Iron-regulated transcriptional activator AFT1; Transcription factor involved in iron utilization and homeostasis; binds consensus site PyPuCACCCPu and activates transcription in response to changes in iron availability; in iron-replete conditions localization is regulated by Grx3p, Grx4p, and Fra2p, and promoter binding is negatively regulated via Grx3p-Grx4p binding; AFT1 has a paralog, AFT2, that arose from the whole genome duplication; relative distribution to the nucleus increases upon DNA replication stress.

Conserved protein of the mitochondrial matrix; performs a scaffolding function during assembly of iron-sulfur clusters, interacts physically and functionally with yeast frataxin (Yfh1p); ISU1 has a paralog, ISU2, that arose from the whole genome duplication; isu1 isu2 double mutant is inviable; human homolog ISCU implicated in mitochondrial myopathy, can complement isu1 isu2 double mutant; Belongs to the NifU family.

Iron-regulated transcriptional activator AFT1; Transcription factor involved in iron utilization and homeostasis; binds consensus site PyPuCACCCPu and activates transcription in response to changes in iron availability; in iron-replete conditions localization is regulated by Grx3p, Grx4p, and Fra2p, and promoter binding is negatively regulated via Grx3p-Grx4p binding; AFT1 has a paralog, AFT2, that arose from the whole genome duplication; relative distribution to the nucleus increases upon DNA replication stress.

ER membrane protein involved in regulation of OLE1 transcription; inactive ER form dimerizes and one subunit is then activated by ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent processing followed by nuclear targeting; MGA2 has a paralog, SPT23, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

Iron-regulated transcriptional activator AFT1; Transcription factor involved in iron utilization and homeostasis; binds consensus site PyPuCACCCPu and activates transcription in response to changes in iron availability; in iron-replete conditions localization is regulated by Grx3p, Grx4p, and Fra2p, and promoter binding is negatively regulated via Grx3p-Grx4p binding; AFT1 has a paralog, AFT2, that arose from the whole genome duplication; relative distribution to the nucleus increases upon DNA replication stress.

AMP-activated S/T protein kinase; forms a complex with Snf4p and members of the Sip1p/Sip2p/Gal83p family; required for transcription of glucose-repressed genes, thermotolerance, sporulation, and peroxisome biogenesis; regulates nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Hxk2p; regulates filamentous growth and acts as a non-canonical GEF, activating Arf3p during invasive growth; SUMOylation by Mms21p inhibits its function and targets Snf1p for destruction via the Slx5-Slx8 Ub ligase.

Hsp90 co-chaperone AHA1; Co-chaperone that binds Hsp82p and activates its ATPase activity; plays a role in determining prion variants; similar to Hch1p; expression is regulated by stresses such as heat shock; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress; Belongs to the AHA1 family.

ATP-dependent molecular chaperone HSC82; Cytoplasmic chaperone of the Hsp90 family; plays a role in determining prion variants; redundant in function and nearly identical with Hsp82p, and together they are essential; expressed constitutively at 10-fold higher basal levels than HSP82 and induced 2-3 fold by heat shock; contains two acid-rich unstructured regions that promote the solubility of chaperone-substrate complexes; HSC82 has a paralog, HSP82, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

Hsp90 co-chaperone AHA1; Co-chaperone that binds Hsp82p and activates its ATPase activity; plays a role in determining prion variants; similar to Hch1p; expression is regulated by stresses such as heat shock; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress; Belongs to the AHA1 family.

10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial; Mitochondrial matrix co-chaperonin; inhibits the ATPase activity of Hsp60p, a mitochondrial chaperonin; involved in protein folding and sorting in the mitochondria; 10 kD heat shock protein with similarity to E. coli groES.

Hsp90 co-chaperone AHA1; Co-chaperone that binds Hsp82p and activates its ATPase activity; plays a role in determining prion variants; similar to Hch1p; expression is regulated by stresses such as heat shock; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress; Belongs to the AHA1 family.

ATP-dependent molecular chaperone HSP82; Hsp90 chaperone; redundant in function with Hsc82p; required for pheromone signaling, negative regulation of Hsf1p; docks with Tom70p for mitochondrial preprotein delivery; promotes telomerase DNA binding, nucleotide addition; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress; contains two acid-rich unstructured regions that promote solubility of chaperone-substrate complexes; HSP82 has a paralog, HSC82, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

Hsp90 co-chaperone AHA1; Co-chaperone that binds Hsp82p and activates its ATPase activity; plays a role in determining prion variants; similar to Hch1p; expression is regulated by stresses such as heat shock; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress; Belongs to the AHA1 family.

Heat shock protein STI1; Hsp90 cochaperone; regulates spatial organization of amyloid-like proteins in the cytosol, thereby buffering the proteotoxicity caused by amyloid-like proteins; interacts with the Ssa group of the cytosolic Hsp70 chaperones and activates Ssa1p ATPase activity; interacts with Hsp90 chaperones and inhibits their ATPase activity; homolog of mammalian Hop.

Cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase; involved in ethanol oxidation and beta-alanine biosynthesis; uses NAD+ as the preferred coenzyme; expression is stress induced and glucose repressed; very similar to Ald3p.

Aldose reductase; involved in methylglyoxal, d-xylose, arabinose, and galactose metabolism; stress induced (osmotic, ionic, oxidative, heat shock, starvation and heavy metals); regulated by the HOG pathway; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress.

Cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase; involved in ethanol oxidation and beta-alanine biosynthesis; uses NAD+ as the preferred coenzyme; expression is stress induced and glucose repressed; very similar to Ald3p.

Transaldolase of unknown function; transcription is repressed by Mot1p and induced by alpha-factor and during diauxic shift; NQM1 has a paralog, TAL1, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

Cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase; involved in ethanol oxidation and beta-alanine biosynthesis; uses NAD+ as the preferred coenzyme; expression is stress induced and glucose repressed; very similar to Ald3p.

Transaldolase, enzyme in the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway; converts sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to erythrose 4-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate; TAL1 has a paralog, NQM1, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

Cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase; involved in ethanol oxidation and beta-alanine biosynthesis; uses NAD+ as the preferred coenzyme; expression is stress induced and glucose repressed; very similar to Ald3p.

Xylulokinase; converts D-xylulose and ATP to xylulose 5-phosphate and ADP; rate limiting step in fermentation of xylulose; required for xylose fermentation by recombinant S. cerevisiae strains.

Regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA); PKA is a component of a signaling pathway that controls a variety of cellular processes, including metabolism, cell cycle, stress response, stationary phase, and sporulation.

Adenylate cyclase; required for cAMP production and cAMP-dependent protein kinase signaling; the cAMP pathway controls a variety of cellular processes, including metabolism, cell cycle, stress response, stationary phase, and sporulation.

Regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA); PKA is a component of a signaling pathway that controls a variety of cellular processes, including metabolism, cell cycle, stress response, stationary phase, and sporulation.

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-2 subunit; Nucleotide binding alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein; interacts with the receptor Gpr1p, has signaling role in response to nutrients; required for the recruitment of Ras-GTP at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus.

Regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA); PKA is a component of a signaling pathway that controls a variety of cellular processes, including metabolism, cell cycle, stress response, stationary phase, and sporulation.

ATP-dependent molecular chaperone HSC82; Cytoplasmic chaperone of the Hsp90 family; plays a role in determining prion variants; redundant in function and nearly identical with Hsp82p, and together they are essential; expressed constitutively at 10-fold higher basal levels than HSP82 and induced 2-3 fold by heat shock; contains two acid-rich unstructured regions that promote the solubility of chaperone-substrate complexes; HSC82 has a paralog, HSP82, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

Regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA); PKA is a component of a signaling pathway that controls a variety of cellular processes, including metabolism, cell cycle, stress response, stationary phase, and sporulation.

ATP-dependent molecular chaperone HSP82; Hsp90 chaperone; redundant in function with Hsc82p; required for pheromone signaling, negative regulation of Hsf1p; docks with Tom70p for mitochondrial preprotein delivery; promotes telomerase DNA binding, nucleotide addition; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress; contains two acid-rich unstructured regions that promote solubility of chaperone-substrate complexes; HSP82 has a paralog, HSC82, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

Regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA); PKA is a component of a signaling pathway that controls a variety of cellular processes, including metabolism, cell cycle, stress response, stationary phase, and sporulation.

Inhibitory regulator protein IRA2; GTPase-activating protein; negatively regulates RAS by converting it from the GTP- to the GDP-bound inactive form, required for reducing cAMP levels under nutrient limiting conditions; IRA2 has a paralog, IRA1, that arose from the whole genome duplication; defects in human homolog NF1 are associated with neurofibromatosis.

Regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA); PKA is a component of a signaling pathway that controls a variety of cellular processes, including metabolism, cell cycle, stress response, stationary phase, and sporulation.

Glucose-responsive transcription factor; regulates expression of several glucose transporter (HXT) genes in response to glucose; binds to promoters and acts both as a transcriptional activator and repressor; recruits Tup1p/Cyc8p to target gene promoters; RGT1 has a paralog, EDS1, that arose from the whole genome duplication; Belongs to the EDS1/RGT1 family.

Regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA); PKA is a component of a signaling pathway that controls a variety of cellular processes, including metabolism, cell cycle, stress response, stationary phase, and sporulation.

AMP-activated S/T protein kinase; forms a complex with Snf4p and members of the Sip1p/Sip2p/Gal83p family; required for transcription of glucose-repressed genes, thermotolerance, sporulation, and peroxisome biogenesis; regulates nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Hxk2p; regulates filamentous growth and acts as a non-canonical GEF, activating Arf3p during invasive growth; SUMOylation by Mms21p inhibits its function and targets Snf1p for destruction via the Slx5-Slx8 Ub ligase.

Regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA); PKA is a component of a signaling pathway that controls a variety of cellular processes, including metabolism, cell cycle, stress response, stationary phase, and sporulation.

Nuclear protein that negatively regulates pseudohyphal differentiation; plays a regulatory role in the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signal transduction pathway; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia; SOK2 has a paralog, PHD1, that arose from the whole genome duplication.

Regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA); PKA is a component of a signaling pathway that controls a variety of cellular processes, including metabolism, cell cycle, stress response, stationary phase, and sporulation.

Heat shock protein STI1; Hsp90 cochaperone; regulates spatial organization of amyloid-like proteins in the cytosol, thereby buffering the proteotoxicity caused by amyloid-like proteins; interacts with the Ssa group of the cytosolic Hsp70 chaperones and activates Ssa1p ATPase activity; interacts with Hsp90 chaperones and inhibits their ATPase activity; homolog of mammalian Hop.