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| | speD | S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase; Catalyzes the decarboxylation of S-adenosylmethionine to S- adenosylmethioninamine (dcAdoMet), the propylamine donor required for the synthesis of the polyamines spermine and spermidine from the diamine putrescine. (264 aa) |
| | speE | Spermidine synthase (putrescine aminopropyltransferase); Involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines which play a significant role in the structural and functional organization in the chromoid of E.coli by compacting DNA and neutralizing negative charges. Catalyzes the irreversible transfer (ping-pong mechanism) of a propylamine group from the amino donor S-adenosylmethioninamine (decarboxy-AdoMet) to putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) to yield spermidine. Cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane) and spermidine can also be used as the propylamine acceptor. (288 aa) |
| | ldcC | Lysine decarboxylase 2, constitutive; Plays a role in lysine utilization by acting as a lysine decarboxylase. (713 aa) |
| | dkgB | 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate reductase B; Catalyzes the reduction of 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid (25DKG) to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2KLG); Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family. (267 aa) |
| | frsA | Fermentation-respiration switch protein; Displays esterase activity toward pNP-butyrate. (414 aa) |
| | yahK | Broad specificity NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase, Zn-containing; Catalyzes the reduction of a wide range of aldehydes into their corresponding alcohols. Has a strong preference for NADPH over NADH as the electron donor. Cannot use a ketone as substrate. Is a major source of NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase activity in E.coli. The in vivo functions of YahK has yet to be determined. Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. (349 aa) |
| | frmB | S-formylglutathione hydrolase; Serine hydrolase involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde. Hydrolyzes S-formylglutathione to glutathione and formate. Shows also esterase activity against two pNP-esters (pNP- acetate and pNP-propionate), alpha-naphthyl acetate and lactoylglutathione. (277 aa) |
| | frmA | Alcohol dehydrogenase class III; Has high formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity in the presence of glutathione and catalyzes the oxidation of normal alcohols in a reaction that is not GSH-dependent. In addition, hemithiolacetals other than those formed from GSH, including omega-thiol fatty acids, also are substrates; Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Class-III subfamily. (369 aa) |
| | frmR | Regulator protein that represses frmRAB operon; Repressor of the frmRAB operon. (91 aa) |
| | yajO | 2-carboxybenzaldehyde reductase; Catalyzes the conversion of ribulose 5-phosphate (Ru5P) to 1- deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP), providing a direct route from pentoses to terpenes. May play a role in biosynthesis of DXP under conditions of thiamine starvation; Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family. Aldo/keto reductase 2 subfamily. (324 aa) |
| | ybdR | Putative oxidoreductase. (412 aa) |
| | ybfF | acyl-CoA esterase; Displays esterase activity toward palmitoyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA and pNP-butyrate. (254 aa) |
| | potE | Putrescine transporter PotE; Catalyzes both the uptake and excretion of putrescine. The uptake of putrescine is dependent on the membrane potential and the excretion involves putrescine-ornithine antiporter activity. (439 aa) |
| | speF | Ornithine decarboxylase isozyme, inducible; Protein involved in polyamine biosynthetic process; Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-I family. (732 aa) |
| | mgsA | Methylglyoxal synthase; Catalyzes the formation of methylglyoxal from dihydroxyacetone phosphate. (152 aa) |
| | ymjA | DUF2543 family protein. (81 aa) |
| | puuP | Putrescine importer; Involved in the uptake of putrescine. Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. (461 aa) |
| | puuA | Glutamate--putrescine ligase; Involved in the breakdown of putrescine via the biosynthesis of gamma-L-glutamylputrescine. It is able to use several diamines, spermidine and spermine. Absolutely essential to utilize putrescine as both nitrogen and carbon sources and to decrease the toxicity of putrescine, which can lead to inhibition of cell growth and protein synthesis; Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. (472 aa) |
| | puuD | Gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate hydrolase; Involved in the breakdown of putrescine via hydrolysis of the gamma-glutamyl linkage of gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate. (254 aa) |
| | puuR | Repressor for the divergent puu operons, putrescine inducible; Represses puuA, puuD and puuP. (185 aa) |
| | puuC | Gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the oxidation of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA) to 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP). It acts preferentially with NAD but can also use NADP. 3-HPA appears to be the most suitable substrate for PuuC followed by isovaleraldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, and valeraldehyde. It might play a role in propionate and/or acetic acid metabolisms. Also involved in the breakdown of putrescine through the oxidation of gamma-Glu-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde to gamma-Glu-gamma-aminobutyrate (gamma-Glu-GABA). (495 aa) |
| | puuB | Gamma-glutamylputrescine oxidoreductase; Involved in the breakdown of putrescine via the oxidation of L-glutamylputrescine. (426 aa) |
| | puuE | 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the transfer of the amino group from gamma- aminobutyrate (GABA) to alpha-ketoglutarate (KG) to yield succinic semialdehyde (SSA). PuuE is important for utilization of putrescine as the sole nitrogen or carbon source; Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. (421 aa) |
| | patD | Gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the oxidation 4-aminobutanal (gamma- aminobutyraldehyde) to 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA). This is the second step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4-aminobutanoate via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a 5-aminopentanal dehydrogenase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cadaverine, glutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate. Can also oxidize n-alkyl medium-chain aldehydes, bu [...] (474 aa) |
| | adhP | Ethanol-active dehydrogenase/acetaldehyde-active reductase; Preferred specificity is towards 1-propanol; Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. (336 aa) |
| | ddpX | D-ala-D-ala dipeptidase, Zn-dependent; Catalyzes hydrolysis of the D-alanyl-D-alanine dipeptide. May have a role in cell-wall turnover. (193 aa) |
| | sad | Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, NAD(P)+-dependent; Catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of succinate semialdehyde to succinate. It acts preferentially with NAD as cosubstrate but can also use NADP. Prevents the toxic accumulation of succinate semialdehyde (SSA) and plays an important role when arginine and putrescine are used as the sole nitrogen or carbon sources. (462 aa) |
| | yneK | Uncharacterized protein. (371 aa) |
| | ydgJ | Putative oxidoreductase. (346 aa) |
| | ydhF | Putative oxidoreductase; May function as oxidoreductase. (298 aa) |
| | astE | Succinylglutamate desuccinylase; Transforms N(2)-succinylglutamate into succinate and glutamate; Belongs to the AspA/AstE family. Succinylglutamate desuccinylase subfamily. (322 aa) |
| | astB | Succinylarginine dihydrolase; Catalyzes the hydrolysis of N(2)-succinylarginine into N(2)- succinylornithine, ammonia and CO(2). (447 aa) |
| | astD | Succinylglutamic semialdehyde dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the NAD-dependent reduction of succinylglutamate semialdehyde into succinylglutamate. Also shows activity with decanal or succinic semialdehyde as the electron donor and NAD as the electron acceptor. No activity is detected with NADP as the electron acceptor. Therefore, is an aldehyde dehydrogenase with broad substrate specificity. (492 aa) |
| | astA | Arginine succinyltransferase; Catalyzes the transfer of succinyl-CoA to arginine to produce N(2)-succinylarginine. (344 aa) |
| | astC | Succinylornithine transaminase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the transamination of N(2)-succinylornithine and alpha-ketoglutarate into N(2)-succinylglutamate semialdehyde and glutamate. Can also act as an acetylornithine aminotransferase. Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. AstC subfamily. (406 aa) |
| | ydjE | Putative MFS sugar transporter, membrane protein; Putative transport protein. (452 aa) |
| | ydjF | Putative DEOR-type transcriptional regulator; Protein involved in transcription and regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent. (252 aa) |
| | ydjG | Methylglyoxal reductase, NADH-dependent; Catalyzes the NADH-dependent reduction of methylglyoxal (2- oxopropanal) in vitro. It is not known if this activity has physiological significance. Cannot use NADPH as a cosubstrate. Seems to play some role in intestinal colonization. (326 aa) |
| | ydjH | Putative kinase; Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family. (315 aa) |
| | ydjI | Putative aldolase. (278 aa) |
| | ydjJ | Putative oxidoreductase. (347 aa) |
| | ydjK | Putative MFS sugar transporter, membrane protein; Putative transport protein. (459 aa) |
| | ydjL | Putative Zn-dependent NAD(P)-binding oxidoreductase. (358 aa) |
| | yohF | Putative oxidoreductase; Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. (253 aa) |
| | yeiG | S-formylglutathione hydrolase; Serine hydrolase involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde. Hydrolyzes S-formylglutathione to glutathione and formate. Shows also esterase activity against alpha-naphthyl acetate, lactoylglutathione, palmitoyl-CoA and several pNP-esters of short chain fatty acids. (278 aa) |
| | lysP | Lysine transporter; Permease that is involved in the transport across the cytoplasmic membrane of lysine; Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. Amino acid transporter (AAT) (TC 2.A.3.1) family. (489 aa) |
| | eutR | Eut operon transcriptional activator, AraC family; Activates the transcription of the eut operon. Also positively regulates its own transcription. Probably binds ethanolamine and vitamin B12 as effectors (By similarity). (350 aa) |
| | eutK | Putative ethanol utilization carboxysome structural protein; May be involved in the formation of a specific microcompartment in the cell in which the metabolism of potentially toxic by-products takes place; Belongs to the bacterial microcompartments protein family. (166 aa) |
| | eutL | Putative ethanol utilization carboxysome structural protein; May be involved in the formation of a specific microcompartment in the cell in which the metabolism of potentially toxic by-products takes place. (219 aa) |
| | eutC | Ethanolamine ammonia-lyase, small subunit (light chain); Ethanolamine ammonia-lyase, light chain; Protein involved in amine catabolic process; Belongs to the EutC family. (295 aa) |
| | eutB | Ethanolamine ammonia-lyase, heavy chain; Protein involved in amine catabolic process. (453 aa) |
| | eutA | Reactivating factor for ethanolamine ammonia lyase; May protect the EutBC lyase from inhibition. (467 aa) |
| | eutH | Ethanolamine transporter; Possibly involved in the transport of ethanolamine from the periplasm to the cytoplasm. (408 aa) |
| | eutG | Ethanol dehydrogenase involved in ethanolamine utilization; May act on the acetaldehyde produced from the degradation of ethanolamine; Belongs to the iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. (395 aa) |
| | eutJ | Ethanolamine utilization; homolog of Salmonella gene; Protein involved in amine catabolic process and protein folding. (278 aa) |
| | eutE | Aldehyde oxidoreductase, ethanolamine utilization protein; May act as an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase that converts acetaldehyde into acetyl-CoA. (467 aa) |
| | eutN | Ethanolamine catabolic microcompartment shell protein; May be involved in the formation of a specific microcompartment in the cell in which the metabolism of potentially toxic by-products takes place. (95 aa) |
| | eutM | Ethanolamine utilization protein, putative carboxysome structural protein; May be involved in the formation of a specific microcompartment in the cell in which the metabolism of potentially toxic by-products takes place; Belongs to the bacterial microcompartments protein family. (97 aa) |
| | eutT | Cobalamin adenosyltransferase involved in ethanolamine utilization; Converts CNB12 to ADOB12. (267 aa) |
| | eutQ | RmlC-like cupin domain protein; Protein involved in amine catabolic process. (233 aa) |
| | eutP | Putative P-loop NTPase ethanolamine utilization protein; Protein involved in amine catabolic process. (159 aa) |
| | eutS | Putative ethanol utilization carboxysome structural protein; May be involved in the formation of a specific microcompartment in the cell in which the metabolism of potentially toxic by-products takes place; Belongs to the EutS/PduU family. (111 aa) |
| | ypfH | palmitoyl-CoA esterase activity, uncertain physiological substrate; Displays esterase activity toward palmitoyl-CoA and pNP- butyrate. (232 aa) |
| | yphB | Mutarotase superfamily protein, YphB family. (290 aa) |
| | yphC | Putative oxidoreductase. (353 aa) |
| | yphG | DUF4380 domain-containing TPR repeat protein. (1093 aa) |
| | yphH | Putative NAGC-like transcriptional regulator; Protein involved in regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; Belongs to the ROK (NagC/XylR) family. (397 aa) |
| | csiD | tRNA-Ile; Acts as an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase catalyzing hydroxylation of glutarate (GA) to L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L2HG) in the stationary phase of E.coli. Functions in a L-lysine degradation pathway that proceeds via cadaverine, glutarate and L-2- hydroxyglutarate. Other dicarboxylic acids (oxalate, malonate, succinate, adipate, and pimelate) are not substrates for this enzyme. (325 aa) |
| | lhgO | L-2-hydroxyglutarate oxidase; Catalyzes the dehydrogenation of L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L2HG) to alpha-ketoglutarate and couples to the respiratory chain by feeding electrons from the reaction into the membrane quinone pool. Functions in a L-lysine degradation pathway that proceeds via cadaverine, glutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate. (422 aa) |
| | gabD | Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase I, NADP-dependent; Catalyzes the NADP(+)-dependent oxidation of succinate semialdehyde to succinate. Thereby functions in a GABA degradation pathway that allows some E.coli strains to utilize GABA as a nitrogen source for growth. Also catalyzes the conversion of glutarate semialdehyde to glutarate, as part of a L- lysine degradation pathway that proceeds via cadaverine, glutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate. (482 aa) |
| | gabT | 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes transamination between primary amines and alpha-keto acids. Catalyzes the transfer of the amino group from gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) to alpha-ketoglutarate (KG) to yield succinic semialdehyde (SSA) and glutamate. Thereby functions in a GABA degradation pathway that allows some E.coli strains to utilize GABA as a nitrogen source for growth. Also catalyzes the conversion of 5-aminovalerate to glutarate semialdehyde, as part of a L-lysine degradation pathway that proceeds via cadaverine, [...] (426 aa) |
| | gabP | Gamma-aminobutyrate transporter; Transporter for GABA; Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. Amino acid transporter (AAT) (TC 2.A.3.1) family. (466 aa) |
| | csiR | Transcriptional repressor of csiD; Negatively regulates the expression of the glaH-lhgD-gabDTP operon in a temporal manner during entry into stationary phase or during the first few hours of carbon starvation. Thereby is involved in the regulation of a L-lysine degradation pathway that proceeds via cadaverine, glutarate and L-2- hydroxyglutarate. Binds to two primary and two secondary sites in the promoter region of the glaH operon with the consensus sequences TTGTN5TTTT and ATGTN5TTTT of the primary sites, each separated by six nucleotides. (220 aa) |
| | ygfF | Putative oxidoreductase. (247 aa) |
| | yggC | Putative PanK family P-loop kinase; Putative kinase. (237 aa) |
| | speB | Agmatinase; Catalyzes the formation of putrescine from agmatine. (306 aa) |
| | speA | Biosynthetic arginine decarboxylase, PLP-binding; Catalyzes the biosynthesis of agmatine from arginine. Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family. SpeA subfamily. (658 aa) |
| | speC | Ornithine decarboxylase, constitutive; Ornithine decarboxylase isozyme; Protein involved in polyamine biosynthetic process. (711 aa) |
| | gpr | L-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate reductase; Catalyzes the stereospecific, NADPH-dependent reduction of L- glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (L-GAP). The physiological role of gpr is the detoxification of L-GAP, which may be formed by non-enzymatic racemization of GAP. Also involved in the stress response as a methylglyoxal reductase which converts the toxic metabolite methylglyoxal to acetol in vitro and in vivo. Belongs to the shaker potassium channel beta subunit family. (346 aa) |
| | yghA | Putative oxidoreductase; Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. (294 aa) |
| | yqhC | Transcriptional activator of yqhD; Putative ARAC-type regulatory protein; Protein involved in transcription activator activity and transcription. (318 aa) |
| | yqhD | Aldehyde reductase, NADPH-dependent; NADP-dependent ADH activity; Belongs to the iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. (387 aa) |
| | dkgA | 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate reductase A; Catalyzes the reduction of 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid (25DKG) to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2KLG). It is also capable of stereoselective -keto ester reductions on ethyl acetoacetate and other 2-substituted derivatives; Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family. (275 aa) |
| | patA | Putrescine:2-oxoglutaric acid aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the aminotransferase reaction from putrescine to 2- oxoglutarate, leading to glutamate and 4-aminobutanal, which spontaneously cyclizes to form 1-pyrroline. This is the first step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4- aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA) via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a cadaverine transaminase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cad [...] (459 aa) |
| | ygjR | Putative NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenase; Belongs to the Gfo/Idh/MocA family. (328 aa) |
| | frlA | Putative fructoselysine transporter; Is likely involved in the transport of fructoselysine and psicoselysine to the cytoplasm, where they are degraded. (445 aa) |
| | frlB | fructoselysine-6-P-deglycase; Catalyzes the reversible conversion of fructoselysine 6- phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate and lysine. Functions in a fructoselysine degradation pathway that allows E.coli to grow on fructoselysine or psicoselysine. (340 aa) |
| | frlD | Fructoselysine 6-kinase; Catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of fructoselysine to fructoselysine 6-phosphate. Functions in a fructoselysine degradation pathway that allows E.coli to grow on fructoselysine or psicoselysine. To a much lesser extenst, is also able to phosphorylate psicoselysine. (261 aa) |
| | frlR | Putative DNA-binding transcriptional regulator; May regulate the transcription of the frlABCDR operon, involved in the utilization of fructoselysine and psicoselysine. (243 aa) |
| | yhiJ | DUF4049 family protein. (540 aa) |
| | aldB | Aldehyde dehydrogenase B; Catalyzes the NADP-dependent oxidation of diverse aldehydes such as chloroacetaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, benzaldehyde, mafosfamide, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide. Its preferred substrates are acetaldehyde and chloroacetaldehyde. (512 aa) |
| | yiaY | L-threonine dehydrogenase; Putative oxidoreductase. (383 aa) |
| | yidP | Uncharacterized HTH-type transcriptional regulator YidP; Pseudogene, arbutin specific enzyme IIC component of PTS;enzyme; Transport of small molecules: Carbohydrates, organic acids, alcohols; PTS system, arbutin-like IIB component; PTS system, arbutin-like IIC component. (238 aa) |
| | viaA | Stimulator of RavA ATPase activity; von Willebrand factor domain protein. (483 aa) |
| | ravA | Hexameric AAA+ MoxR family ATPase, putative molecular chaperone; Functions as an ATPase. May play a role in metal insertion (metal-chelatase) or as a chaperone. (498 aa) |
| | gldA | Glycerol dehydrogenase, NAD+ dependent; Catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone (glycerone). Allows microorganisms to utilize glycerol as a source of carbon under anaerobic conditions. In E.coli, an important role of GldA is also likely to regulate the intracellular level of dihydroxyacetone by catalyzing the reverse reaction, i.e. the conversion of dihydroxyacetone into glycerol. Possesses a broad substrate specificity, since it is also able to oxidize 1,2-propanediol and to reduce glycolaldehyde, methylglyoxal and hydroxyacetone into ethylene glycol, lac [...] (367 aa) |
| | adiA | Arginine decarboxylase; ADC can be found in two forms: biodegradative and biosynthetic. The biodegradative form may play a role in regulating pH by consuming proteins; Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-I family. (755 aa) |
| | cadA | Lysine decarboxylase, acid-inducible; Inducible lysine decarboxylase that catalyzes the proton- dependent decarboxylation of L-lysine to produce the polyamine cadaverine and carbon dioxide. Plays a role in pH homeostasis by consuming protons and neutralizing the acidic by- products of carbohydrate fermentation. Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-I family. (715 aa) |
| | cadB | Putative lysine/cadaverine transporter; Probable cadaverine/lysine antiporter or part of it. (444 aa) |
| | cadC | cadBA operon transcriptional activator; Required for Pcad induction, a promoter upstream of cadBA that is responsible for the pH-regulated expression of CadA and CadB. Probably acts as an activating transcription factor. (512 aa) |
| | yjfP | Acyl CoA esterase; Displays esterase activity toward palmitoyl-CoA and pNP- butyrate. (249 aa) |
| | ahr | Broad specificity NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase, Zn-containing; Catalyzes the reduction of a wide range of aldehydes including aliphatic fatty aldehydes (C4-C16), into their corresponding alcohols. Has a strong preference for NADPH over NADH as the electron donor. Cannot use glyceraldehyde or a ketone as substrate. Is a relevant source of NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase activity in E.coli. The in vivo functions of Ahr has yet to be determined. (339 aa) |
| | yjiS | DUF1127 family protein. (54 aa) |
| | yggP | Putative Zn-binding dehydrogenase; To K.pneumoniae SorE. (425 aa) |
| | frlC | Fructoselysine 3-epimerase; Catalyzes the reversible interconversion of fructoselysine with its C-3 epimer, psicoselysine. Allows E.coli to utilize psicoselysine for growth. Does not act on psicose or fructoselysine 6- phosphate. (276 aa) |
| | yeiW | UPF0153 cysteine cluster protein. (84 aa) |
