DNA damage tolerance protein RHC31; Subunit of heterodimeric nuclear SUMO activating enzyme E1 with Uba2p; activates Smt3p (SUMO) before its conjugation to proteins (sumoylation), which may play a role in protein targeting; essential for viability; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia.

Chromosome stability protein 9; SUMO E3 ligase; required for synaptonemal complex formation; localizes to synapsis initiation sites on meiotic chromosomes; associates with centromeres early in meiosis, then with chromosome axes and finally with double-strand break sites that are engaged in repair by crossovers; potential Cdc28p substrate.

DNA damage tolerance protein RHC31; Subunit of heterodimeric nuclear SUMO activating enzyme E1 with Uba2p; activates Smt3p (SUMO) before its conjugation to proteins (sumoylation), which may play a role in protein targeting; essential for viability; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia.

Highly conserved SUMO E3 ligase subunit of SMC5-SMC6 complex; required for anchoring dsDNA breaks to the nuclear periphery; SMC5-SMC6 plays a key role in removal of X-shaped DNA structures that arise between sister chromatids during DNA replication and repair; required for efficient sister chromatid cohesion; mutants are sensitive to MMS, show increased spontaneous mutation and mitotic recombination; SUMOylates and inhibits Snf1p function; supports nucleolar function; Belongs to the NSE2 family.

DNA damage tolerance protein RHC31; Subunit of heterodimeric nuclear SUMO activating enzyme E1 with Uba2p; activates Smt3p (SUMO) before its conjugation to proteins (sumoylation), which may play a role in protein targeting; essential for viability; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia.

SUMO E3 ligase; catalyzes sumoylation of Yku70p/80p and Sir4p promoting telomere anchoring to the nuclear envelope and regulating telomerase activity; DNA-bound form catalyzes a DNA-damaged triggered sumoylation wave resulting in multisite modification of several DNA repair proteins, enhancing interactions between these proteins and accelerating repair; sumoylates Cse4p, a prerequisite for STUbL-mediated Ub-dependent degradation; role in telomere length maintenance; Belongs to the PIAS family.

DNA damage tolerance protein RHC31; Subunit of heterodimeric nuclear SUMO activating enzyme E1 with Uba2p; activates Smt3p (SUMO) before its conjugation to proteins (sumoylation), which may play a role in protein targeting; essential for viability; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia.

Nucleoporin involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport; binds to either the nucleoplasmic or cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pore complex depending on Ran-GTP levels; also has a role in chromatin organization.

DNA damage tolerance protein RHC31; Subunit of heterodimeric nuclear SUMO activating enzyme E1 with Uba2p; activates Smt3p (SUMO) before its conjugation to proteins (sumoylation), which may play a role in protein targeting; essential for viability; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia.

SUMO E3 ligase; promotes attachment of small ubiquitin-related modifier sumo (Smt3p) to primarily cytoplasmic proteins; regulates Rsp5p ubiquitin ligase activity and is in turn itself regulated by Rsp5p; required for sumoylation of septins and histone H3 variant Cse4p, a prerequisite for STUbL-mediated Ub-dependent degradation; localizes to the septin ring; acts as an adapter between E2, Ubc9p and substrates; tends to compensate for survival of DNA damage in absence of Nfi1p.

DNA damage tolerance protein RHC31; Subunit of heterodimeric nuclear SUMO activating enzyme E1 with Uba2p; activates Smt3p (SUMO) before its conjugation to proteins (sumoylation), which may play a role in protein targeting; essential for viability; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia.

Ubiquitin-like protein of the SUMO family; conjugated to lysine residues of target proteins; associates with transcriptionally active genes; regulates chromatid cohesion, chromosome segregation, APC-mediated proteolysis, DNA replication and septin ring dynamics; human homolog SUMO1 can complement yeast null mutant.

DNA damage tolerance protein RHC31; Subunit of heterodimeric nuclear SUMO activating enzyme E1 with Uba2p; activates Smt3p (SUMO) before its conjugation to proteins (sumoylation), which may play a role in protein targeting; essential for viability; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia.

Ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1-like; Subunit of heterodimeric nuclear SUMO activating enzyme E1 with Aos1p; activates Smt3p (SUMO) before its conjugation to proteins (sumoylation), which may play a role in protein targeting; essential for viability.

DNA damage tolerance protein RHC31; Subunit of heterodimeric nuclear SUMO activating enzyme E1 with Uba2p; activates Smt3p (SUMO) before its conjugation to proteins (sumoylation), which may play a role in protein targeting; essential for viability; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia.

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme; mediates selective degradation of short-lived, abnormal, or excess proteins, including histone H3; central component of the cellular stress response; expression is heat inducible; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress; UBC5 has a paralog, UBC4, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

DNA damage tolerance protein RHC31; Subunit of heterodimeric nuclear SUMO activating enzyme E1 with Uba2p; activates Smt3p (SUMO) before its conjugation to proteins (sumoylation), which may play a role in protein targeting; essential for viability; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia.

SUMO-conjugating enzyme involved in the Smt3p conjugation pathway; nuclear protein required for S- and M-phase cyclin degradation and mitotic control; involved in proteolysis mediated by the anaphase-promoting complex cyclosome (APCC).

DNA damage tolerance protein RHC31; Subunit of heterodimeric nuclear SUMO activating enzyme E1 with Uba2p; activates Smt3p (SUMO) before its conjugation to proteins (sumoylation), which may play a role in protein targeting; essential for viability; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia.

Ubiquitin-like-specific protease 1; Protease that specifically cleaves Smt3p protein conjugates; required for cell cycle progression; associates with nucleoporins and may interact with septin rings during telophase; sequestered to the nucleolus under stress conditions.

DNA damage tolerance protein RHC31; Subunit of heterodimeric nuclear SUMO activating enzyme E1 with Uba2p; activates Smt3p (SUMO) before its conjugation to proteins (sumoylation), which may play a role in protein targeting; essential for viability; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia.

Ubiquitin-like-specific protease 2; Peptidase that deconjugates Smt3/SUMO-1 peptides from proteins; plays a role in chromosome cohesion at centromeric regions and recovery from checkpoint arrest induced by DNA damage or DNA replication defects; potential Cdc28p substrate; human homolog PML implicated in promyelocytic leukemia can partially complement yeast null mutant; Belongs to the peptidase C48 family.

G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-2; B-type cyclin involved in cell cycle progression; activates Cdc28p to promote the transition from G2 to M phase; accumulates during G2 and M, then targeted via a destruction box motif for ubiquitin-mediated degradation by the proteasome; CLB2 has a paralog, CLB1, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

Galactokinase; phosphorylates alpha-D-galactose to alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate in the first step of galactose catabolism; expression regulated by Gal4p; human homolog GALK2 complements yeast null mutant; GAL1 has a paralog, GAL3, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-2; B-type cyclin involved in cell cycle progression; activates Cdc28p to promote the transition from G2 to M phase; accumulates during G2 and M, then targeted via a destruction box motif for ubiquitin-mediated degradation by the proteasome; CLB2 has a paralog, CLB1, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase involved in osmoregulation; controls global reallocation of RNAPII during osmotic shock; mediates recruitment/activation of RNAPII at Hot1p-dependent promoters; binds calmodulin; stimulates antisense transcription to activate CDC28; defines novel S-phase checkpoint with Mrc1p that prevent replication/transcription conflicts; nuclear form represses pseudohyphal growth; autophosphorylates; protein abundance increases under DNA replication stress; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily. HOG1 sub-subfamily.

G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-2; B-type cyclin involved in cell cycle progression; activates Cdc28p to promote the transition from G2 to M phase; accumulates during G2 and M, then targeted via a destruction box motif for ubiquitin-mediated degradation by the proteasome; CLB2 has a paralog, CLB1, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

Beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IMDH); catalyzes the third step in the leucine biosynthesis pathway; can additionally catalyze the conversion of beta-ethylmalate into alpha-ketovalerate; Belongs to the isocitrate and isopropylmalate dehydrogenases family.

G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-2; B-type cyclin involved in cell cycle progression; activates Cdc28p to promote the transition from G2 to M phase; accumulates during G2 and M, then targeted via a destruction box motif for ubiquitin-mediated degradation by the proteasome; CLB2 has a paralog, CLB1, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

Serine/threonine-protein kinase MEC1; Genome integrity checkpoint protein and PI kinase superfamily member; Mec1p and Dun1p function in same pathway to regulate dNTP pools and telomere length; signal transducer required for cell cycle arrest and transcriptional responses to damaged or unreplicated DNA; facilitates replication fork progression and regulates P-body formation under replication stress; promotes interhomolog recombination by phosphorylating Hop1p; associates with shortened, dysfunctional telomeres.

G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-2; B-type cyclin involved in cell cycle progression; activates Cdc28p to promote the transition from G2 to M phase; accumulates during G2 and M, then targeted via a destruction box motif for ubiquitin-mediated degradation by the proteasome; CLB2 has a paralog, CLB1, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

Serine/threonine-protein kinase RAD53; DNA damage response protein kinase; required for cell-cycle arrest, regulation of copper genes in response to DNA damage; phosphorylates nuclear pores to counteract gene gating, preventing aberrant transitions at forks approaching transcribed genes; activates downstream kinase Dun1p; differentially senses mtDNA depletion, mitochondrial ROS; relocalizes to cytosol under hypoxia; human homolog CHEK2 implicated in breast cancer can complement yeast null mutant; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CHEK2 subfamily.

Chromosome stability protein 9; SUMO E3 ligase; required for synaptonemal complex formation; localizes to synapsis initiation sites on meiotic chromosomes; associates with centromeres early in meiosis, then with chromosome axes and finally with double-strand break sites that are engaged in repair by crossovers; potential Cdc28p substrate.

DNA damage tolerance protein RHC31; Subunit of heterodimeric nuclear SUMO activating enzyme E1 with Uba2p; activates Smt3p (SUMO) before its conjugation to proteins (sumoylation), which may play a role in protein targeting; essential for viability; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia.

Chromosome stability protein 9; SUMO E3 ligase; required for synaptonemal complex formation; localizes to synapsis initiation sites on meiotic chromosomes; associates with centromeres early in meiosis, then with chromosome axes and finally with double-strand break sites that are engaged in repair by crossovers; potential Cdc28p substrate.

Highly conserved SUMO E3 ligase subunit of SMC5-SMC6 complex; required for anchoring dsDNA breaks to the nuclear periphery; SMC5-SMC6 plays a key role in removal of X-shaped DNA structures that arise between sister chromatids during DNA replication and repair; required for efficient sister chromatid cohesion; mutants are sensitive to MMS, show increased spontaneous mutation and mitotic recombination; SUMOylates and inhibits Snf1p function; supports nucleolar function; Belongs to the NSE2 family.

Chromosome stability protein 9; SUMO E3 ligase; required for synaptonemal complex formation; localizes to synapsis initiation sites on meiotic chromosomes; associates with centromeres early in meiosis, then with chromosome axes and finally with double-strand break sites that are engaged in repair by crossovers; potential Cdc28p substrate.

SUMO E3 ligase; catalyzes sumoylation of Yku70p/80p and Sir4p promoting telomere anchoring to the nuclear envelope and regulating telomerase activity; DNA-bound form catalyzes a DNA-damaged triggered sumoylation wave resulting in multisite modification of several DNA repair proteins, enhancing interactions between these proteins and accelerating repair; sumoylates Cse4p, a prerequisite for STUbL-mediated Ub-dependent degradation; role in telomere length maintenance; Belongs to the PIAS family.

Chromosome stability protein 9; SUMO E3 ligase; required for synaptonemal complex formation; localizes to synapsis initiation sites on meiotic chromosomes; associates with centromeres early in meiosis, then with chromosome axes and finally with double-strand break sites that are engaged in repair by crossovers; potential Cdc28p substrate.

SUMO E3 ligase; promotes attachment of small ubiquitin-related modifier sumo (Smt3p) to primarily cytoplasmic proteins; regulates Rsp5p ubiquitin ligase activity and is in turn itself regulated by Rsp5p; required for sumoylation of septins and histone H3 variant Cse4p, a prerequisite for STUbL-mediated Ub-dependent degradation; localizes to the septin ring; acts as an adapter between E2, Ubc9p and substrates; tends to compensate for survival of DNA damage in absence of Nfi1p.