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CLN3 | G1/S-specific cyclin CLN3; G1 cyclin involved in cell cycle progression; activates Cdc28p kinase to promote G1 to S phase transition; plays a role in regulating transcription of other G1 cyclins, CLN1 and CLN2; regulated by phosphorylation and proteolysis; acetyl-CoA induces CLN3 transcription in response to nutrient repletion to promote cell-cycle entry; cell cycle arrest phenotype of the cln1 cln2 cln3 triple null mutant is complemented by any of human cyclins CCNA2, CCNB1, CCNC, CCND1, or CCNE1. (580 aa) | ||||
FUS3 | Mitogen-activated serine/threonine protein kinase involved in mating; phosphoactivated by Ste7p; substrates include Ste12p, Far1p, Bni1p, Sst2p; inhibits invasive growth during mating by phosphorylating Tec1p, promoting its; inhibits recruitment of Ste5p, Cdc42p-mediated asymmetry and mating morphogenesis. (353 aa) | ||||
HSL7 | Protein arginine N-methyltransferase; exhibits septin and Hsl1p-dependent localization to the bud neck in budded cells and periodic Hsl1p-dependent phosphorylation; required with Hsl1p, and Elm1p for the mother-bud neck recruitment, phosphorylation, and degradation of Swe1p; interacts directly with Swe1p; relocalizes away from bud neck upon DNA replication stress; human homolog PRMT5 can complement yeast hsl7 mutant. (827 aa) | ||||
MEC1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase MEC1; Genome integrity checkpoint protein and PI kinase superfamily member; Mec1p and Dun1p function in same pathway to regulate dNTP pools and telomere length; signal transducer required for cell cycle arrest and transcriptional responses to damaged or unreplicated DNA; facilitates replication fork progression and regulates P-body formation under replication stress; promotes interhomolog recombination by phosphorylating Hop1p; associates with shortened, dysfunctional telomeres. (2368 aa) | ||||
CDC28 | Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) catalytic subunit; master regulator of mitotic and meiotic cell cycles; alternately associates with G1, S, G2/M phase cyclins, which provide substrate specificity; regulates metabolism, basal transcription, chromosome dynamics, growth and morphogenesis; transcript induction in osmostress involves antisense RNA; human homologs CDK1, CDK2, CDK3 can complement yeast conditional cdc28 mutants; human CDK1, CDK2 can complement yeast cdc28 null mutant. (298 aa) | ||||
SMP1 | MADS-box transcription factor involved in osmotic stress response; SMP1 has a paralog, RLM1, that arose from the whole genome duplication; Belongs to the MEF2 family. (452 aa) | ||||
MBP1 | Transcription factor; involved in regulation of cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase, forms a complex with Swi6p that binds to MluI cell cycle box regulatory element in promoters of DNA synthesis genes. (833 aa) | ||||
CLB3 | G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-3; B-type cyclin involved in cell cycle progression; activates Cdc28p to promote the G2/M transition; may be involved in DNA replication and spindle assembly; accumulates during S phase and G2, then targeted for ubiquitin-mediated degradation; relative distribution to the nucleus increases upon DNA replication stress; CLB3 has a paralog, CLB4, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (427 aa) | ||||
PDS1 | Securin; inhibits anaphase by binding separin Esp1p; blocks cyclin destruction and mitotic exit, essential for meiotic progression and mitotic cell cycle arrest; localization is cell-cycle dependent and regulated by Cdc28p phosphorylation. (373 aa) | ||||
SWI5 | Transcriptional factor SWI5; Transcription factor that recruits Mediator and Swi/Snf complexes; activates transcription of genes expressed at the M/G1 phase boundary and in G1 phase; required for expression of the HO gene controlling mating type switching; localization to nucleus occurs during G1 and appears to be regulated by phosphorylation by Cdc28p kinase; SWI5 has a paralog, ACE2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (709 aa) | ||||
SNF1 | AMP-activated S/T protein kinase; forms a complex with Snf4p and members of the Sip1p/Sip2p/Gal83p family; required for transcription of glucose-repressed genes, thermotolerance, sporulation, and peroxisome biogenesis; regulates nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Hxk2p; regulates filamentous growth and acts as a non-canonical GEF, activating Arf3p during invasive growth; SUMOylation by Mms21p inhibits its function and targets Snf1p for destruction via the Slx5-Slx8 Ub ligase. (633 aa) | ||||
SWI4 | Regulatory protein SWI4; DNA binding component of the SBF complex (Swi4p-Swi6p); a transcriptional activator that in concert with MBF (Mbp1-Swi6p) regulates late G1-specific transcription of targets including cyclins and genes required for DNA synthesis and repair; Slt2p-independent regulator of cold growth; acetylation at two sites, K1016 and K1066, regulates interaction with Swi6p. (1093 aa) | ||||
CDC14 | Tyrosine-protein phosphatase CDC14; Protein phosphatase required for mitotic exit; required for rDNA segregation, cytokinesis, meiosis I spindle disassembly, environmental stress response; held in nucleolus by Cdc55p in early meiosis, liberated by FEAR and Mitotic Exit Network in anaphase, enabling it to effect a decrease in CDK/B-cyclin activity and mitotic exit; sequestered in metaphase II, released upon entry into anaphase II; human homolog CDC14A can complement thermosensitivity of yeast cdc14-1 mutant. (551 aa) | ||||
CDC20 | Activator of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C); APC/C is required for metaphase/anaphase transition; directs ubiquitination of mitotic cyclins, Pds1p, and other anaphase inhibitors; cell-cycle regulated; potential Cdc28p substrate; relative distribution to the nucleus increases upon DNA replication stress; Belongs to the WD repeat CDC20/Fizzy family. (610 aa) | ||||
ESP1 | Separin; Separase, a caspase-like cysteine protease; promotes sister chromatid separation by mediating dissociation of the cohesin Scc1p from chromatin; inhibits protein phosphatase 2A-Cdc55p to promote mitotic exit; inhibited by Pds1p; relative distribution to the nucleus increases upon DNA replication stress. (1630 aa) | ||||
CLB1 | G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-1; B-type cyclin involved in cell cycle progression; activates Cdc28p to promote the transition from G2 to M phase; accumulates during G2 and M, then targeted via a destruction box motif for ubiquitin-mediated degradation by the proteasome; CLB1 has a paralog, CLB2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (471 aa) | ||||
CLB6 | S-phase entry cyclin-6; B-type cyclin involved in DNA replication during S phase; activates Cdc28p to promote initiation of DNA synthesis; functions in formation of mitotic spindles along with Clb3p and Clb4p; most abundant during late G1; CLB6 has a paralog, CLB5, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (380 aa) | ||||
STE12 | Protein STE12; Transcription factor that is activated by a MAPK signaling cascade; activates genes involved in mating or pseudohyphal/invasive growth pathways; cooperates with Tec1p transcription factor to regulate genes specific for invasive growth. (688 aa) | ||||
CDC12 | Cell division control protein 12; Component of the septin ring that is required for cytokinesis; septins are GTP-binding proteins that assemble into rod-like hetero-oligomers that can associate with other rods to form filaments; septin rings at the mother-bud neck act as scaffolds for recruiting cell division factors and as barriers to prevent diffusion of specific proteins between mother and daughter cells. (407 aa) | ||||
PFK26 | 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase; inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate and sn-glycerol 3-phosphate; has negligible fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase activity; transcriptional regulation involves protein kinase A. (827 aa) | ||||
NET1 | Nucleolar protein NET1; Core subunit of the RENT complex; involved in nucleolar silencing and telophase exit; stimulates transcription by RNA polymerase I and regulates nucleolar structure; NET1 has a paralog, TOF2, that arose from the whole genome duplication; To yeast YKR010c. (1189 aa) | ||||
FAR1 | CDK inhibitor and nuclear anchor; during the cell cycle Far1p sequesters the GEF Cdc24p in the nucleus; phosphorylation by Cdc28p-Cln results in SCFCdc4 complex-mediated ubiquitin-dependent degradation, releasing Cdc24p for export and activation of GTPase Cdc42p; in response to pheromone, phosphorylation of Far1p by MAPK Fus3p results in association with, and inhibition of Cdc28p-Cln, as well as Msn5p mediated nuclear export of Far1p-Cdc24p, targeting Cdc24p to polarity sites. (830 aa) | ||||
TPK1 | cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit; promotes vegetative growth in response to nutrients via the Ras-cAMP signaling pathway; inhibited by regulatory subunit Bcy1p in the absence of cAMP; phosphorylates and inhibits Whi3p to promote G1/S phase passage; partially redundant with Tpk2p and Tpk3p; phosphorylates pre-Tom40p, which impairs its import into mitochondria under non-respiratory conditions; TPK1 has a paralog, TPK3, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (397 aa) | ||||
SWE1 | Mitosis inhibitor protein kinase SWE1; Protein kinase that regulates the G2/M transition; negative regulator of the Cdc28p kinase; morphogenesis checkpoint kinase; positive regulator of sphingolipid biosynthesis via Orm2p; phosphorylates a tyrosine residue in the N-terminus of Hsp90 in a cell-cycle associated manner, thus modulating the ability of Hsp90 to chaperone a selected clientele; localizes to the nucleus and to the daughter side of the mother-bud neck; homolog of S. pombe Wee1p; potential Cdc28p substrate. (819 aa) | ||||
HSL1 | Probable serine/threonine-protein kinase HSL1; Nim1p-related protein kinase; septin-binding kinase that localizes to the bud neck septin ring and regulates the morphogenesis checkpoint; phosphorylates Hsl7p and cooperates with Elm1p to recruit Hsl7p to the mother-bud neck, as a prerequisite for the subsequent recruitment, phosphorylation, and degradation of Swe1p; autophosphorylation enhances interactions with Hsl7p. (1518 aa) | ||||
TPK3 | cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit; promotes vegetative growth in response to nutrients via the Ras-cAMP signaling pathway; partially redundant with Tpk1p and Tpk2p; localizes to P-bodies during stationary phase; TPK3 has a paralog, TPK1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (398 aa) | ||||
SIC1 | Protein SIC1; Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI); inhibitor of Cdc28-Clb kinase complexes that controls G1/S phase transition, preventing premature S phase and ensuring genomic integrity; phosphorylated by Clb5/6-Cdk1 and Cln1/2-Cdk1 kinase which regulate timing of Sic1p degradation; phosphorylation targets Sic1p for SCF(CDC4)-dependent turnover; functional homolog of mammalian Kip1. (284 aa) | ||||
HOG1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase involved in osmoregulation; controls global reallocation of RNAPII during osmotic shock; mediates recruitment/activation of RNAPII at Hot1p-dependent promoters; binds calmodulin; stimulates antisense transcription to activate CDC28; defines novel S-phase checkpoint with Mrc1p that prevent replication/transcription conflicts; nuclear form represses pseudohyphal growth; autophosphorylates; protein abundance increases under DNA replication stress; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily. HOG1 sub-subfamily. (435 aa) | ||||
CKI1 | Choline kinase; catalyzes the first step in phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the CDP-choline (Kennedy pathway); exhibits some ethanolamine kinase activity contributing to phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis via the CDP-ethanolamine pathway; CKI1 has a paralog, EKI1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (582 aa) | ||||
SWI6 | Regulatory protein SWI6; Transcription cofactor; forms complexes with Swi4p and Mbp1p to regulate transcription at the G1/S transition; involved in meiotic gene expression; also binds Stb1p to regulate transcription at START; cell wall stress induces phosphorylation by Mpk1p, which regulates Swi6p localization; required for the unfolded protein response, independently of its known transcriptional coactivators. (803 aa) | ||||
CLB4 | G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-4; B-type cyclin involved in cell cycle progression; activates Cdc28p to promote the G2/M transition; may be involved in DNA replication and spindle assembly; accumulates during S phase and G2, then targeted for ubiquitin-mediated degradation; CLB4 has a paralog, CLB3, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (460 aa) | ||||
CDC5 | Cell cycle serine/threonine-protein kinase CDC5/MSD2; Polo-like kinase; controls targeting and activation of Rho1p at cell division site via Rho1p guanine nucleotide exchange factors; regulates Spc72p; also functions in adaptation to DNA damage during meiosis; regulates the shape of the nucleus and expansion of the nuclear envelope during mitosis; similar to Xenopus Plx1 and S. pombe Plo1p; human homologs PLK1, PLK3 can each complement yeast cdc5 thermosensitive mutants; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC5/Polo subfamily. (705 aa) | ||||
MIH1 | M-phase inducer phosphatase; Protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in cell cycle control; regulates the phosphorylation state of Cdc28p; homolog of S. pombe cdc25; Belongs to the MPI phosphatase family. (554 aa) | ||||
MCM1 | Transcription factor; involved in cell-type-specific transcription and pheromone response; plays a central role in the formation of both repressor and activator complexes; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia. (286 aa) | ||||
HOT1 | High-osmolarity-induced transcription protein 1; Transcription factor for glycerol biosynthetic genes; required for the transient induction of glycerol biosynthetic genes GPD1 and GPP2 in response to high osmolarity; targets Hog1p to osmostress responsive promoters; has similarity to Msn1p and Gcr1p; Belongs to the HOT1 family. (719 aa) | ||||
CLN1 | G1/S-specific cyclin CLN1; G1 cyclin involved in regulation of the cell cycle; activates Cdc28p kinase to promote the G1 to S phase transition; late G1 specific expression depends on transcription factor complexes, MBF (Swi6p-Mbp1p) and SBF (Swi6p-Swi4p); CLN1 has a paralog, CLN2, that arose from the whole genome duplication; cell cycle arrest phenotype of the cln1 cln2 cln3 triple null mutant is complemented by any of human cyclins CCNA2, CCNB1, CCNC, CCND1, or CCNE1. (546 aa) | ||||
SSN8 | Cyclin-like component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme; involved in phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain; forms a kinase-cyclin pair in the RNAPII holoenzyme with Ssn3p; required for both entry into and execution of the meiotic program; involved in glucose repression and telomere maintenance; cyclin homolog 35% identical to human cyclin C. (323 aa) | ||||
FKH2 | Fork head protein homolog 2; Forkhead family transcription factor; rate-limiting activator of replication origins; evolutionarily conserved regulator of lifespan; binds multiple chromosomal elements with distinct specificities, cell cycle dynamics; positively regulates transcriptional elongation; facilitates clustering, activation of early-firing replication origins; negative role in chromatin silencing at HML and HMR; major role in expression of G2/M phase genes; relocalizes to cytosol under hypoxia. (862 aa) | ||||
SKO1 | CRE-binding bZIP protein SKO1; Basic leucine zipper transcription factor of the ATF/CREB family; forms a complex with Tup1p and Cyc8p to both activate and repress transcription; cytosolic and nuclear protein involved in osmotic and oxidative stress responses. (647 aa) | ||||
POL2 | Catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase (II) epsilon; a chromosomal DNA replication polymerase that exhibits processivity and proofreading exonuclease activity; participates in leading-strand synthesis during DNA replication; also involved in DNA synthesis during DNA repair; interacts extensively with Mrc1p. (2222 aa) | ||||
CLA4 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase CLA4; Cdc42p-activated signal transducing kinase; member of the PAK (p21-activated kinase) family, along with Ste20p and Skm1p; involved in septin ring assembly, vacuole inheritance, cytokinesis, sterol uptake regulation; phosphorylates Cdc3p and Cdc10p; CLA4 has a paralog, SKM1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (842 aa) | ||||
NRM1 | Transcription factor NRM1; Transcriptional co-repressor of MBF-regulated gene expression; Nrm1p associates stably with promoters via MCB binding factor (MBF) to repress transcription upon exit from G1 phase. (249 aa) | ||||
WHI5 | G1-specific transcriptional repressor WHI5; Repressor of G1 transcription; binds to SCB binding factor (SBF) at SCB target promoters in early G1; dilution of Whi5p concentration during cell growth determines cell size; phosphorylation of Whi5p by the CDK, Cln3p/Cdc28p relieves repression and promoter binding by Whi5, and contributes to both the determination of critical cell size at START and cell fate; periodically expressed in G1; Belongs to the WHI5/NRM1 family. (295 aa) | ||||
NDD1 | Nuclear division defective protein 1; Transcriptional activator essential for nuclear division; localized to the nucleus; essential component of the mechanism that activates the expression of a set of late-S-phase-specific genes; turnover is tightly regulated during cell cycle and in response to DNA damage. (554 aa) | ||||
RAD53 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase RAD53; DNA damage response protein kinase; required for cell-cycle arrest, regulation of copper genes in response to DNA damage; phosphorylates nuclear pores to counteract gene gating, preventing aberrant transitions at forks approaching transcribed genes; activates downstream kinase Dun1p; differentially senses mtDNA depletion, mitochondrial ROS; relocalizes to cytosol under hypoxia; human homolog CHEK2 implicated in breast cancer can complement yeast null mutant; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CHEK2 subfamily. (821 aa) | ||||
TPK2 | cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit; promotes vegetative growth in response to nutrients via the Ras-cAMP signaling pathway; partially redundant with Tpk1p and Tpk3p; localizes to P-bodies during stationary phase; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia. (380 aa) | ||||
CLN2 | G1/S-specific cyclin CLN2; G1 cyclin involved in regulation of the cell cycle; activates Cdc28p kinase to promote the G1 to S phase transition; late G1 specific expression depends on transcription factor complexes, MBF (Swi6p-Mbp1p) and SBF (Swi6p-Swi4p); CLN2 has a paralog, CLN1, that arose from the whole genome duplication; cell cycle arrest phenotype of the cln1 cln2 cln3 triple null mutant is complemented by any of human cyclins CCNA2, CCNB1, CCNC, CCND1, or CCNE1. (545 aa) | ||||
CLB2 | G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-2; B-type cyclin involved in cell cycle progression; activates Cdc28p to promote the transition from G2 to M phase; accumulates during G2 and M, then targeted via a destruction box motif for ubiquitin-mediated degradation by the proteasome; CLB2 has a paralog, CLB1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (491 aa) | ||||
CLB5 | S-phase entry cyclin-5; B-type cyclin involved in DNA replication during S phase; activates Cdc28p to promote initiation of DNA synthesis; functions in formation of mitotic spindles along with Clb3p and Clb4p; most abundant during late G1 phase; CLB5 has a paralog, CLB6, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (435 aa) |