Actin; structural protein involved in cell polarization, endocytosis, and other cytoskeletal functions.

Ubiquitin-like protein ATG12; Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in autophagy and the Cvt pathway; conserved; conjugated to Atg5p to form a complex involved in Atg8p lipidation; Atg5p-Atg12p conjugate enhances E2 activity of Atg3p by rearranging its catalytic site, also forms a complex with Atg16p; the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 complex binds to membranes and is essential for autophagosome formation.

Actin; structural protein involved in cell polarization, endocytosis, and other cytoskeletal functions.

Autophagy-related protein 3; E2-like enzyme; involved in autophagy and cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway; plays a role in formation of Atg8p-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugates, which are involved in membrane dynamics during autophagy and Cvt; interaction with Atg8p regulated by acetylation by NuA4 histone acetyltransferase Esa1p while attenuation of Atg3 acetylation is mediated by histone deacetylase Rpd3p; Atg12p-Atg5p conjugate enhances E2 activity of Atg3p by rearranging its catalytic site.

Actin; structural protein involved in cell polarization, endocytosis, and other cytoskeletal functions.

Autophagy protein 5; Conserved protein involved in autophagy and the Cvt pathway; undergoes conjugation with Atg12p to form a complex involved in Atg8p lipidation; Atg5p-Atg12p conjugate enhances E2 activity of Atg3 by rearranging its catalytic site, also forms a complex with Atg16p; the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 complex binds to membranes and is essential for autophagosome formation; also involved in methionine restriction extension of chronological lifespan in an autophagy-dependent manner.

Actin; structural protein involved in cell polarization, endocytosis, and other cytoskeletal functions.

Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7; Autophagy-related protein and dual specificity member of the E1 family; mediates the attachment of Atg12p to Atg5p and Atg8p to phosphatidylethanolamine which are required steps in autophagosome formation; E1 enzymes are also known as ubiquitin-activating enzymes; involved in methionine restriction extension of chronological lifespan in an autophagy-dependent manner; Belongs to the ATG7 family.

Actin; structural protein involved in cell polarization, endocytosis, and other cytoskeletal functions.

Autophagy-related protein 8; Component of autophagosomes and Cvt vesicles; regulator of Atg1p, targets it to autophagosomes; binds the Atg1p-Atg13p complex, triggering its vacuolar degradation; unique ubiquitin-like protein whose conjugation target is lipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE); Atg8p-PE is anchored to membranes, is involved in phagophore expansion, and may mediate membrane fusion during autophagosome formation; deconjugation of Atg8p-PE is required for efficient autophagosome biogenesis.

Actin; structural protein involved in cell polarization, endocytosis, and other cytoskeletal functions.

Elongation factor 2 (EF-2), also encoded by EFT1; catalyzes ribosomal translocation during protein synthesis; contains diphthamide, the unique posttranslationally modified histidine residue specifically ADP-ribosylated by diphtheria toxin; EFT2 has a paralog, EFT1, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

Actin; structural protein involved in cell polarization, endocytosis, and other cytoskeletal functions.

eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2; Protein kinase; phosphorylates the alpha-subunit of translation initiation factor eIF2 (Sui2p) in response to starvation; activated by uncharged tRNAs and the Gcn1p-Gcn20p complex; contributes to DNA damage checkpoint control.

Actin; structural protein involved in cell polarization, endocytosis, and other cytoskeletal functions.

General control protein GCN4; bZIP transcriptional activator of amino acid biosynthetic genes; activator responds to amino acid starvation; expression is tightly regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels; Belongs to the bZIP family. GCN4 subfamily.

Actin; structural protein involved in cell polarization, endocytosis, and other cytoskeletal functions.

Histone deacetylase HDA1; Putative catalytic subunit of a class II histone deacetylase complex; role in azole resistance via Hsp90p, and in the heat shock response; Hda1p interacts with the Hda2p-Hda3p subcomplex to form an active tetramer; deletion increases histone H2B, H3 and H4 acetylation; other members of the HDA1 histone deacetylase complex are Hda2p and Hda3p.

Actin; structural protein involved in cell polarization, endocytosis, and other cytoskeletal functions.

Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 30; Subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-kinase complexes I and II; Complex I is essential in autophagy, Complex II is required for vacuolar protein sorting; required for overflow degradation of misfolded proteins when ERAD is saturated; C-terminus has novel globular fold essential for autophagy through the targeting of the PI3-kinase complex I to the pre-autophagosomal structure; ortholog of higher eukaryote gene Beclin 1; human BECN1 can complement yeast null mutant.

Ubiquitin-like protein ATG12; Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in autophagy and the Cvt pathway; conserved; conjugated to Atg5p to form a complex involved in Atg8p lipidation; Atg5p-Atg12p conjugate enhances E2 activity of Atg3p by rearranging its catalytic site, also forms a complex with Atg16p; the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 complex binds to membranes and is essential for autophagosome formation.

Actin; structural protein involved in cell polarization, endocytosis, and other cytoskeletal functions.

Ubiquitin-like protein ATG12; Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in autophagy and the Cvt pathway; conserved; conjugated to Atg5p to form a complex involved in Atg8p lipidation; Atg5p-Atg12p conjugate enhances E2 activity of Atg3p by rearranging its catalytic site, also forms a complex with Atg16p; the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 complex binds to membranes and is essential for autophagosome formation.

Conserved protein involved in autophagy; interacts with Atg12p-Atg5p conjugates to form Atg12p-Atg5p-Atg16p multimers, which binds to membranes and localizes to the pre-autophagosomal structure and are required for autophagy; relocalizes from nucleus to cytoplasmic foci upon DNA replication stress.

Ubiquitin-like protein ATG12; Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in autophagy and the Cvt pathway; conserved; conjugated to Atg5p to form a complex involved in Atg8p lipidation; Atg5p-Atg12p conjugate enhances E2 activity of Atg3p by rearranging its catalytic site, also forms a complex with Atg16p; the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 complex binds to membranes and is essential for autophagosome formation.

Autophagy-related protein 3; E2-like enzyme; involved in autophagy and cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway; plays a role in formation of Atg8p-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugates, which are involved in membrane dynamics during autophagy and Cvt; interaction with Atg8p regulated by acetylation by NuA4 histone acetyltransferase Esa1p while attenuation of Atg3 acetylation is mediated by histone deacetylase Rpd3p; Atg12p-Atg5p conjugate enhances E2 activity of Atg3p by rearranging its catalytic site.

Ubiquitin-like protein ATG12; Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in autophagy and the Cvt pathway; conserved; conjugated to Atg5p to form a complex involved in Atg8p lipidation; Atg5p-Atg12p conjugate enhances E2 activity of Atg3p by rearranging its catalytic site, also forms a complex with Atg16p; the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 complex binds to membranes and is essential for autophagosome formation.

Conserved cysteine protease required for autophagy; cleaves Atg8p to a form required for autophagosome and Cvt vesicle generation.

Ubiquitin-like protein ATG12; Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in autophagy and the Cvt pathway; conserved; conjugated to Atg5p to form a complex involved in Atg8p lipidation; Atg5p-Atg12p conjugate enhances E2 activity of Atg3p by rearranging its catalytic site, also forms a complex with Atg16p; the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 complex binds to membranes and is essential for autophagosome formation.

Autophagy protein 5; Conserved protein involved in autophagy and the Cvt pathway; undergoes conjugation with Atg12p to form a complex involved in Atg8p lipidation; Atg5p-Atg12p conjugate enhances E2 activity of Atg3 by rearranging its catalytic site, also forms a complex with Atg16p; the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 complex binds to membranes and is essential for autophagosome formation; also involved in methionine restriction extension of chronological lifespan in an autophagy-dependent manner.

Ubiquitin-like protein ATG12; Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in autophagy and the Cvt pathway; conserved; conjugated to Atg5p to form a complex involved in Atg8p lipidation; Atg5p-Atg12p conjugate enhances E2 activity of Atg3p by rearranging its catalytic site, also forms a complex with Atg16p; the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 complex binds to membranes and is essential for autophagosome formation.

Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7; Autophagy-related protein and dual specificity member of the E1 family; mediates the attachment of Atg12p to Atg5p and Atg8p to phosphatidylethanolamine which are required steps in autophagosome formation; E1 enzymes are also known as ubiquitin-activating enzymes; involved in methionine restriction extension of chronological lifespan in an autophagy-dependent manner; Belongs to the ATG7 family.

Ubiquitin-like protein ATG12; Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in autophagy and the Cvt pathway; conserved; conjugated to Atg5p to form a complex involved in Atg8p lipidation; Atg5p-Atg12p conjugate enhances E2 activity of Atg3p by rearranging its catalytic site, also forms a complex with Atg16p; the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 complex binds to membranes and is essential for autophagosome formation.

Autophagy-related protein 8; Component of autophagosomes and Cvt vesicles; regulator of Atg1p, targets it to autophagosomes; binds the Atg1p-Atg13p complex, triggering its vacuolar degradation; unique ubiquitin-like protein whose conjugation target is lipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE); Atg8p-PE is anchored to membranes, is involved in phagophore expansion, and may mediate membrane fusion during autophagosome formation; deconjugation of Atg8p-PE is required for efficient autophagosome biogenesis.

Ubiquitin-like protein ATG12; Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in autophagy and the Cvt pathway; conserved; conjugated to Atg5p to form a complex involved in Atg8p lipidation; Atg5p-Atg12p conjugate enhances E2 activity of Atg3p by rearranging its catalytic site, also forms a complex with Atg16p; the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 complex binds to membranes and is essential for autophagosome formation.

Histone deacetylase HDA1; Putative catalytic subunit of a class II histone deacetylase complex; role in azole resistance via Hsp90p, and in the heat shock response; Hda1p interacts with the Hda2p-Hda3p subcomplex to form an active tetramer; deletion increases histone H2B, H3 and H4 acetylation; other members of the HDA1 histone deacetylase complex are Hda2p and Hda3p.

Ubiquitin-like protein ATG12; Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in autophagy and the Cvt pathway; conserved; conjugated to Atg5p to form a complex involved in Atg8p lipidation; Atg5p-Atg12p conjugate enhances E2 activity of Atg3p by rearranging its catalytic site, also forms a complex with Atg16p; the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 complex binds to membranes and is essential for autophagosome formation.

Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 30; Subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-kinase complexes I and II; Complex I is essential in autophagy, Complex II is required for vacuolar protein sorting; required for overflow degradation of misfolded proteins when ERAD is saturated; C-terminus has novel globular fold essential for autophagy through the targeting of the PI3-kinase complex I to the pre-autophagosomal structure; ortholog of higher eukaryote gene Beclin 1; human BECN1 can complement yeast null mutant.

Conserved protein involved in autophagy; interacts with Atg12p-Atg5p conjugates to form Atg12p-Atg5p-Atg16p multimers, which binds to membranes and localizes to the pre-autophagosomal structure and are required for autophagy; relocalizes from nucleus to cytoplasmic foci upon DNA replication stress.

Ubiquitin-like protein ATG12; Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in autophagy and the Cvt pathway; conserved; conjugated to Atg5p to form a complex involved in Atg8p lipidation; Atg5p-Atg12p conjugate enhances E2 activity of Atg3p by rearranging its catalytic site, also forms a complex with Atg16p; the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 complex binds to membranes and is essential for autophagosome formation.