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ALD6 | Cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase; activated by Mg2+ and utilizes NADP+ as the preferred coenzyme; required for conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate; constitutively expressed; locates to the mitochondrial outer surface upon oxidative stress. (500 aa) | ||||
ACS1 | Acetyl-coA synthetase isoform; along with Acs2p, acetyl-coA synthetase isoform is the nuclear source of acetyl-coA for histone acetylation; expressed during growth on nonfermentable carbon sources and under aerobic conditions; Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. (713 aa) | ||||
GAL7 | Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase; synthesizes glucose-1-phosphate and UDP-galactose from UDP-D-glucose and alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate in the second step of galactose catabolism; human homolog UGP2 can complement yeast null mutant. (366 aa) | ||||
GAL10 | Bifunctional protein GAL10; UDP-glucose-4-epimerase; catalyzes interconversion of UDP-galactose and UDP-D-glucose in galactose metabolism; also catalyzes conversion of alpha-D-glucose or alpha-D-galactose to their beta-anomers; human homolog GALE implicated in galactosemia, can complement yeast null mutant. (699 aa) | ||||
GAL1 | Galactokinase; phosphorylates alpha-D-galactose to alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate in the first step of galactose catabolism; expression regulated by Gal4p; human homolog GALK2 complements yeast null mutant; GAL1 has a paralog, GAL3, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (528 aa) | ||||
TKL2 | Transketolase; catalyzes conversion of xylulose-5-phosphate and ribose-5-phosphate to sedoheptulose-7-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the pentose phosphate pathway; needed for synthesis of aromatic amino acids; TKL2 has a paralog, TKL1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (681 aa) | ||||
HIS4 | Histidine biosynthesis trifunctional protein; Multifunctional enzyme containing phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatase; phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase, and histidinol dehydrogenase activities; catalyzes the second, third, ninth and tenth steps in histidine biosynthesis. (799 aa) | ||||
GLK1 | Glucokinase-1; Glucokinase; catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose at C6 in the first irreversible step of glucose metabolism; one of three glucose phosphorylating enzymes; expression regulated by non-fermentable carbon sources; GLK1 has a paralog, EMI2, that arose from the whole genome duplication; Belongs to the hexokinase family. (500 aa) | ||||
IDP1 | Mitochondrial NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase; catalyzes the oxidation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate; not required for mitochondrial respiration and may function to divert alpha-ketoglutarate to biosynthetic processes. (428 aa) | ||||
SDH4 | Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial; Membrane anchor subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH); involved in coupling the oxidation of succinate to the transfer of electrons to ubiquinone as part of the TCA cycle and the mitochondrial respiratory chain; has similarity to human SDH subunit D (SDHD), which is implicated in paraganglioma. (181 aa) | ||||
GLC3 | Glycogen branching enzyme, involved in glycogen accumulation; green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fusion protein localizes to the cytoplasm in a punctate pattern; relocalizes from nucleus to cytoplasmic foci upon DNA replication stress; glycogen accumulation defect of the null mutant is functionally complemented by human GBE1, which is associated with glycogen storage disease; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family. GlgB subfamily. (704 aa) | ||||
ICL1 | Isocitrate lyase; catalyzes the formation of succinate and glyoxylate from isocitrate, a key reaction of the glyoxylate cycle; expression of ICL1 is induced by growth on ethanol and repressed by growth on glucose. (557 aa) | ||||
SER3 | D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase 1; 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate reductase; 3PG dehydrogenase that catalyzes the first step in serine and glycine biosynthesis; also functions as an alpha-ketoglutarate reductase, converting alpha-ketoglutarate to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG); localizes to the cytoplasm; SER3 has a paralog, SER33, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (469 aa) | ||||
MET6 | 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate--homocysteine methyltransferase; Cobalamin-independent methionine synthase; involved in methionine biosynthesis and regeneration; requires a minimum of two glutamates on the methyltetrahydrofolate substrate, similar to bacterial metE homologs. (767 aa) | ||||
AGX1 | Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 1; Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT); catalyzes the synthesis of glycine from glyoxylate, which is one of three pathways for glycine biosynthesis in yeast; similar to mammalian and plant alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferases; human homolog AGXT complements yeast null mutant; Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. (385 aa) | ||||
MET10 | Sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein component; Subunit alpha of assimilatory sulfite reductase; complex converts sulfite into sulfide. (1035 aa) | ||||
HXK1 | Hexokinase-1; Hexokinase isoenzyme 1; a cytosolic protein that catalyzes phosphorylation of glucose during glucose metabolism; expression is highest during growth on non-glucose carbon sources; glucose-induced repression involves hexokinase Hxk2p; HXK1 has a paralog, HXK2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (485 aa) | ||||
HXK2 | Hexokinase-2; Hexokinase isoenzyme 2; phosphorylates glucose in cytosol; predominant hexokinase during growth on glucose; represses expression of HXK1, GLK1, induces expression of its own gene; antiapoptotic; phosphorylation/dephosphorylation at Ser14 by kinase Snf1p, phosphatase Glc7p-Reg1p regulates nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Hxk2p; functions downstream of Sit4p in control of cell cycle, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress resistance, chronological lifespan; has paralog HXK1; Belongs to the hexokinase family. (486 aa) | ||||
ADH4 | Alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzyme type IV; dimeric enzyme demonstrated to be zinc-dependent despite sequence similarity to iron-activated alcohol dehydrogenases; transcription is induced in response to zinc deficiency. (382 aa) | ||||
NQM1 | Transaldolase of unknown function; transcription is repressed by Mot1p and induced by alpha-factor and during diauxic shift; NQM1 has a paralog, TAL1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (333 aa) | ||||
PDC6 | Minor isoform of pyruvate decarboxylase; decarboxylates pyruvate to acetaldehyde, involved in amino acid catabolism; transcription is glucose- and ethanol-dependent, and is strongly induced during sulfur limitation; Belongs to the TPP enzyme family. (563 aa) | ||||
ENO1 | Enolase I, a phosphopyruvate hydratase; catalyzes conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate during glycolysis and the reverse reaction during gluconeogenesis; expression repressed in response to glucose; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress; N-terminally propionylated in vivo; ENO1 has a paralog, ENO2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (437 aa) | ||||
GND2 | 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating); catalyzes an NADPH regenerating reaction in the pentose phosphate pathway; required for growth on D-glucono-delta-lactone; GND2 has a paralog, GND1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (492 aa) | ||||
ARO9 | Aromatic aminotransferase II; catalyzes the first step of tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine catabolism; Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. (513 aa) | ||||
ENO2 | Enolase II, a phosphopyruvate hydratase; catalyzes conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate during glycolysis and the reverse reaction during gluconeogenesis; expression induced in response to glucose; ENO2 has a paralog, ENO1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (437 aa) | ||||
GND1 | 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating); catalyzes an NADPH regenerating reaction in the pentose phosphate pathway; required for growth on D-glucono-delta-lactone and adaptation to oxidative stress; GND1 has a paralog, GND2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (489 aa) | ||||
ARG3 | Ornithine carbamoyltransferase; also known as carbamoylphosphate:L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase; catalyzes the biosynthesis of the arginine precursor citrulline. (338 aa) | ||||
TDH2 | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), isozyme 2; involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; tetramer that catalyzes reaction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3 bis-phosphoglycerate; detected in cytoplasm and cell wall; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress; GAPDH-derived antimicrobial peptides are active against a wide variety of wine-related yeasts and bateria; TDH2 has a paralog, TDH3, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (332 aa) | ||||
MET3 | Sulfate adenylyltransferase; ATP sulfurylase; catalyzes the primary step of intracellular sulfate activation, essential for assimilatory reduction of sulfate to sulfide, involved in methionine metabolism; human homolog PAPSS2 complements yeast null mutant. (511 aa) | ||||
UGP1 | UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase; UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase); catalyses the reversible formation of UDP-Glc from glucose 1-phosphate and UTP, involved in a wide variety of metabolic pathways, expression modulated by Pho85p through Pho4p; involved in PKA-mediated oxidative stress resistance and long-term survival in stationary phase; UGP1 has a paralog, YHL012W, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (499 aa) | ||||
PGM1 | Phosphoglucomutase, minor isoform; catalyzes the conversion from glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate, which is a key step in hexose metabolism; PGM1 has a paralog, PGM2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (570 aa) | ||||
SDH3 | Subunit of succinate dehydrogenase and of TIM22 translocase; functions as cytochrome b subunit of succinate dehydrogenase, which couples oxidation of succinate to transfer of electrons to ubiquinone as part of the TCA cycle and the mitochondrial respiratory chain; also required for mitochondrial inner membrane protein import as part of the TIM22 complex; SDH3 has a paralog, SHH3, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (198 aa) | ||||
GPM1 | Tetrameric phosphoglycerate mutase; mediates the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate during glycolysis and the reverse reaction during gluconeogenesis; Belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family. BPG- dependent PGAM subfamily. (247 aa) | ||||
PCK1 | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; key enzyme in gluconeogenesis, catalyzes early reaction in carbohydrate biosynthesis, glucose represses transcription and accelerates mRNA degradation, regulated by Mcm1p and Cat8p, located in the cytosol. (549 aa) | ||||
PDC1 | Major of three pyruvate decarboxylase isozymes; key enzyme in alcoholic fermentation; decarboxylates pyruvate to acetaldehyde; involved in amino acid catabolism; subject to glucose-, ethanol-, and autoregulation; activated by phosphorylation in response to glucose levels; N-terminally propionylated in vivo; Belongs to the TPP enzyme family. (563 aa) | ||||
IDP2 | Cytosolic NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase; catalyzes oxidation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate; levels are elevated during growth on non-fermentable carbon sources and reduced during growth on glucose; IDP2 has a paralog, IDP3, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (412 aa) | ||||
GSY2 | Glycogen [starch] synthase isoform 2; Glycogen synthase; expression induced by glucose limitation, nitrogen starvation, heat shock, and stationary phase; activity regulated by cAMP-dependent, Snf1p and Pho85p kinases as well as by the Gac1p-Glc7p phosphatase; GSY2 has a paralog, GSY1, that arose from the whole genome duplication; relocalizes from cytoplasm to plasma membrane upon DNA replication stress; Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 3 family. (705 aa) | ||||
TAL1 | Transaldolase, enzyme in the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway; converts sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to erythrose 4-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate; TAL1 has a paralog, NQM1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (335 aa) | ||||
ADH3 | Mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme III; involved in the shuttling of mitochondrial NADH to the cytosol under anaerobic conditions and ethanol production. (375 aa) | ||||
PGM2 | Phosphoglucomutase; catalyzes the conversion from glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate, which is a key step in hexose metabolism; functions as the acceptor for a Glc-phosphotransferase; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress; PGM2 has a paralog, PGM1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (569 aa) | ||||
ADH2 | Glucose-repressible alcohol dehydrogenase II; catalyzes the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde; involved in the production of certain carboxylate esters; regulated by ADR1. (348 aa) | ||||
ADH6 | NADPH-dependent medium chain alcohol dehydrogenase; has broad substrate specificity; member of the cinnamyl family of alcohol dehydrogenases; may be involved in fusel alcohol synthesis or in aldehyde tolerance; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress. (360 aa) | ||||
ERR3 | Enolase-related protein 3; Enolase, a phosphopyruvate hydratase; catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate; complements the growth defect of an ENO1 ENO2 double mutant in glucose. (437 aa) | ||||
IDP3 | Peroxisomal NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase; catalyzes oxidation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate with the formation of NADP(H+), required for growth on unsaturated fatty acids; IDP3 has a paralog, IDP2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (420 aa) | ||||
MLS1 | Malate synthase, enzyme of the glyoxylate cycle; involved in utilization of non-fermentable carbon sources; expression is subject to carbon catabolite repression; localizes in peroxisomes during growth on oleic acid, otherwise cytosolic; can accept butyryl-CoA as acyl-CoA donor in addition to traditional substrate acetyl-CoA. (554 aa) | ||||
GPM3 | Homolog of Gpm1p phosphoglycerate mutase; converts 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate in glycolysis; may be non-functional; GPM3 has a paralog, GPM2, that arose from the whole genome duplication; Belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family. BPG- dependent PGAM subfamily. (303 aa) | ||||
ADH1 | Alcohol dehydrogenase; fermentative isozyme active as homo- or heterotetramers; required for the reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol, the last step in the glycolytic pathway; ADH1 has a paralog, ADH5, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (348 aa) | ||||
MDH2 | Cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase; one of three isozymes that catalyze interconversion of malate and oxaloacetate; involved in the glyoxylate cycle and gluconeogenesis during growth on two-carbon compounds; interacts with Pck1p and Fbp1. (377 aa) | ||||
GDH1 | NADP(+)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase; synthesizes glutamate from ammonia and alpha-ketoglutarate; rate of alpha-ketoglutarate utilization differs from Gdh3p; expression regulated by nitrogen and carbon sources; GDH1 has a paralog, GDH3, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (454 aa) | ||||
ERR1 | Enolase-related protein 1; Putative phosphopyruvate hydratase. (437 aa) | ||||
ERR2 | Enolase, a phosphopyruvate hydratase; catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate; complements the growth defect of an ENO1 ENO2 double mutant. (437 aa) | ||||
TKL1 | Transketolase; catalyzes conversion of xylulose-5-phosphate and ribose-5-phosphate to sedoheptulose-7-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the pentose phosphate pathway; needed for synthesis of aromatic amino acids; TKL1 has a paralog, TKL2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (680 aa) | ||||
GPH1 | Glycogen phosphorylase required for the mobilization of glycogen; non-essential; regulated by cyclic AMP-mediated phosphorylation; phosphorylation by Cdc28p may coordinately regulate carbohydrate metabolism and the cell cycle; expression is regulated by stress-response elements and by the HOG MAP kinase pathway. (902 aa) | ||||
MET16 | Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase; 3'-phosphoadenylsulfate reductase; reduces 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate to adenosine-3',5'-bisphosphate and free sulfite using reduced thioredoxin as cosubstrate, involved in sulfate assimilation and methionine metabolism; Belongs to the PAPS reductase family. CysH subfamily. (261 aa) | ||||
GDB1 | Amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase; Glycogen debranching enzyme; contains glucanotranferase and alpha-1,6-amyloglucosidase activities; required for glycogen degradation; phosphorylated in mitochondria; activity is inhibited by Igd1p; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress. (1536 aa) |