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ATO3 ATO3 CDC19 CDC19 TEC1 TEC1 TOS1 TOS1 PGI1 PGI1 PYC2 PYC2 GLK1 GLK1 ADY2 ADY2 IDP1 IDP1 THI3 THI3 YFH1 YFH1 SFA1 SFA1 YDR222W YDR222W SVF1 SVF1 GLY1 GLY1 ICL1 ICL1 ALD5 ALD5 HSP12 HSP12 MIG1 MIG1 PYC1 PYC1 POX1 POX1 ADH4 ADH4 POP6 POP6 PDC6 PDC6 CTT1 CTT1 XKS1 XKS1 YHL008C YHL008C MYO1 MYO1 GRE3 GRE3 GND1 GND1 GUT2 GUT2 RPE1 RPE1 OPT1 OPT1 SOR1 SOR1 FOX2 FOX2 CCP1 CCP1 YLL032C YLL032C PDC1 PDC1 PDC5 PDC5 HMX1 HMX1 CLB4 CLB4 DCS1 DCS1 TAL1 TAL1 FBP1 FBP1 CAT2 CAT2 DAK1 DAK1 EIS1 EIS1 ADH3 ADH3 SPG4 SPG4 YMR155W YMR155W ALD3 ALD3 ALD2 ALD2 ADH2 ADH2 GAS1 GAS1 ADH6 ADH6 NCE103 NCE103 NCS2 NCS2 MEP2 MEP2 SPS19 SPS19 CIT1 CIT1 ATO2 ATO2 SOL1 SOL1 ADH1 ADH1 RKI1 RKI1 PDR5 PDR5 PYK2 PYK2 ALD4 ALD4 ALD6 ALD6 DIP5 DIP5 CIT3 CIT3 PDH1 PDH1 ICL2 ICL2 YPR011C YPR011C YPR127W YPR127W MEP3 MEP3
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ATO3Ammonia transport outward protein 3; Plasma membrane protein, putative ammonium transporter; regulation pattern suggests a possible role in export of ammonia from the cell; phosphorylated in mitochondria; member of the TC 9.B.33 YaaH family of putative transporters. (275 aa)
CDC19Pyruvate kinase; functions as a homotetramer in glycolysis to convert phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, the input for aerobic (TCA cycle) or anaerobic (glucose fermentation) respiration; regulated via allosteric activation by fructose bisphosphate; CDC19 has a paralog, PYK2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (500 aa)
TEC1Transcription factor targeting filamentation genes and Ty1 expression; Ste12p activation of most filamentation gene promoters depends on Tec1p and Tec1p transcriptional activity is dependent on its association with Ste12p; binds to TCS elements upstream of filamentation genes, which are regulated by Tec1p/Ste12p/Dig1p complex; competes with Dig2p for binding to Ste12p/Dig1p; positive regulator of chronological life span; TEA/ATTS DNA-binding domain family member; Belongs to the TEC1 family. (486 aa)
TOS1Protein TOS1; Covalently-bound cell wall protein of unknown function; identified as a cell cycle regulated SBF target gene; deletion mutants are highly resistant to treatment with beta-1,3-glucanase; has sequence similarity to YJL171C; Belongs to the PGA52 family. (455 aa)
PGI1Glycolytic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase; catalyzes the interconversion of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate; required for cell cycle progression and completion of the gluconeogenic events of sporulation. (554 aa)
PYC2Pyruvate carboxylase isoform; cytoplasmic enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate; differentially regulated than isoform Pyc1p; mutations in the human homolog are associated with lactic acidosis; PYC2 has a paralog, PYC1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (1180 aa)
GLK1Glucokinase-1; Glucokinase; catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose at C6 in the first irreversible step of glucose metabolism; one of three glucose phosphorylating enzymes; expression regulated by non-fermentable carbon sources; GLK1 has a paralog, EMI2, that arose from the whole genome duplication; Belongs to the hexokinase family. (500 aa)
ADY2Accumulation of dyads protein 2; Acetate transporter required for normal sporulation; phosphorylated in mitochondria; ADY2 has a paralog, ATO2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (283 aa)
IDP1Mitochondrial NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase; catalyzes the oxidation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate; not required for mitochondrial respiration and may function to divert alpha-ketoglutarate to biosynthetic processes. (428 aa)
THI3Thiamine metabolism regulatory protein THI3; Regulatory protein that binds Pdc2p and Thi2p transcription factors; activates thiamine biosynthesis transcription factors Pdc2p and Thi2p by binding to them, but releases and de-activates them upon binding to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), the end product of the pathway; has similarity to decarboxylases but enzymatic activity is not detected. (609 aa)
YFH1Frataxin homolog intermediate form; Mitochondrial matrix iron chaperone; oxidizes and stores iron; interacts with Isu1p to promote Fe-S cluster assembly; mutation results in multiple Fe/S-dependent enzyme deficiencies; human frataxin homolog FXN is mutated in Friedrich's ataxia; human FTL gene can complement yeast yfh1 null mutant. (174 aa)
SFA1Bifunctional alcohol dehydrogenase and formaldehyde dehydrogenase; formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity is glutathione-dependent; functions in formaldehyde detoxification and formation of long chain and complex alcohols, regulated by Hog1p-Sko1p; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress. (386 aa)
YDR222WSVF1-like protein YDR222W; Protein of unknown function; green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fusion protein localizes to the cytoplasm in a punctate pattern; YDR222W has a paralog, YLR225C, that arose from the whole genome duplication; Belongs to the SVF1 family. (415 aa)
SVF1Survival factor 1; Protein with a potential role in cell survival pathways; required for the diauxic growth shift; expression in mammalian cells increases survival under conditions inducing apoptosis; mutant has increased aneuploidy tolerance; Belongs to the SVF1 family. (481 aa)
GLY1Low specificity L-threonine aldolase; Threonine aldolase; catalyzes the cleavage of L-allo-threonine and L-threonine to glycine; involved in glycine biosynthesis. (387 aa)
ICL1Isocitrate lyase; catalyzes the formation of succinate and glyoxylate from isocitrate, a key reaction of the glyoxylate cycle; expression of ICL1 is induced by growth on ethanol and repressed by growth on glucose. (557 aa)
ALD5Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase; involved in regulation or biosynthesis of electron transport chain components and acetate formation; activated by K+; utilizes NADP+ as the preferred coenzyme; constitutively expressed. (520 aa)
HSP1212 kDa heat shock protein; Plasma membrane protein involved in maintaining membrane organization; involved in maintaining organization during stress conditions; induced by heat shock, oxidative stress, osmostress, stationary phase, glucose depletion, oleate and alcohol; protein abundance increased in response to DNA replication stress and dietary restriction; regulated by the HOG and Ras-Pka pathways; required for dietary restriction-induced lifespan extension. (109 aa)
MIG1Regulatory protein MIG1; Transcription factor involved in glucose repression; sequence specific DNA binding protein containing two Cys2His2 zinc finger motifs; regulated by the SNF1 kinase and the GLC7 phosphatase; regulates filamentous growth along with Mig2p in response to glucose depletion; activated in stochastic pulses of nuclear localization, shuttling between cytosol and nucleus depending on external glucose levels and its phosphorylation state; Belongs to the creA/MIG C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. (504 aa)
PYC1Pyruvate carboxylase isoform; cytoplasmic enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate; differentially regulated than isoform Pyc2p; mutations in the human homolog are associated with lactic acidosis; PYC1 has a paralog, PYC2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (1178 aa)
POX1Fatty-acyl coenzyme A oxidase; involved in the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway; localized to the peroxisomal matrix. (748 aa)
ADH4Alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzyme type IV; dimeric enzyme demonstrated to be zinc-dependent despite sequence similarity to iron-activated alcohol dehydrogenases; transcription is induced in response to zinc deficiency. (382 aa)
POP6Ribonucleases P/MRP protein subunit POP6; Subunit of RNase MRP, nuclear RNase P and telomerase; forms a soluble heterodimer with Pop7p that binds P3 domain of RNase MRP and RNase P RNAs; RNase MRP cleaves pre-rRNA, nuclear RNase P cleaves tRNA precursors to generate mature 5' ends and facilitates turnover of nuclear RNAs, while telomerase replenishes telomeric DNA; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia. (158 aa)
PDC6Minor isoform of pyruvate decarboxylase; decarboxylates pyruvate to acetaldehyde, involved in amino acid catabolism; transcription is glucose- and ethanol-dependent, and is strongly induced during sulfur limitation; Belongs to the TPP enzyme family. (563 aa)
CTT1Cytosolic catalase T; has a role in protection from oxidative damage by hydrogen peroxide. (562 aa)
XKS1Xylulokinase; converts D-xylulose and ATP to xylulose 5-phosphate and ADP; rate limiting step in fermentation of xylulose; required for xylose fermentation by recombinant S. cerevisiae strains. (600 aa)
YHL008CUncharacterized transporter YHL008C; Putative protein of unknown function; may be involved in the uptake of chloride ions; does not appear to be involved in monocarboxylic acid transport; green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fusion protein localizes to the vacuole. (627 aa)
MYO1Myosin-1; Type II myosin heavy chain; required for wild-type cytokinesis and cell separation; localizes to the actomyosin ring; binds to myosin light chains Mlc1p and Mlc2p through its IQ1 and IQ2 motifs respectively. (1928 aa)
GRE3Aldose reductase; involved in methylglyoxal, d-xylose, arabinose, and galactose metabolism; stress induced (osmotic, ionic, oxidative, heat shock, starvation and heavy metals); regulated by the HOG pathway; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress. (327 aa)
GND16-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating); catalyzes an NADPH regenerating reaction in the pentose phosphate pathway; required for growth on D-glucono-delta-lactone and adaptation to oxidative stress; GND1 has a paralog, GND2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (489 aa)
GUT2Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; expression is repressed by both glucose and cAMP and derepressed by non-fermentable carbon sources in a Snf1p, Rsf1p, Hap2/3/4/5 complex dependent manner. (649 aa)
RPE1D-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase; catalyzes a reaction in the non-oxidative part of the pentose-phosphate pathway; mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress. (238 aa)
OPT1Proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter of the plasma membrane; also transports glutathione and phytochelatin; member of the OPT family. (799 aa)
SOR1Sorbitol dehydrogenase; protein sequence is 99% identical to the Sor2p sorbitol dehydrogenase; expression is induced in the presence of sorbitol or xylose; Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. (357 aa)
FOX2Peroxisomal hydratase-dehydrogenase-epimerase; 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and enoyl-CoA hydratase; multifunctional enzyme of the peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway; mutation is functionally complemented by human HSD17B4. (900 aa)
CCP1Mitochondrial cytochrome-c peroxidase; degrades reactive oxygen species in mitochondria, involved in the response to oxidative stress. (361 aa)
YLL032CKH domain-containing protein YLL032C; Protein of unknown function; may interact with ribosomes, based on co-purification experiments; green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fusion protein localizes to the cytoplasm; YLL032C is not an essential gene. (825 aa)
PDC1Major of three pyruvate decarboxylase isozymes; key enzyme in alcoholic fermentation; decarboxylates pyruvate to acetaldehyde; involved in amino acid catabolism; subject to glucose-, ethanol-, and autoregulation; activated by phosphorylation in response to glucose levels; N-terminally propionylated in vivo; Belongs to the TPP enzyme family. (563 aa)
PDC5Minor isoform of pyruvate decarboxylase; key enzyme in alcoholic fermentation, decarboxylates pyruvate to acetaldehyde, regulation is glucose- and ethanol-dependent, repressed by thiamine, involved in amino acid catabolism. (563 aa)
HMX1Heme-binding protein HMX1; ER localized heme oxygenase; involved in heme degradation during iron starvation and in the oxidative stress response; expression is regulated by AFT1 and oxidative stress; relocates to the perinuclear region in the presence of oxidants. (317 aa)
CLB4G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-4; B-type cyclin involved in cell cycle progression; activates Cdc28p to promote the G2/M transition; may be involved in DNA replication and spindle assembly; accumulates during S phase and G2, then targeted for ubiquitin-mediated degradation; CLB4 has a paralog, CLB3, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (460 aa)
DCS1m7GpppX diphosphatase; Non-essential hydrolase involved in mRNA decapping; activates Xrn1p; may function in a feedback mechanism to regulate deadenylation, contains pyrophosphatase activity and a HIT (histidine triad) motif; acts as inhibitor of neutral trehalase Nth1p; required for growth on glycerol medium; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress; DCS1 has a paralog, DCS2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (350 aa)
TAL1Transaldolase, enzyme in the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway; converts sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to erythrose 4-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate; TAL1 has a paralog, NQM1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (335 aa)
FBP1Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase; key regulatory enzyme in the gluconeogenesis pathway, required for glucose metabolism; undergoes either proteasome-mediated or autophagy-mediated degradation depending on growth conditions; glucose starvation results in redistribution to the periplasm; interacts with Vid30p; Belongs to the FBPase class 1 family. (348 aa)
CAT2Carnitine O-acetyltransferase, mitochondrial; Carnitine acetyl-CoA transferase; present in both mitochondria and peroxisomes; transfers activated acetyl groups to carnitine to form acetylcarnitine which can be shuttled across membranes; Belongs to the carnitine/choline acetyltransferase family. (670 aa)
DAK1Dihydroxyacetone kinase; required for detoxification of dihydroxyacetone (DHA); involved in stress adaptation. (584 aa)
EIS1Eisosome protein 1; Component of the eisosome required for proper eisosome assembly; similar to Uso1p; authentic, non-tagged protein is detected in a phosphorylated state in highly purified mitochondria in high-throughput studies; protein increases in abundance and relocalizes from plasma membrane to cytoplasm upon DNA replication stress; EIS1 has a paralog, YKL050C, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (843 aa)
ADH3Mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme III; involved in the shuttling of mitochondrial NADH to the cytosol under anaerobic conditions and ethanol production. (375 aa)
SPG4Stationary phase protein 4; Protein required for high temperature survival during stationary phase; not required for growth on nonfermentable carbon sources; Belongs to the SPG4 family. (115 aa)
YMR155WUncharacterized membrane protein YMR155W; Putative protein of unknown function; identified as interacting with Hsp82p in a high-throughput two-hybrid screen. (547 aa)
ALD3Cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase; involved in beta-alanine synthesis; uses NAD+ as the preferred coenzyme; very similar to Ald2p; expression is induced by stress and repressed by glucose. (506 aa)
ALD2Cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase; involved in ethanol oxidation and beta-alanine biosynthesis; uses NAD+ as the preferred coenzyme; expression is stress induced and glucose repressed; very similar to Ald3p. (506 aa)
ADH2Glucose-repressible alcohol dehydrogenase II; catalyzes the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde; involved in the production of certain carboxylate esters; regulated by ADR1. (348 aa)
GAS11,3-beta-glucanosyltransferase GAS1; Beta-1,3-glucanosyltransferase; required for cell wall assembly and also has a role in transcriptional silencing; localizes to cell surface via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor; also found at nuclear periphery; genetic interactions with histone H3 lysine acetyltransferases GCN5 and SAS3 indicate previously unsuspected functions for Gas1 in DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 72 family. (559 aa)
ADH6NADPH-dependent medium chain alcohol dehydrogenase; has broad substrate specificity; member of the cinnamyl family of alcohol dehydrogenases; may be involved in fusel alcohol synthesis or in aldehyde tolerance; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress. (360 aa)
NCE103Carbonic anhydrase; metalloenzyme that catalyzes CO2 hydration to bicarbonate, which is an important metabolic substrate, and protons; not expressed under conditions of high CO2, such as inside a growing colony, but transcription is induced in response to low CO2 levels, such as on the colony surface in ambient air; poorly transcribed under aerobic conditions and at an undetectable level under anaerobic conditions; abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress. (221 aa)
NCS2Cytoplasmic tRNA 2-thiolation protein 2; Protein required for uridine thiolation of Lys(UUU) and Glu(UUC) tRNAs; required for the thiolation of uridine at the wobble position of Lys(UUU) and Glu(UUC) tRNAs; has a role in urmylation and in invasive and pseudohyphal growth; inhibits replication of Brome mosaic virus in S. cerevisiae; Belongs to the CTU2/NCS2 family. (493 aa)
MEP2Ammonium transporter MEP2; Ammonium permease involved in regulation of pseudohyphal growth; belongs to a ubiquitous family of cytoplasmic membrane proteins that transport only ammonium (NH4+); expression is under the nitrogen catabolite repression regulation; Belongs to the ammonia transporter channel (TC 1.A.11.2) family. (499 aa)
SPS19Peroxisomal 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase; auxiliary enzyme of fatty acid beta-oxidation; homodimeric enzyme required for growth and sporulation on petroselineate medium; expression induced during late sporulation and in the presence of oleate; Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. (292 aa)
CIT1Citrate synthase, mitochondrial; Citrate synthase; catalyzes the condensation of acetyl coenzyme A and oxaloacetate to form citrate; the rate-limiting enzyme of the TCA cycle; nuclear encoded mitochondrial protein; CIT1 has a paralog, CIT2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (479 aa)
ATO2Ammonia transport outward protein 2; Putative transmembrane protein involved in export of ammonia; ammonia is a starvation signal that promotes cell death in aging colonies; phosphorylated in mitochondria; member of the TC 9.B.33 YaaH family; homolog of Y. lipolytica Gpr1p; ATO2 has a paralog, ADY2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (282 aa)
SOL16-phosphogluconolactonase-like protein 1; Protein with a possible role in tRNA export; shows similarity to 6-phosphogluconolactonase non-catalytic domains but does not exhibit this enzymatic activity; homologous to Sol3p and Sol4p; SOL1 has a paralog, SOL2, that arose from the whole genome duplication; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress; Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family. 6-phosphogluconolactonase subfamily. (321 aa)
ADH1Alcohol dehydrogenase; fermentative isozyme active as homo- or heterotetramers; required for the reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol, the last step in the glycolytic pathway; ADH1 has a paralog, ADH5, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (348 aa)
RKI1Ribose-5-phosphate ketol-isomerase; catalyzes the interconversion of ribose 5-phosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate in the pentose phosphate pathway; participates in pyridoxine biosynthesis. (258 aa)
PDR5Pleiotropic ABC efflux transporter of multiple drugs; Plasma membrane ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter; multidrug transporter actively regulated by Pdr1p; also involved in steroid transport, cation resistance, and cellular detoxification during exponential growth; PDR5 has a paralog, PDR15, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (1511 aa)
PYK2Pyruvate kinase; appears to be modulated by phosphorylation; transcription repressed by glucose, and Pyk2p may be active under low glycolytic flux; PYK2 has a paralog, CDC19, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (506 aa)
ALD4Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase; required for growth on ethanol and conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate; phosphorylated; activity is K+ dependent; utilizes NADP+ or NAD+ equally as coenzymes; expression is glucose repressed; can substitute for cytosolic NADP-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase when directed to the cytosol; human homolog ALDH2 can complement yeast ald4 mutant. (519 aa)
ALD6Cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase; activated by Mg2+ and utilizes NADP+ as the preferred coenzyme; required for conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate; constitutively expressed; locates to the mitochondrial outer surface upon oxidative stress. (500 aa)
DIP5Dicarboxylic amino acid permease; mediates high-affinity and high-capacity transport of L-glutamate and L-aspartate; also a transporter for Gln, Asn, Ser, Ala, and Gly; relocalizes from plasma membrane to vacuole upon DNA replication stress. (608 aa)
CIT3Dual specificity mitochondrial citrate and methylcitrate synthase; catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate and that of propionyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form 2-methylcitrate. (486 aa)
PDH1Putative 2-methylcitrate dehydratase; mitochondrial protein that participates in respiration; induced by diauxic shift; homologous to E. coli PrpD, may take part in the conversion of 2-methylcitrate to 2-methylisocitrate. (516 aa)
ICL22-methylisocitrate lyase of the mitochondrial matrix; functions in the methylcitrate cycle to catalyze the conversion of 2-methylisocitrate to succinate and pyruvate; ICL2 transcription is repressed by glucose and induced by ethanol. (575 aa)
YPR011CUncharacterized mitochondrial carrier YPR011C; Mitochondrial transporter; major substrates are adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) and 3'-phospho-adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS); member of the mitochondrial carrier family; the authentic, non-tagged protein is detected in highly purified mitochondria in high-throughput studies. (326 aa)
YPR127WPutative pyridoxal reductase; Putative pyridoxine 4-dehydrogenase; differentially expressed during alcoholic fermentation; expression activated by transcription factor YRM1/YOR172W; green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fusion protein localizes to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. (345 aa)
MEP3Ammonium transporter MEP3; Ammonium permease of high capacity and low affinity; belongs to a ubiquitous family of cytoplasmic membrane proteins that transport only ammonium (NH4+); expression is under the nitrogen catabolite repression regulation ammonia permease; MEP3 has a paralog, MEP1, that arose from the whole genome duplication; Belongs to the ammonia transporter channel (TC 1.A.11.2) family. (489 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
NCBI taxonomy Id: 4932
Other names: ATCC 18824, Candida robusta, Mycoderma cerevisiae, NRRL Y-12632, S. cerevisiae, Saccharomyces capensis, Saccharomyces italicus, Saccharomyces oviformis, Saccharomyces uvarum var. melibiosus, yeast
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