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3; MKK3-MPK6 module plays an important role in the jasmonate signal transduction pathway through the negative regulation of MYC2/JIN1 expression. Activates by phosphorylation the downstream MPK6, MPK7 and MPK8. MKK3-MPK7 module acts as a positive regulator of PR1 gene expression. MKK3-MPK8 module negatively regulates ROS accumulation through controlling expression of the RBOHD gene. Component of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that may act as ABA signal transducer in the context of abiotic stresses. Activator of the C group MAP kinases. [...] (520 aa) |
| | MKK4 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4; Involved in the second phase of hydrogen peroxide generation during hypersensitive response-like cell death. Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. Activates by phosphorylation the downstream MPK3 and MPK6. YDA-MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module regulates stomatal cell fate before the guard mother cell (GMC) is specified. This MAPK cascade also functions downstream of the ER receptor in regulating coordinated local cell proliferation, which shapes the [...] (366 aa) |
| | MAPKKK17 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 17; Component of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that may act as ABA signal transducer in the context of abiotic stresses. Triggers MPK7 activation in a MKK3-dependent manner. Mediates the ABA- dependent activation of the MKK3-MPK7 module. (372 aa) |
| | PYL4 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL4; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA. Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA. (207 aa) |
| | PYL2 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL2; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA. Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA. (190 aa) |
| | PDF1.2B | Putative defensin-like protein 15; Confers broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens; Belongs to the DEFL family. (80 aa) |
| | RBOHA | Respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein A; Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide; Belongs to the RBOH (TC 5.B.1.3) family. (902 aa) |
| | RBOHC | Respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein C; Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide. Required for H(2)O(2) production in response to K(+) deficiency and for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that regulate cell expansion through the activation of Ca(2+) channels. Belongs to the RBOH (TC 5.B.1.3) family. (905 aa) |
| | RBOHE | Respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein E; Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide. (952 aa) |
| | MEKK2 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 9; Triggers SUMM2-mediated immune responses, including cell death and defense responses. Probably inhibited by the MEKK1-MKK1/ MKK2-MPK4 kinase cascade to adjust plant defense. Seems to contribute in transducing external glutamate (L-Glu) signal that elicits large-scale changes in root architecture. (773 aa) |
| | T16L1.210 | Putative pathogenesis-related protein 1, 19.3K; Belongs to the CRISP family. (163 aa) |
| | T16L1.220 | Pathogenesis-related protein-like; Belongs to the CRISP family. (172 aa) |
| | VSP2 | Vegetative storage protein 2; May function as somatic storage protein during early seedling development; Belongs to the APS1/VSP family. (265 aa) |
| | CAM1 | Calmodulin-1; Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases. (149 aa) |
| | CAM2 | Calmodulin-2; Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases. (149 aa) |
| | CHI-B | Basic endochitinase B; Defense against chitin-containing fungal pathogens. Seems particularly implicated in resistance to jasmonate-inducing pathogens such as A.brassicicola. In vitro antifungal activity against T.reesei, but not against A.solani, F.oxysporum, S.sclerotiorum, G.graminis and P.megasperma. (335 aa) |
| | CAT2 | Catalase-2; Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide; Belongs to the catalase family. (492 aa) |
| | CML10 | Calmodulin-like protein 10; Potential calcium sensor. (191 aa) |
| | PR1-2 | Pathogenesis-related protein 1; Partially responsible for acquired pathogen resistance. (161 aa) |
| | NDK1 | Nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1; Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Plays a role in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress. (149 aa) |
| | SRK2A | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2A. (363 aa) |
| | SRK2G | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2G; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (353 aa) |
| | ETR1 | Ethylene receptor 1; Ethylene receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Acts as a redundant negative regulator of ethylene signaling. In the presence of ethylene, the auto-kinase activity of ETR1 is inhibited and the non- phosphorylated kinase domain binds tightly to the corresponding domain of EIN2. (738 aa) |
| | ABI1 | Protein phosphatase 2C 56; Key component and repressor of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomatal closure, osmotic water permeability of the plasma membrane (Pos), drought-induced resistance and rhizogenesis, response to glucose, high light stress, seed germination and inhibition of vegetative growth. During the stomatal closure regulation, modulates the inward calcium-channel permeability as well as the actin reorganization in guard cells in response to ABA. Involved in the resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syrin [...] (434 aa) |
| | PP2CA | Protein phosphatase 2C 37; Major negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) responses during seed germination and cold acclimation. Confers insensitivity to ABA. Modulates negatively the AKT2/3 activity, which mediates K(+) transport and membrane polarization during stress situations, probably by dephosphorylation. Prevents stomata closure by inactivating the S- type anion efflux channel SLAC1 and its activator SRK2E. Represses KIN10 activity by the specific dephosphorylation of its T-loop Thr-198, leading to a poststress inactivation of SnRK1 signaling. (399 aa) |
| | CAM7 | Calmodulin-7; Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases. Activates MPK8 in vitro. (149 aa) |
| | SUMM2 | Disease resistance protein SUMM2; Disease resistance protein that mediates defense responses against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000, and the virulent oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis isolate Noco2. Becomes active when the MEKK1-MKK1-MKK2-MPK4 kinase cascade is disrupted by the microbial effector hopAI1. Does not seem to be required for the activation of MPK4 by flg22, or flg22-induced up- regulation of PAD3. Functions downstream of MEKK2/SUMM1 in immune responses, including cell death and defense responses. (894 aa) |
| | ERS2 | Ethylene response sensor 2; Ethylene receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Acts as a redundant negative regulator of ethylene signaling. (645 aa) |
| | CAM6 | Calmodulin-6; Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases. (149 aa) |
| | CTR1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase CTR1; Acts as a negative regulator in the ethylene response pathway. Phosphorylates the cytosolic C-terminal domain of EIN2, preventing the signaling in the absence of ethylene. (821 aa) |
| | ACS2 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 2; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) enzymes catalyze the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) into 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), a direct precursor of ethylene; Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. (496 aa) |
| | ACS1 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase-like protein 1; Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. (488 aa) |
| | ETR2 | Ethylene receptor 2; Ethylene receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Acts as a redundant negative regulator of ethylene signaling. (773 aa) |
| | PYL7 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL7; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA. (211 aa) |
| | ERS1 | Ethylene response sensor 1; Ethylene receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Acts as a redundant negative regulator of ethylene signaling. (613 aa) |
| | MEKK1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1; The MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4 function in a signaling pathway that modulates the expression of genes responding to biotic and abiotic stresses and also plays an important role in pathogen defense by negatively regulating innate immunity. Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. May be involved in the cold and salinity stress-mediated MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4/MPK6). Activates by phosphorylation the downstream [...] (608 aa) |
| | MPK1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1. (370 aa) |
| | MPK2 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 2. (376 aa) |
| | MPK3 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; Involved in oxidative stress-mediated signaling cascade (such as ozone). Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. May be involved in hypersensitive response (HR)-mediated signaling cascade by modulating LIP5 phosphorylation and subsequent multivesicular bodies (MVBs) trafficking. May phosphorylate regulators of WRKY transcription factors. Mediates the phosphorylation of VIP1 and subsequent stress genes transcription in response to Agrobacterium. MKK9-M [...] (370 aa) |
| | MPK4 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 4; The ANPs-MKK6-MPK4 module is involved in the regulation of plant cytokinesis during meiosis and mitosis. Essential to promote the progression of cytokinesis and for cellularization (formation of the cell plate) during male-specific meiosis. Involved in cortical microtubules organization and stabilization by regulating the phosphorylation state of microtubule-associated proteins such as MAP65- 1. Involved in root hair development process. Negative regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and salicylic acid- (SA) mediated defense response. Requi [...] (376 aa) |
| | MPK6 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6; Involved in oxidative stress-mediated signaling cascade (such as ozone). Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. May be involved in hypersensitive response (HR)-mediated signaling cascade by modulating LIP5 phosphorylation and subsequent multivesicular bodies (MVBs) trafficking. May phosphorylate regulators of WRKY transcription factors. Phosphorylates 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid synthases (ACS2 and ACS6) and may be involved in the regulati [...] (395 aa) |
| | MPK7 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 7; MKK3-MPK7 module acts as a positive regulator of PR1 gene expression; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily. (368 aa) |
| | PR-1-LIKE | Pathogenesis-related protein-1-like protein; Belongs to the CRISP family. (176 aa) |
| | PR1 | Putative pathogenesis-related protein 1, 18.9K; Belongs to the CRISP family. (166 aa) |
| | SRK2D | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2D; Together with SRK2I, key component and activator of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as seed germination, Pro accumulation, root growth inhibition, dormancy and seedling growth, and, to a lesser extent, stomatal closure; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (362 aa) |
| | SRK2I | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2I; Together with SRK2D, key component and activator of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as seed germination, Pro accumulation, root growth inhibition, dormancy and seedling growth, and, to a lesser extent, stomatal closure. (361 aa) |
| | MYC2 | Transcription factor MYC2; Transcriptional activator. Common transcription factor of light, abscisic acid (ABA), and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways. With MYC3 and MYC4, controls additively subsets of JA-dependent responses. In cooperation with MYB2 is involved in the regulation of ABA-inducible genes under drought stress conditions. Can form complexes with all known glucosinolate-related MYBs to regulate glucosinolate biosynthesis. Binds to the MYC recognition site (5'-CACATG-3'), and to the G-box (5'-CACNTG-3') and Z-box (5'-ATACGTGT-3') of promoters. Binds directly to the prom [...] (623 aa) |
| | ERECTA | LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase ERECTA; Receptor kinase that, together with ERL1 and ERL2, regulates aerial architecture, including inflorescence (e.g. shoot apical meristem-originating organ shape, elongation of the internode and pedicels, and adaxial-abaxial polarity), and stomatal patterning (e.g. density and clustering), probably by tuning cell division and expansion. Redundantly involved with ERL1 in procambial development regulation. Forms a functional ligand-receptor pair with EPF2 (AC Q8LC53). Modulates plant transpiration efficiency by controlling stomatal de [...] (976 aa) |
| | CAT3 | Catalase-3; Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide; Belongs to the catalase family. (492 aa) |
| | ERL2 | LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase ERL2; Receptor kinase that regulates inflorescence architecture and organ shape as well as stomatal patterning, including density and clustering, together with ERL1 and ER. (967 aa) |
| | SPCH | Transcription factor SPEECHLESS; Transcription factor acting as an integration node for stomata and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathways to control stomatal initiation and development. Activates transcription when in the presence of SCRM/ICE1. Functions as a dimer with SCRM or SCRM2 during stomatal initiation. Required for the initiation, the spacing and the formation of stomata, by promoting the first asymmetric cell divisions. Together with FMA and MUTE, modulates the stomata formation. Involved in the regulation of growth reduction under osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol), associated [...] (364 aa) |
| | EBF2 | EIN3-binding F-box protein 2; Component of SCF(EBF1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (probably including EIN3 and EIL1). Regulator of the ethylene signaling cascade by modulating the stability of EIN3 and EIL1 proteins. (623 aa) |
| | PYL9 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL9; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) in an ABA- independent manner but more efficiently when activated by ABA. Confers enhanced sensitivity to ABA. Can be activated only by (+)-ABA but not by (-)-ABA. (187 aa) |
| | PYL10 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL10; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) in an ABA- independent manner but more efficiently when activated by ABA. Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA. (183 aa) |
| | NDK4 | Nucleoside diphosphate kinase IV, chloroplastic/mitochondrial; Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Shows the highest specificity towards GDP (By similarity); Belongs to the NDK family. (237 aa) |
| | EPF2 | Protein EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 2; Controls stomatal patterning. Regulates the number of cells that enter, and remain in, the stomatal lineage by inhibiting protodermal cells from adopting the meristemoid mother cell (MMC) fate in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Mediates stomatal development inhibition. MEPF2: mobile signal controlling stomatal development in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Uses ERECTA as major receptor. Inactivated by cleavage by CRSP (AC Q9LNU1). May act by competing with somatogen (AC Q9SV72) for the same receptor, TMM (AC Q9SSD1). (120 aa) |
| | ERF1B | Ethylene-responsive transcription factor 1B; Acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. Involved in the regulation of gene expression during the plant development, and/or mediated by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways. Seems to be a key integrator of ethylene and jasmonate signals in the regulation of ethylene/jasmonate-dependent defenses. Can mediate resistance to necrotizing fungi (Botrytis cinerea and Plectosphaerella cucumerina) and to soil borne fungi (Fusarium oxysporum conglutinans and Fus [...] (218 aa) |
| | MKS1 | Protein MKS1; Regulator of plant defense response. May contribute to MPK4- regulated defense activation by coupling the kinase to specific WRKY transcription factors. (222 aa) |
| | MKK5 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5; Involved in the second phase of hydrogen peroxide generation during hypersensitive response-like cell death. Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. Activates by phosphorylation the downstream MPK3 and MPK6. YDA-MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module regulates stomatal cell fate before the guard mother cell (GMC) is specified. This MAPK cascade also functions downstream of the ER receptor in regulating coordinated local cell proliferation, which shapes the [...] (348 aa) |
| | PYL6 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL6; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) in an ABA- independent manner but more efficiently when activated by ABA. Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA. May link ABA and jasmonate signaling pathways by modifying MYC2 transcriptional activity, and regulation of JAZ6 and JAZ8 gene expression by MYC2. (215 aa) |
| | EPF1 | Protein EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 1; Controls stomatal patterning. Regulates asymmetric cell division during guard cell differentiation. Mediates stomatal development inhibition. Not cleaved by the protease CRSP (AC Q9LNU1). MEPF1: mobile signal controlling stomatal development in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Uses ERL1 as major receptor. May act by competing with somatogen (AC Q9SV72) for the same receptor, TMM (AC Q9SSD1). Belongs to the plant cysteine rich small secretory peptide family. Epidermal patterning factor subfamily. (104 aa) |
| | WRKY33 | Probable WRKY transcription factor 33; Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-TTGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis- acting element. Involved in defense responses. Required for resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen B.cinerea. Regulates the antagonistic relationship between defense pathways mediating responses to the bacterial pathogen P. syringae and the necrotrophic pathogen B.cinerea. Required for the phytoalexin camalexin synthesis following infection with B.cinerea. Acts as positive regulator of the camalexin biosynthetic ge [...] (519 aa) |
| | PYL1 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL1; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA. Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA. (221 aa) |
| | SRK2E | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2E; Activator of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomata closure in response to drought, darkness, high CO(2), plant pathogens, or decreases in atmospheric relative humidity (RH). Involved in the resistance to drought by avoiding water loss. Required for the stomata closure mediated by pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) (e.g. flg22 and LPS) of pathogenic bacteria such as P.syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and E.coli O157:H7. As a plant defense process, stomata are closed transiently in order [...] (362 aa) |
| | MKK1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1; MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4/MPK6 function in a signaling pathway that modulates the expression of genes responding to biotic and abiotic stresses and also plays an important role in pathogen defense by negatively regulating innate immunity. Activates by phosphorylation the downstream MPK4. Acts redundantly with MKK2. MKK1-MPK6 module mediates abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent CAT1 expression with H(2)O(2) production and response to drought and salt stress. MKK1-MPK6 module is also involved in sugar signaling during the process of seed germination. (354 aa) |
| | BAK1 | BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1; Dual specificity kinase acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates. Controls the expression of genes associated with innate immunity in the absence of pathogens or elicitors. Involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction. Phosphorylates BRI1. May be involved in changing the equilibrium between plasma membrane-located BRI1 homodimers and endocytosed BRI1- BAK1 heterodimers. Interaction with MSBP1 stimulates the endocytosis of BAK1 and suppresses brassinosteroid signaling. Acts in pathogen- associ [...] (615 aa) |
| | CAT1-2 | Catalase-1; Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide; Belongs to the catalase family. (492 aa) |
| | SRK2B | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2B; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (361 aa) |
| | YDA | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase YODA; Functions in a MAP kinase cascade that acts as a molecular switch to regulate the first cell fate decisions in the zygote and the early embryo. Promotes elongation of the zygote and development of its basal daughter cell into the extra-embryonic suspensor. In stomatal development, acts downstream of the LRR receptor TMM, but upstream of the MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module to regulate stomatal cell fate before the guard mother cell (GMC) is specified. Plays a central role in both guard cell identity and pattern formation. This MAPK cascade [...] (883 aa) |
| | HAB1 | Protein phosphatase 2C 16; Key component and repressor of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomatal closure, seed germination and inhibition of vegetative growth. Confers enhanced sensitivity to drought. Belongs to the PP2C family. (511 aa) |
| | CP1 | Calcium-binding protein CP1; Binds calcium in vitro. (160 aa) |
| | SRK2H | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2H; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (360 aa) |
| | PYL8 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL8; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) in an ABA- independent manner but more efficiently when activated by ABA. Confers enhanced sensitivity to ABA. Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA. Mediates crosstalk between ABA and auxin signaling to regulate lateral root growth. Required for lateral root growth suppression by ABA. In response to auxin, promotes lateral root growth by enhancing MYB77- depend [...] (188 aa) |
| | PDF1.2C | Defensin-like protein 17; Confers broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens; Belongs to the DEFL family. (80 aa) |
| | PDF1.2A | Defensin-like protein 16; Confers broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens. Has antifungal activity in vitro; Belongs to the DEFL family. (80 aa) |
| | SAG113 | Probable protein phosphatase 2C 78; Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling for stomatal closure in leaves, and controls water loss during leaf senescence. Activated by the NAC029/NAP transcription factor during ABA signaling in senescing leaves. Functions as negative regulator of osmotic stress and ABA signaling. Acts as negative regulator of response to drought. Belongs to the PP2C family. (413 aa) |
| | RBOHD | Respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein D; Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide. Involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during incompatible interactions with pathogens and in UV-B and abscisic acid ROS-dependent signaling. Might be required for ROS signal amplification during light stress. Belongs to the RBOH (TC 5.B.1.3) family. (921 aa) |
| | PYL12 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL12; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA. (159 aa) |
| | PYL11 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL11; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA (By similarity). Suppresses the phosphatase activity of TOPP1 in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. (161 aa) |
| | EIL5 | ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like 5 protein; Putative transcription factor that may be involved in the ethylene response pathway; Belongs to the EIN3 family. (557 aa) |
| | FLS2-2 | LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase FLS2; Constitutes the pattern-recognition receptor (PPR) that determines the specific perception of flagellin (flg22), a potent elicitor of the defense response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Flagellin-binding to the receptor is the first step to initiate the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6), resulting in enhanced resistance against pathogens. Binding to the effector AvrPto1 or to the phosphatase hopD2 from Pseudomonas syringae blocks the downstream plant immune response. Be [...] (1173 aa) |
| | PYL5 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL5; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) in an ABA- independent manner but more efficiently when activated by ABA. Confers enhanced sensitivity to ABA. Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA. (203 aa) |
| | AHG1 | Probable protein phosphatase 2C 75; Negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) responses during seed germination; Belongs to the PP2C family. (416 aa) |
| | XRN4 | 5'-3' exoribonuclease 4; Possesses 5'->3' exoribonuclease activity. Acts as an endogenous post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressor. Degrades miRNA target cleavage products that lack a 5'-cap structure. Antagonizes the negative feedback regulation on EIN3 by promoting EBF1 and EBF2 mRNA decay, which consequently allows the accumulation of EIN3 protein to trigger the ethylene response. (947 aa) |
| | MKK9 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 9; MKK9-MPK3/MPK6 module phosphorylates and activates EIN3, leading to the promotion of EIN3-mediated transcription in ethylene signaling. Autophosphorylates and also phosphorylates MPK3 and MPK6. Plays an important role in ethylene and camalexin biosynthesis and in salt stress response. MKK9-MPK6 module positively regulates leaf senescence. (310 aa) |
| | ANP2 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2; Involved in cortical microtubules organization and stabilization by regulating the phosphorylation state of microtubule- associated proteins such as MAP65-1. (651 aa) |
| | Q9LJM5_ARATH | Pathogenesis-related protein-like; Belongs to the CRISP family. (161 aa) |
| | MPK8 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; MKK3-MPK8 and CAMs-MPK8 modules negatively regulates ROS accumulation through controlling expression of the RBOHD gene during wounding. (589 aa) |
| | HAB2 | Protein phosphatase 2C 7; Key component and repressor of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomatal closure, seed germination and inhibition of vegetative growth. (511 aa) |
| | AIP1 | Protein phosphatase 2C 3; Involved in the negative regulation of the K(+) potassium channel AKT1 by its dephosphorylation, antagonistically to CIPK proteins (e.g. CIPK23). Functions as positive regulator of abscisic acid-mediated cell signaling during seedling growth. Involved in the regulation of seed dormancy. Acts as negative regulator of seed dormancy by inhibiting abscisic signaling and subsequently activating gibberellic acid signaling ; Belongs to the PP2C family. (442 aa) |
| | F2J10.6 | F2J10.6 protein; Belongs to the CRISP family. (161 aa) |
| | OXI1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase OXI1; Involved in oxidative burst-mediated signaling. Required for basal resistance to P.parasitica infection and root hair growth. Partly required for the activation of MPK3 and MPK6 by hydrogen peroxide and cellulase elicitor. (421 aa) |
| | CYP71B15 | Bifunctional dihydrocamalexate synthase/camalexin synthase; Multifunctional enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the indole-derived phytoalexin camalexin. Catalyzes two reactions, the formation of dihydrocamalexate from indole-3-acetonitrile-cysteine conjugate and the oxidative decarboxylation of dihydrocamalexate which is the final step in camalexin biosynthesis. Required for the resistance to the fungal pathogens A.brassicicola, B.cinerea, B.elliptica, B.tulipae, L.maculans and Colletotrichum higginsianum. Seems not to be required for resistance to P.syringae, P.porri, and not invo [...] (490 aa) |
| | EIL4 | Putative ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like 4 protein; Putative transcription factor that may be involved in the ethylene response pathway; Belongs to the EIN3 family. (471 aa) |
| | MPK10 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 10. (393 aa) |
| | DSPTP1B | Dual specificity protein phosphatase 1B; Has a dual specificity toward Ser/Thr and Tyr-containing proteins. Prevents biotic and abiotic stress responses, including ozone, oxidative stress and pathogen attacks; represses MAPK activities during hypersensitive response to limit the spread of the HR response after infection by necrotrophic pathogen such as Botrytis cinerea. May be also involved in ABA and salt responses. Dephosphorylates MPK3 and MPK6. (167 aa) |
| | SRK2C | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2C; Involved in gene regulation and confers tolerance to drought and osmotic stress; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (343 aa) |
| | VIP1-2 | Transcription factor VIP1; Transcription activator that binds specifically to the VIP1 response elements (VREs) DNA sequence 5'-ACNGCT-3' found in some stress genes (e.g. TRX8 and MYB44), when phosphorylated/activated by MPK3. Required for Agrobacterium VirE2 nuclear import and tumorigenicity. Promotes transient expression of T-DNA in early stages by interacting with VirE2 in complex with the T-DNA and facilitating its translocation to the nucleus, and mediates stable genetic transformation by Agrobacterium by binding H2A histone. Prevents cell differentiation and shoot formation. Limi [...] (341 aa) |
| | RAN1-2 | Copper-transporting ATPase RAN1; Involved in copper import into the cell. Essential for ethylene signaling, which requires copper. Acts by delivering copper to create functional hormone receptors. (1001 aa) |
| | MKK2 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2; MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4 function in a signaling pathway that modulates the expression of genes responding to biotic and abiotic stresses and also plays an important role in pathogen defense by negatively regulating innate immunity. Plays a role in abiotic stress tolerance and plant disease resistance through activation of MPK4 and MPK6 by phosphorylation. Acts redundantly with MKK1. (363 aa) |
| | EIN2 | Ethylene-insensitive protein 2; Central factor in signaling pathways regulated by ethylene (ET), and involved in various processes including development, plant defense, senescence, nucleotide sugar flux, and tropisms. Necessary for ethylene-mediated gene regulation, and for the induction of some genes by ozone. Acts downstream of ET receptors, and upstream of ethylene regulated transcription factors. Required for cytokinin-mediated processes. Seems to be implicated in cross-talk between ET, jasmonate and other pathways. Probably not involved in iron uptake. Has a short half-life and un [...] (1294 aa) |
| | ACS6 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 6; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) enzymes catalyze the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) into 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), a direct precursor of ethylene. Involved in bacterial flagellin-induced ethylene production. Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. (495 aa) |
| | RBOHB | Respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein B; Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide; Belongs to the RBOH (TC 5.B.1.3) family. (843 aa) |
| | RTH | Protein RTE1-HOMOLOG. (231 aa) |
| | HMA5 | Probable copper-transporting ATPase HMA5; Involved in copper import into the cell. May play a role in copper detoxification in roots. (995 aa) |
| | EBF1 | EIN3-binding F-box protein 1; Component of SCF(EBF1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (probably including EIN3 and EIL1). Regulator of the ethylene signaling cascade by modulating the stability of EIN3 and EIL1 proteins. Confers insensitivity to ethylene. (628 aa) |
| | EIL1 | ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like 1 protein; Probable transcription factor acting as a positive regulator in the ethylene response pathway. Could bind the primary ethylene response element present in the ETHYLENE-RESPONSE-FACTOR1 promoter. Belongs to the EIN3 family. (584 aa) |
| | SRK2F | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2F; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (350 aa) |
| | PYL13 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL13; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition (By similarity). Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs), selectively PP2CA, in an ABA-independent manner. (164 aa) |
| | PYL3 | Abscisic acid receptor PYL3; Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA. Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA. (209 aa) |
| | WRKY29 | Probable WRKY transcription factor 29; Transcription factor involved in the expression of defense genes in innate immune response of plants. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor- responsive cis-acting element. Activates WRKY 22, SIRK and its own promoters; Belongs to the WRKY group II-e family. (304 aa) |
| | RBOHI | Probable respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein I; Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide. (941 aa) |
| | F25G13.90 | AGC (cAMP-dependent, cGMP-dependent and protein kinase C) kinase family protein. (372 aa) |
| | RBOHG | Putative respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein G; Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide; Belongs to the RBOH (TC 5.B.1.3) family. (849 aa) |
| | PAA1-2 | Copper-transporting ATPase PAA1, chloroplastic; Mediates copper transfer across the plastid envelope. Required for the delivery of copper into the plastid stroma, which is essential for the function of copper proteins. Seems to be selective for monovalent copper Cu(+) transport. Plays also a role in glucose signaling-mediated cell proliferation of root meristem in non-green tissues; Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily. (949 aa) |
| | PRB1 | Pathogenesis-related protein 1; Probably involved in the defense reaction of plants against pathogens. (161 aa) |
| | EIN4 | Protein EIN4; Ethylene receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Acts as a redundant negative regulator of ethylene signaling. (766 aa) |
| | MAPKKK18 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 18; Component of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that acts as ABA signal transducer in the context of abiotic stresses. Triggers MPK1, MPK2, MPK7 and MPK14 activation in a MKK3-dependent manner and MPK6 activation in a MKK3-independent manner. Mediates the ABA-dependent activation of the MKK3-MPK7 module. Positive regulator of ABA responses leading to the induction of gene expression (e.g. RD29B and RAB18) and involved in various responses including stomatal development, stomatal movement, inhibition of germination and root growt [...] (339 aa) |
| | HAI3 | Probable protein phosphatase 2C 24. (362 aa) |
