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| | CDC24 | Cell division control protein 24; Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Cdc42p; required for polarity establishment and maintenance, and mutants have morphological defects in bud formation and shmooing; relocalizes from nucleus to cytoplasm upon DNA replication stress; thermosensitivity of the cdc24-4 mutant in the presence of sorbitol is functionally complemented by human CDC42. (854 aa) |
| | FUS3 | Mitogen-activated serine/threonine protein kinase involved in mating; phosphoactivated by Ste7p; substrates include Ste12p, Far1p, Bni1p, Sst2p; inhibits invasive growth during mating by phosphorylating Tec1p, promoting its; inhibits recruitment of Ste5p, Cdc42p-mediated asymmetry and mating morphogenesis. (353 aa) |
| | PKC1 | Protein serine/threonine kinase; essential for cell wall remodeling during growth; localized to sites of polarized growth and the mother-daughter bud neck; homolog of the alpha, beta, and gamma isoforms of mammalian protein kinase C (PKC). (1151 aa) |
| | TEC1 | Transcription factor targeting filamentation genes and Ty1 expression; Ste12p activation of most filamentation gene promoters depends on Tec1p and Tec1p transcriptional activity is dependent on its association with Ste12p; binds to TCS elements upstream of filamentation genes, which are regulated by Tec1p/Ste12p/Dig1p complex; competes with Dig2p for binding to Ste12p/Dig1p; positive regulator of chronological life span; TEA/ATTS DNA-binding domain family member; Belongs to the TEC1 family. (486 aa) |
| | CYC8 | General transcriptional co-repressor; acts together with Tup1p; also acts as part of a transcriptional co-activator complex that recruits the SWI/SNF and SAGA complexes to promoters; can form the prion [OCT+]. (966 aa) |
| | HSL7 | Protein arginine N-methyltransferase; exhibits septin and Hsl1p-dependent localization to the bud neck in budded cells and periodic Hsl1p-dependent phosphorylation; required with Hsl1p, and Elm1p for the mother-bud neck recruitment, phosphorylation, and degradation of Swe1p; interacts directly with Swe1p; relocalizes away from bud neck upon DNA replication stress; human homolog PRMT5 can complement yeast hsl7 mutant. (827 aa) |
| | CDC28 | Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) catalytic subunit; master regulator of mitotic and meiotic cell cycles; alternately associates with G1, S, G2/M phase cyclins, which provide substrate specificity; regulates metabolism, basal transcription, chromosome dynamics, growth and morphogenesis; transcript induction in osmostress involves antisense RNA; human homologs CDK1, CDK2, CDK3 can complement yeast conditional cdc28 mutants; human CDK1, CDK2 can complement yeast cdc28 null mutant. (298 aa) |
| | SMP1 | MADS-box transcription factor involved in osmotic stress response; SMP1 has a paralog, RLM1, that arose from the whole genome duplication; Belongs to the MEF2 family. (452 aa) |
| | BEM1 | Bud emergence protein 1; Protein containing SH3-domains; involved in establishing cell polarity and morphogenesis; functions as a scaffold protein for complexes that include Cdc24p, Ste5p, Ste20p, and Rsr1p. (551 aa) |
| | PAF1 | RNA polymerase II-associated protein 1; Component of the Paf1p complex involved in transcription elongation; binds to and modulates the activity of RNA polymerases I and II; required for expression of a subset of genes, including cell cycle-regulated genes; involved in SER3 repression by helping to maintain SRG1 transcription-dependent nucleosome occupancy; homolog of human PD2/hPAF1. (445 aa) |
| | FUS1 | Nuclear fusion protein FUS1; Membrane protein localized to the shmoo tip; required for cell fusion; expression regulated by mating pheromone; proposed to coordinate signaling, fusion, and polarization events required for fusion; potential Cdc28p substrate. (512 aa) |
| | STE50 | Adaptor protein for various signaling pathways; involved in mating response, invasive/filamentous growth, osmotolerance; acts as an adaptor that links G protein-associated Cdc42p-Ste20p complex to the effector Ste11p to modulate signal transduction. (346 aa) |
| | SSK22 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SSK22; MAP kinase kinase kinase of HOG1 mitogen-activated signaling pathway; functionally redundant with Ssk2p; interacts with and is activated by Ssk1p; phosphorylates Pbs2p; SSK22 has a paralog, SSK2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (1331 aa) |
| | TUP1 | General transcriptional corepressor TUP1; General repressor of transcription; forms complex with Cyc8p, involved in the establishment of repressive chromatin structure through interactions with histones H3 and H4, appears to enhance expression of some genes. (713 aa) |
| | PTC1 | Type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C); dephosphorylates Hog1p, inactivating osmosensing MAPK cascade; involved in Fus3p activation during pheromone response; deletion affects precursor tRNA splicing, mitochondrial inheritance, and sporulation. (281 aa) |
| | GPD1 | NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; key enzyme of glycerol synthesis, essential for growth under osmotic stress; expression regulated by high-osmolarity glycerol response pathway; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress; constitutively inactivated via phosphorylation by the protein kinases Ypk1p and Ypk2p, dephosphorylation increases catalytic activity; forms a heterodimer with Pnc1p to facilitate its peroxisomal import. (391 aa) |
| | STE7 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase STE7; Signal transducing MAP kinase kinase; involved in pheromone response where it phosphorylates Fus3p; involved in the pseudohyphal/invasive growth pathway where it phosphorylates of Kss1p; phosphorylated by Ste11p; degraded by ubiquitin pathway. (515 aa) |
| | YPD1 | Osmotic stress-responsive phosphorelay intermediate sensor protein; phosphorylated by the plasma membrane sensor Sln1p in response to osmotic stress and then in turn phosphorylates the response regulators Ssk1p in the cytosol and Skn7p in the nucleus; Belongs to the YPD1 family. (167 aa) |
| | BMH2 | 14-3-3 protein, minor isoform; controls proteome at post-transcriptional level, binds proteins and DNA, involved in regulation of many processes including exocytosis, vesicle transport, Ras/MAPK signaling, and rapamycin-sensitive signaling; protein increases in abundance and relative distribution to the nucleus increases upon DNA replication stress; abundance relative to Bmh1p increases during sporulation. (273 aa) |
| | STE5 | Protein STE5; Pheromone-responsive MAPK scaffold protein; couples activation of the G-protein-coupled pheromone receptor to MAPK activation; intramolecular interaction of PH and VWA domains blocks activation of assembled signaling cascade components (Ste11p, Ste7p and Fus3p) under basal conditions; Gbeta-gamma (Ste4p-Ste18p)-dependent docking at the plasma membrane and binding of PI(4,5)P2 by the PH domain relieves autoinhibition, resulting in pheromone-dependent pathway activation. (917 aa) |
| | MKC7 | Aspartic proteinase MKC7; GPI-anchored aspartyl protease; member of the yapsin family of proteases involved in cell wall growth and maintenance; shares functions with Yap3p and Kex2p; MKC7 has a paralog, YPS1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (596 aa) |
| | MSS4 | Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase; involved in actin cytoskeleton organization and cell morphogenesis; multicopy suppressor of stt4 mutation. (779 aa) |
| | CTA1 | Catalase A; breaks down hydrogen peroxide in the peroxisomal matrix formed by acyl-CoA oxidase (Pox1p) during fatty acid beta-oxidation; Belongs to the catalase family. (515 aa) |
| | RGA2 | GTPase-activating protein for polarity-establishment protein Cdc42p; implicated in control of septin organization, pheromone response, and haploid invasive growth; regulated by Pho85p and Cdc28p; RGA2 has a paralog, RGA1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (1009 aa) |
| | SAC7 | GTPase-activating protein SAC7; GTPase activating protein (GAP) for Rho1p; regulator of a Tor2p-mediated, Rho1p GTPase switch that controls organization of the actin cytoskeleton; negative regulator of the RHO1-PKC1-MAPK cell integrity (CWI) and membrane fluidity homeostasis signaling pathways; potential Cdc28p substrate; SAC7 has a paralog, BAG7, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (654 aa) |
| | HKR1 | Signaling mucin HKR1; Mucin family member that functions as an osmosensor in the HOG pathway; large, highly glycosylated protein that functions redundantly with Msb2p in Sho1p-mediated osmostresss induction of the HOG signaling pathway; cytoplasmic domain interacts with Ahk1p a scaffold protein that prevents cross talk with the Kss1p MAPK of the filamentous growth pathway; mutant displays defects in beta-1,3 glucan synthesis and bud site selection; Belongs to the HKR1/MSB2 family. (1802 aa) |
| | MFA1 | Mating pheromone a-factor; made by a cells; interacts with alpha cells to induce cell cycle arrest and other responses leading to mating; biogenesis involves C-terminal modification, N-terminal proteolysis, and export; also encoded by MFA2. (36 aa) |
| | PKH3 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase PKH3; Protein kinase with similarity to mammalian PDK1 and yeast Pkh1p/Phk2p; yeast Pkh1p and Pkh2p are two redundant upstream activators of Pkc1p; identified as a multicopy suppressor of a pkh1 pkh2 double mutant. (898 aa) |
| | DIG2 | Down-regulator of invasive growth 2; MAP kinase-responsive inhibitor of the Ste12p transcription factor; involved in the regulation of mating-specific genes and the invasive growth pathway; related regulators Dig1p and Dig2p bind to Ste12p; DIG2 has a paralog, DIG1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (323 aa) |
| | PKH1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase PKH1; Serine/threonine protein kinase; involved in sphingolipid-mediated signaling pathway that controls endocytosis; activates Ypk1p and Ykr2p, components of signaling cascade required for maintenance of cell wall integrity; contains a PH-like domain; redundant with Pkh2p; PKH1 has a paralog, PKH2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (766 aa) |
| | PTP3 | Tyrosine-protein phosphatase 3; Phosphotyrosine-specific protein phosphatase; involved in the inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) during osmolarity sensing; dephosporylates Hog1p MAPK and regulates its localization; localized to the cytoplasm. (928 aa) |
| | SWI4 | Regulatory protein SWI4; DNA binding component of the SBF complex (Swi4p-Swi6p); a transcriptional activator that in concert with MBF (Mbp1-Swi6p) regulates late G1-specific transcription of targets including cyclins and genes required for DNA synthesis and repair; Slt2p-independent regulator of cold growth; acetylation at two sites, K1016 and K1066, regulates interaction with Swi6p. (1093 aa) |
| | SHO1 | High osmolarity signaling protein SHO1; Transmembrane osmosensor for filamentous growth and HOG pathways; involved in activation of the Cdc42p- and MAP kinase-dependent filamentous growth pathway and the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) response pathway; phosphorylated by Hog1p; interacts with Pbs2p, Msb2p, Hkr1p, and Ste11p. (367 aa) |
| | RSP5 | NEDD4 family E3 ubiquitin ligase; regulates processes including: MVB sorting, the heat shock response, transcription, endocytosis and ribosome stability; ubiquitinates Sec23p, Sna3p, Ste4p, Nfi1p, Rpo21p and Sem1p; autoubiquitinates; deubiquitinated by Ubp2p; regulated by SUMO ligase Siz1p, in turn regulates Siz1p SUMO ligase activity; required for efficient Golgi-to-ER trafficking in COPI mutants; mutant tolerates aneuploidy; human homolog implicated in Liddle syndrome; Belongs to the RSP5/NEDD4 family. (809 aa) |
| | BEM2 | GTPase-activating protein BEM2/IPL2; Rho GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP); involved in the control of cytoskeleton organization and cellular morphogenesis; required for bud emergence; potential GAP for Rho4p. (2167 aa) |
| | BMH1 | 14-3-3 protein, major isoform; controls proteome at post-transcriptional level, binds proteins and DNA, involved in regulation of exocytosis, vesicle transport, Ras/MAPK and rapamycin-sensitive signaling, aggresome formation, spindle position checkpoint; protein increases in abundance and relative distribution to the nucleus increases upon DNA replication stress; antiapoptotic gene similar to human 14-3-3; BMH1 has a paralog, BMH2, that arose from whole genome duplication. (267 aa) |
| | STE2 | Receptor for alpha-factor pheromone; seven transmembrane-domain GPCR that interacts with both pheromone and a heterotrimeric G protein to initiate the signaling response that leads to mating between haploid a and alpha cells; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 4 family. (431 aa) |
| | MF(ALPHA)2 | Mating pheromone alpha-factor, made by alpha cells; interacts with mating type a cells to induce cell cycle arrest and other responses leading to mating; also encoded by MF(ALPHA)1, which is more highly expressed; binds copper(II) ions. (120 aa) |
| | MSB2 | Signaling mucin MSB2; Mucin family member involved in various signaling pathways; functions as osmosensor in the Sho1p-mediated HOG pathway; functions in Cdc42p- and MAP kinase-dependent filamentous growth signaling pathway; processed into secreted and cell-associated forms by aspartyl protease Yps1p; potential Cdc28p substrate; Belongs to the HKR1/MSB2 family. (1306 aa) |
| | MTL1 | Protein MTL1; Putative plasma membrane sensor; involved in cell integrity signaling and stress response during glucose starvation and oxidative stress; has structural and functional similarity to Mid2p; MTL1 has a paralog, MID2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (551 aa) |
| | GSC2 | Catalytic subunit of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase; involved in formation of the inner layer of the spore wall; activity positively regulated by Rho1p and negatively by Smk1p; GSC2 has a paralog, FKS1, that arose from the whole genome duplication; Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 48 family. (1895 aa) |
| | KSS1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); involved in signal transduction pathways that control filamentous growth and pheromone response; regulates septum assembly, and may directly phosphorylate Bni4p; the KSS1 gene is nonfunctional in S288C strains and functional in W303 strains. (368 aa) |
| | ROM1 | Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho1p; mutations are synthetically lethal with mutations in rom2, which also encodes a GEP; ROM1 has a paralog, ROM2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (1155 aa) |
| | CTT1 | Cytosolic catalase T; has a role in protection from oxidative damage by hydrogen peroxide. (562 aa) |
| | CLB1 | G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-1; B-type cyclin involved in cell cycle progression; activates Cdc28p to promote the transition from G2 to M phase; accumulates during G2 and M, then targeted via a destruction box motif for ubiquitin-mediated degradation by the proteasome; CLB1 has a paralog, CLB2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (471 aa) |
| | CLB6 | S-phase entry cyclin-6; B-type cyclin involved in DNA replication during S phase; activates Cdc28p to promote initiation of DNA synthesis; functions in formation of mitotic spindles along with Clb3p and Clb4p; most abundant during late G1; CLB6 has a paralog, CLB5, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (380 aa) |
| | STE20 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase STE20; Cdc42p-activated signal transducing kinase; involved in pheromone response, pseudohyphal/invasive growth, vacuole inheritance, down-regulation of sterol uptake; GBB motif binds Ste4p; member of the PAK (p21-activated kinase) family; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. STE20 subfamily. (939 aa) |
| | GPA1 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-1 subunit; Subunit of the G protein involved in pheromone response; GTP-binding alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein; negatively regulates the mating pathway by sequestering G(beta)gamma and by triggering an adaptive response; activates Vps34p at the endosome; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress. (472 aa) |
| | SLT2 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase SLT2/MPK1; Serine/threonine MAP kinase; coordinates expression of all 19S regulatory particle assembly-chaperones (RACs) to control proteasome abundance; involved in regulating maintenance of cell wall integrity, cell cycle progression, nuclear mRNA retention in heat shock, septum assembly; required for mitophagy, pexophagy; affects recruitment of mitochondria to phagophore assembly site; plays role in adaptive response of cells to cold; regulated by the PKC1-mediated signaling pathway; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kin [...] (484 aa) |
| | STE12 | Protein STE12; Transcription factor that is activated by a MAPK signaling cascade; activates genes involved in mating or pseudohyphal/invasive growth pathways; cooperates with Tec1p transcription factor to regulate genes specific for invasive growth. (688 aa) |
| | YCK1 | Palmitoylated plasma membrane-bound casein kinase I (CK1) isoform; shares redundant functions with Yck2p in morphogenesis, proper septin assembly, endocytic trafficking, and glucose sensing; stabilized by Sod1p binding in the presence of glucose and oxygen, causing glucose repression of respiratory metabolism; involved in the phosphorylation and regulation of glucose sensor Rgt2p; YCK1 has a paralog, YCK2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (538 aa) |
| | BAR1 | Barrierpepsin; Aspartyl protease; secreted into the periplasmic space of mating type a cell; helps cells find mating partners; cleaves and inactivates alpha factor allowing cells to recover from alpha-factor-induced cell cycle arrest; Belongs to the peptidase A1 family. (587 aa) |
| | SDP1 | Stress-inducible dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatase; negatively regulates Slt2p MAP kinase by direct dephosphorylation, diffuse localization under normal conditions shifts to punctate localization after heat shock; SDP1 has a paralog, MSG5, that arose from the whole genome duplication; Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non- receptor class dual specificity subfamily. (209 aa) |
| | SLN1 | Osmosensing histidine protein kinase SLN1; Transmembrane histidine phosphotransfer kinase and osmosensor; regulates MAP kinase cascade; transmembrane protein with an intracellular kinase domain that signals to Ypd1p and Ssk1p, thereby forming a phosphorelay system similar to bacterial two-component regulators. (1220 aa) |
| | BNR1 | BNI1-related protein 1; Formin; nucleates the formation of linear actin filaments; involved in processes such as budding and mitotic spindle orientation which require the formation of polarized actin cables; activity is regulated by Hof1p and by the Bud14p-Kel1p-Kel2p complex; dephosphorylated and delocalized from the division site in a Glc7p/Ref2p-dependent manner; functionally redundant with BNI1. (1375 aa) |
| | FLO11 | Flocculation protein FLO11; GPI-anchored cell surface glycoprotein (flocculin); required for pseudohyphal and invasive growth, flocculation, and biofilm formation; major determinant of colony morphology; transcription regulated by the MAPK pathway (Ste12p and Tec1p) and the cAMP pathway (Flo8p); required for formation of fibrous interconnections between cells of a wild strain; role in co-flocculation with other yeast species; cleaved and shed from cells, contributing to their surface properties; Belongs to the flocculin family. Highly divergent. (1367 aa) |
| | BCK1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase BCK1/SLK1/SSP31; MAPKKK acting in the protein kinase C signaling pathway; the kinase C signaling pathway controls cell integrity; upon activation by Pkc1p phosphorylates downstream kinases Mkk1p and Mkk2p; MAPKKK is an acronym for mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase. (1478 aa) |
| | PBS2 | MAP kinase kinase of the HOG signaling pathway; activated under severe osmotic stress; mitophagy-specific regulator; plays a role in regulating Ty1 transposition; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase kinase subfamily. (668 aa) |
| | FAR1 | CDK inhibitor and nuclear anchor; during the cell cycle Far1p sequesters the GEF Cdc24p in the nucleus; phosphorylation by Cdc28p-Cln results in SCFCdc4 complex-mediated ubiquitin-dependent degradation, releasing Cdc24p for export and activation of GTPase Cdc42p; in response to pheromone, phosphorylation of Far1p by MAPK Fus3p results in association with, and inhibition of Cdc28p-Cln, as well as Msn5p mediated nuclear export of Far1p-Cdc24p, targeting Cdc24p to polarity sites. (830 aa) |
| | SWE1 | Mitosis inhibitor protein kinase SWE1; Protein kinase that regulates the G2/M transition; negative regulator of the Cdc28p kinase; morphogenesis checkpoint kinase; positive regulator of sphingolipid biosynthesis via Orm2p; phosphorylates a tyrosine residue in the N-terminus of Hsp90 in a cell-cycle associated manner, thus modulating the ability of Hsp90 to chaperone a selected clientele; localizes to the nucleus and to the daughter side of the mother-bud neck; homolog of S. pombe Wee1p; potential Cdc28p substrate. (819 aa) |
| | STE18 | G protein gamma subunit; forms a dimer with Ste4p to activate the mating signaling pathway, forms a heterotrimer with Gpa1p and Ste4p to dampen signaling; C-terminus is palmitoylated and farnesylated, which are required for normal signaling. (110 aa) |
| | MSN4 | Zinc finger protein MSN4; Stress-responsive transcriptional activator; activated in stochastic pulses of nuclear localization in response to various stress conditions; binds DNA at stress response elements of responsive genes, inducing gene expression; involved in diauxic shift. (630 aa) |
| | HSL1 | Probable serine/threonine-protein kinase HSL1; Nim1p-related protein kinase; septin-binding kinase that localizes to the bud neck septin ring and regulates the morphogenesis checkpoint; phosphorylates Hsl7p and cooperates with Elm1p to recruit Hsl7p to the mother-bud neck, as a prerequisite for the subsequent recruitment, phosphorylation, and degradation of Swe1p; autophosphorylation enhances interactions with Hsl7p. (1518 aa) |
| | KDX1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase KDX1; Protein kinase; implicated in Slt2p mitogen-activated (MAP) kinase signaling pathway; interacts with numerous components in the mating pheromone and CWI MAPK pathways; associates with Rlm1p; KDX1 has a paralog, SLT2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (433 aa) |
| | STE3 | Receptor for a factor pheromone; couples to MAP kinase cascade to mediate pheromone response; transcribed in alpha cells and required for mating by alpha cells, ligand bound receptors endocytosed and recycled to the plasma membrane; GPCR. (470 aa) |
| | SPA2 | Protein SPA2; Component of the polarisome; functions in actin cytoskeletal organization during polarized growth; acts as a scaffold for Mkk1p and Mpk1p cell wall integrity signaling components; potential Cdc28p substrate; coding sequence contains length polymorphisms in different strains; SPA2 has a paralog, SPH1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (1466 aa) |
| | SSK1 | Osmolarity two-component system protein SSK1; Cytoplasmic phosphorelay intermediate osmosensor and regulator; part of a two-component signal transducer that mediates osmosensing via a phosphorelay mechanism; required for mitophagy; dephosphorylated form is degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system; potential Cdc28p substrate. (712 aa) |
| | SIC1 | Protein SIC1; Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI); inhibitor of Cdc28-Clb kinase complexes that controls G1/S phase transition, preventing premature S phase and ensuring genomic integrity; phosphorylated by Clb5/6-Cdk1 and Cln1/2-Cdk1 kinase which regulate timing of Sic1p degradation; phosphorylation targets Sic1p for SCF(CDC4)-dependent turnover; functional homolog of mammalian Kip1. (284 aa) |
| | HOG1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase involved in osmoregulation; controls global reallocation of RNAPII during osmotic shock; mediates recruitment/activation of RNAPII at Hot1p-dependent promoters; binds calmodulin; stimulates antisense transcription to activate CDC28; defines novel S-phase checkpoint with Mrc1p that prevent replication/transcription conflicts; nuclear form represses pseudohyphal growth; autophosphorylates; protein abundance increases under DNA replication stress; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily. HOG1 sub-subfamily. (435 aa) |
| | YPS1 | Aspartic proteinase 3 subunit alpha; Aspartic protease; hyperglycosylated member of the yapsin family of proteases, attached to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor; involved in nutrient limitation-induced cleavage of the extracellular inhibitory domain of signaling mucin Msb2p, resulting in activation of the filamentous growth MAPK pathway; involved with other yapsins in the cell wall integrity response; role in KEX2-independent processing of the alpha factor precursor. (569 aa) |
| | SWI6 | Regulatory protein SWI6; Transcription cofactor; forms complexes with Swi4p and Mbp1p to regulate transcription at the G1/S transition; involved in meiotic gene expression; also binds Stb1p to regulate transcription at START; cell wall stress induces phosphorylation by Mpk1p, which regulates Swi6p localization; required for the unfolded protein response, independently of its known transcriptional coactivators. (803 aa) |
| | CDC42 | Cell division control protein 42; Small rho-like GTPase; essential for establishment and maintenance of cell polarity; plays a role late in cell fusion via activation of key cell fusion regulator Fus2p; mutants have defects in the organization of actin and septins; human homolog CDC42 can complement yeast cdc42 mutant. (191 aa) |
| | STT4 | Phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase; functions in the Pkc1p protein kinase pathway; required for normal vacuole morphology, cell wall integrity, and actin cytoskeleton organization; Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type III PI4K subfamily. (1900 aa) |
| | MID2 | Cell wall integrity sensor MID2; O-glycosylated plasma membrane protein; acts as a sensor for cell wall integrity signaling and activates the pathway; interacts with Rom2p, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho1p, and with cell integrity pathway protein Zeo1p; MID2 has a paralog, MTL1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (376 aa) |
| | FKS1 | 1,3-beta-glucan synthase component FKS1; Catalytic subunit of 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase; functionally redundant with alternate catalytic subunit Gsc2p; binds to regulatory subunit Rho1p; involved in cell wall synthesis and maintenance; localizes to sites of cell wall remodeling; FKS1 has a paralog, GSC2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (1876 aa) |
| | STE11 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase STE11; Signal transducing MEK kinase; involved in pheromone response and pseudohyphal/invasive growth pathways where it phosphorylates Ste7p, and the high osmolarity response pathway, via phosphorylation of Pbs2p; regulated by Ste20p and Ste50p; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress. (717 aa) |
| | ROM2 | Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho1p and Rho2p; mutations are synthetically lethal with mutations in rom1, which also encodes a GEF; Rom2p localization to the bud surface is dependent on Ack1p; ROM2 has a paralog, ROM1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (1356 aa) |
| | TUS1 | Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that modulates Rho1p activity; involved in the cell integrity signaling pathway; interacts with Rgl1p; localization of Tus1p to the bed neck is regulated by Rgl1p; multicopy suppressor of tor2 mutation and ypk1 ypk2 double mutation; potential Cdc28p substrate. (1307 aa) |
| | SST2 | Protein SST2; GTPase-activating protein for Gpa1p; regulates desensitization to alpha factor pheromone; also required to prevent receptor-independent signaling of the mating pathway; member of the RGS (regulator of G-protein signaling) family. (698 aa) |
| | MIH1 | M-phase inducer phosphatase; Protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in cell cycle control; regulates the phosphorylation state of Cdc28p; homolog of S. pombe cdc25; Belongs to the MPI phosphatase family. (554 aa) |
| | MSN2 | Zinc finger protein MSN2; Stress-responsive transcriptional activator; activated in stochastic pulses of nuclear localization in response to various stress conditions; binds DNA at stress response elements of responsive genes; relative distribution to nucleus increases upon DNA replication stress. (704 aa) |
| | MCM1 | Transcription factor; involved in cell-type-specific transcription and pheromone response; plays a central role in the formation of both repressor and activator complexes; relocalizes to the cytosol in response to hypoxia. (286 aa) |
| | MSS11 | Transcription activator MSS11; Transcription factor; involved in regulation of invasive growth and starch degradation; controls the activation of FLO11 and STA2 in response to nutritional signals; forms a heterodimer with Flo8p that interacts with the Swi/Snf complex during transcriptional activation of FLO1, FLO11, and STA1. (758 aa) |
| | HOT1 | High-osmolarity-induced transcription protein 1; Transcription factor for glycerol biosynthetic genes; required for the transient induction of glycerol biosynthetic genes GPD1 and GPP2 in response to high osmolarity; targets Hog1p to osmostress responsive promoters; has similarity to Msn1p and Gcr1p; Belongs to the HOT1 family. (719 aa) |
| | CLN1 | G1/S-specific cyclin CLN1; G1 cyclin involved in regulation of the cell cycle; activates Cdc28p kinase to promote the G1 to S phase transition; late G1 specific expression depends on transcription factor complexes, MBF (Swi6p-Mbp1p) and SBF (Swi6p-Swi4p); CLN1 has a paralog, CLN2, that arose from the whole genome duplication; cell cycle arrest phenotype of the cln1 cln2 cln3 triple null mutant is complemented by any of human cyclins CCNA2, CCNB1, CCNC, CCND1, or CCNE1. (546 aa) |
| | FKS3 | 1,3-beta-glucan synthase component FKS3; Protein involved in spore wall assembly; has similarity to 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase catalytic subunits Fks1p and Gsc2p; the authentic, non-tagged protein is detected in highly purified mitochondria in high-throughput studies; Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 48 family. (1785 aa) |
| | MSG5 | Tyrosine-protein phosphatase MSG5; Dual-specificity protein phosphatase; exists in 2 isoforms; required for maintenance of a low level of signaling through the cell integrity pathway, adaptive response to pheromone; regulates and is regulated by Slt2p; dephosphorylates Fus3p; MSG5 has a paralog, SDP1, that arose from the whole genome duplication; Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non- receptor class dual specificity subfamily. (489 aa) |
| | MFA2 | Mating pheromone a-factor; made by a cells; interacts with alpha cells to induce cell cycle arrest and other responses leading to mating; biogenesis involves C-terminal modification, N-terminal proteolysis, and export; also encoded by MFA1. (38 aa) |
| | YCK2 | Palmitoylated plasma membrane-bound casein kinase I (CK1) isoform; shares redundant functions with Yck1p in morphogenesis, proper septin assembly, endocytic trafficking, and glucose sensing; stabilized by Sod1p binding in the presence of glucose and oxygen, causing glucose repression of respiratory metabolism; involved in the phosphorylation and regulation of glucose sensor Rgt2p; YCK2 has a paralog, YCK1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (546 aa) |
| | SKO1 | CRE-binding bZIP protein SKO1; Basic leucine zipper transcription factor of the ATF/CREB family; forms a complex with Tup1p and Cyc8p to both activate and repress transcription; cytosolic and nuclear protein involved in osmotic and oxidative stress responses. (647 aa) |
| | BNI1 | Protein BNI1; Formin; polarisome component; nucleates the formation of linear actin filaments, involved in cell processes such as budding and mitotic spindle orientation which require the formation of polarized actin cables; recruited to the division site in a Glc7p/Ref2p dependent manner following release of Bnr1p; functionally redundant with BNR1. (1953 aa) |
| | WSC2 | Cell wall integrity and stress response component 2; Sensor-transducer of the stress-activated PKC1-MPK1 signaling pathway; involved in maintenance of cell wall integrity and recovery from heat shock; required for the arrest of secretion response; WSC2 has a paralog, WSC3, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (503 aa) |
| | CLA4 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase CLA4; Cdc42p-activated signal transducing kinase; member of the PAK (p21-activated kinase) family, along with Ste20p and Skm1p; involved in septin ring assembly, vacuole inheritance, cytokinesis, sterol uptake regulation; phosphorylates Cdc3p and Cdc10p; CLA4 has a paralog, SKM1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (842 aa) |
| | SSK2 | MAP kinase kinase kinase of HOG1 mitogen-activated signaling pathway; interacts with Ssk1p, leading to autophosphorylation and activation of Ssk2p which phosphorylates Pbs2p; also mediates actin cytoskeleton recovery from osmotic stress; a HOG-independent function of Ssk2p mediates the calcium-sensitive phenotype of the ptp2 msg5 double disruptant; SSK2 has a paralog, SSK22, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (1579 aa) |
| | GPD2 | Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] 2, mitochondrial; NAD-dependent glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; expression is controlled by an oxygen-independent signaling pathway required to regulate metabolism under anoxic conditions; located in cytosol and mitochondria; constitutively active but is inactivated via phosphorylation by energy-stress responsive kinase SNF1; GPD2 has a paralog, GPD1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (440 aa) |
| | PKH2 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase PKH2; Serine/threonine protein kinase; involved in sphingolipid-mediated signaling pathway that controls endocytosis; activates Ypk1p and Ykr2p, components of signaling cascade required for maintenance of cell wall integrity; contains a PH-like domain; redundant with Pkh1p; PKH2 has a paralog, PKH1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (1081 aa) |
| | WSC3 | Cell wall integrity and stress response component 3; Sensor-transducer of the stress-activated PKC1-MPK1 signaling pathway; involved in maintenance of cell wall integrity; involved in response to heat shock and other stressors; regulates 1,3-beta-glucan synthesis; WSC3 has a paralog, WSC2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (556 aa) |
| | SKM1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase SKM1; Member of the PAK family of serine/threonine protein kinases; similar to Ste20p; involved in down-regulation of sterol uptake; proposed to be a downstream effector of Cdc42p during polarized growth; SKM1 has a paralog, CLA4, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (655 aa) |
| | GRE2 | 3-methylbutanal reductase and NADPH-dependent methylglyoxal reductase; stress induced (osmotic, ionic, oxidative, heat shock and heavy metals); regulated by the HOG pathway; restores resistance to glycolaldehyde by coupling reduction of glycolaldehyde to ethylene glycol and oxidation of NADPH to NADP+; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress; methylglyoxal reductase (NADPH-dependent) is also known as D-lactaldehyde dehydrogenase; Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase subfamily. (342 aa) |
| | SLG1 | Protein SLG1; Sensor-transducer of the stress-activated PKC1-MPK1 kinase pathway; involved in maintenance of cell wall integrity; required for mitophagy; involved in organization of the actin cytoskeleton; secretory pathway Wsc1p is required for the arrest of secretion response. (378 aa) |
| | RGA1 | GTPase-activating protein for polarity-establishment protein Cdc42p; implicated in control of septin organization, pheromone response, and haploid invasive growth; relocalizes from bud neck to cytoplasm upon DNA replication stress; RGA1 has a paralog, RGA2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (1007 aa) |
| | PTP2 | Tyrosine-protein phosphatase 2; Nuclear phosphotyrosine-specific phosphatase involved in osmosensing; involved in the inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) during osmolarity sensing; dephosporylates Hog1p MAPK and regulates its localization; with Msg5p co-regulates the calcium signaling pathway. (750 aa) |
| | STE4 | G protein beta subunit; forms a dimer with Ste18p to activate mating signaling pathway, forms heterotrimer with Gpa1p and Ste18p to dampen signaling; pheromone-induced phosphorylation plays critical role in chemotropism; may recruit Rho1p to polarized growth site during mating; contains WD40 repeats. (423 aa) |
| | MKK1 | MAPKK involved in the protein kinase C signaling pathway; involved in control of cell integrity; upon activation by Bck1p phosphorylates downstream target, Slt2p; functionally redundant with Mkk2p; MKK1 has a paralog, MKK2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (508 aa) |
| | DIG1 | Down-regulator of invasive growth 1; MAP kinase-responsive inhibitor of the Ste12p transcription factor; involved in the regulation of mating-specific genes and the invasive growth pathway; related regulators Dig1p and Dig2p bind to Ste12p; DIG1 has a paralog, DIG2, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (452 aa) |
| | RLM1 | MADS-box transcription factor; component of the protein kinase C-mediated MAP kinase pathway involved in the maintenance of cell integrity; phosphorylated and activated by the MAP-kinase Slt2p; RLM1 has a paralog, SMP1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (676 aa) |
| | BEM3 | GTPase-activating protein BEM3; Rho GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP); involved in control of the cytoskeleton organization; targets the essential Rho-GTPase Cdc42p, which controls establishment and maintenance of cell polarity, including bud-site assembly. (1128 aa) |
| | MKK2 | MAPKK involved in the protein kinase C signaling pathway; involved in control of cell integrity; upon activation by Bck1p phosphorylates downstream target, Slt2p; functionally redundant with Mkk1p; MKK2 has a paralog, MKK1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (506 aa) |
| | MF(ALPHA)1 | Mating pheromone alpha-factor, made by alpha cells; interacts with mating type a cells to induce cell cycle arrest and other responses leading to mating; also encoded by MF(ALPHA)2, although MF(ALPHA)1 produces most alpha-factor; binds copper(II) ions. (165 aa) |
| | CLN2 | G1/S-specific cyclin CLN2; G1 cyclin involved in regulation of the cell cycle; activates Cdc28p kinase to promote the G1 to S phase transition; late G1 specific expression depends on transcription factor complexes, MBF (Swi6p-Mbp1p) and SBF (Swi6p-Swi4p); CLN2 has a paralog, CLN1, that arose from the whole genome duplication; cell cycle arrest phenotype of the cln1 cln2 cln3 triple null mutant is complemented by any of human cyclins CCNA2, CCNB1, CCNC, CCND1, or CCNE1. (545 aa) |
| | OPY2 | Protein OPY2; Integral membrane protein that acts as a membrane anchor for Ste50p; involved in the signaling branch of the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway and as a regulator of the filamentous growth pathway; overproduction blocks cell cycle arrest in the presence of mating pheromone; relocalizes from vacuole to plasma membrane upon DNA replication stress. (360 aa) |
| | CLB2 | G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-2; B-type cyclin involved in cell cycle progression; activates Cdc28p to promote the transition from G2 to M phase; accumulates during G2 and M, then targeted via a destruction box motif for ubiquitin-mediated degradation by the proteasome; CLB2 has a paralog, CLB1, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (491 aa) |
| | CLB5 | S-phase entry cyclin-5; B-type cyclin involved in DNA replication during S phase; activates Cdc28p to promote initiation of DNA synthesis; functions in formation of mitotic spindles along with Clb3p and Clb4p; most abundant during late G1 phase; CLB5 has a paralog, CLB6, that arose from the whole genome duplication. (435 aa) |
| | RHO1 | GTP-binding protein of the rho subfamily of Ras-like proteins; involved in establishment of cell polarity; regulates protein kinase C (Pkc1p) and the cell wall synthesizing enzyme 1,3-beta-glucan synthase (Fks1p and Gsc2p). (209 aa) |
