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| | mokC | Regulatory protein for HokC, overlaps CDS of hokC; Might be the toxic component of a type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system (By similarity). Regulatory peptide which completely overlaps hokC and enables hokC expression; Belongs to the Hok/Gef family. (69 aa) |
| | yaeI | Phosphodiesterase with model substrate bis-pNPP; Shows phosphodiesterase activity, hydrolyzing phosphodiester bond in the artificial chromogenic substrate bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (bis-pNPP); Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. (270 aa) |
| | yafT | Lipoprotein; Putative aminopeptidase. (261 aa) |
| | yafQ | mRNA interferase toxin of toxin-antitoxin pair YafQ/DinJ; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A sequence-specific mRNA endoribonuclease that inhibits translation elongation and induces bacterial stasis. Cleavage occurs between the second and third residue of the Lys codon followed by a G or A (5'AAA(G/A)3'), is reading-frame dependent and occurs within the 5' end of most mRNAs. Ribosome-binding confers the sequence specificity and reading frame- dependence. When overexpressed in liquid media YafQ partially inhibits protein synthesis, with a reduction in growth rat [...] (92 aa) |
| | dinJ | Antitoxin of YafQ-DinJ toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A labile antitoxin that counteracts the effect of cognate toxin YafQ. YafQ and DinJ together bind their own promoter, and repress its expression. There are 2 operators with imperfect inverted repeats (IR) in the dinJ promoter, YafQ-(DinJ)2-YafQ only binds to the first (most upstream) of them to repress transcription; binding to a single IR is sufficient for activity in vivo and in vitro. DinJ alone is as potent a transcriptional repressor as the heterotetramer and also only need [...] (86 aa) |
| | yafN | Antitoxin of the YafO-YafN toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Functions as an mRNA interferase antitoxin; overexpression prevents YafO-mediated cessation of cell growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. (97 aa) |
| | yafO | mRNA interferase toxin of the YafO-YafN toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A translation-dependent mRNA interferase. Overexpression causes cessation of cell growth and inhibits cell proliferation via inhibition of translation; this blockage is overcome by subsequent expression of antitoxin YafN. Overexpression causes cleavage of a number of mRNAs in a ribosome-dependent fashion. YafO binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit in the translation complex induces mRNA cleavage 3' to the region protected by the ribosome; YafO alone is not able to di [...] (132 aa) |
| | yafP | GNAT family putative N-acetyltransferase. (150 aa) |
| | ykfI | Toxin YkfI; Toxic component of a type IV toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Acts as a toxin inhibitor that blocks cell division and cell elongation via FtsZ and possibly also MreB (although no interaction with MreB has been proven). Overexpression results in inhibition of growth in liquid cultures and a decrease in colony formation. These effects are overcome by concomitant expression of cognate antitoxin YafW, which leads to toxin loss by an unknown mechanism. Overexpression leads to formation of lemon-shaped cells and cell lysis; inactivated by overexpression of cognate antitoxin YafW but [...] (113 aa) |
| | yafW | CP4-6 prophage; Antitoxin component of a type IV toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Antitoxin that counteracts the effect of cognate toxin YkfI. It does not seem to bind to the cognate toxin but instead induces toxin loss by an unknown mechanism. Co-overexpression of toxin YkfI and antitoxin YafW leads to formation of elongated cells. (105 aa) |
| | ykfG | CP4-6 prophage; Putative DNA repair protein; Belongs to the UPF0758 family. (158 aa) |
| | yafX | CP4-6 prophage; uncharacterized protein; Belongs to the antirestriction protein family. (152 aa) |
| | ykfF | CP4-6 prophage; uncharacterized protein; Belongs to the UPF0401 family. (79 aa) |
| | ykfB | CP4-6 prophage; uncharacterized protein; To E.coli YfjT. (155 aa) |
| | yafY | Lipoprotein, inner membrane; When overproduced strongly induces degP through the activation of the two-component envelope stress response system CpxA/CpxR ; To E.coli YfjS. (147 aa) |
| | yafZ | UPF0380 protein YafZ; CP4-6 prophage; putative DNA-binding transcriptional regulator;Phage or Prophage Related; Belongs to the UPF0380 family. (273 aa) |
| | intF | CP4-6 prophage; Integrase is necessary for integration of the phage into the host genome by site-specific recombination. In conjunction with excisionase, integrase is also necessary for excision of the prophage from the host genome. (466 aa) |
| | yaiV | Putative transcriptional regulator; Involved in oxidative stress resistance; Belongs to the IprA family. (207 aa) |
| | maa | Maltose O-acetyltransferase; Catalyzes the CoA-dependent transfer of an acetyl group to maltose and other sugars. Acetylates glucose exclusively at the C6 position and maltose at the C6 position of the non-reducing end glucosyl moiety. Is able to acetylate maltooligosaccharides ; Belongs to the transferase hexapeptide repeat family. (183 aa) |
| | hha | Modulator of gene expression, with H-NS; Down-regulates hemolysin (hly) expression in complex with H- NS. Stimulates transposition events in vivo. Modifies the set of genes regulated by H-NS; Hha and Cnu (YdgT) increase the number of genes DNA bound by H-NS/StpA and may also modulate the oligomerization of the H-NS/StpA-complex. Binds DNA and influences DNA topology in response to environmental stimuli; does not however interact with DNA in the absence of H-NS. Involved in persister cell formation, acting downstream of mRNA interferase (toxin) MqsR. Decreases biofilm formation by repre [...] (72 aa) |
| | tomB | Hha toxicity attenuator; Attenuates Hha toxicity and regulates biofilm formation. Binds to various coding and intergenic regions of genomic DNA. (124 aa) |
| | ybbC | Putative immunity protein. (122 aa) |
| | intD | DLP12 prophage; Integrase from the cryptic lambdoic prophage DLP12. Integrase is necessary for integration of the phage into the host genome by site- specific recombination. In conjunction with excisionase, integrase is also necessary for excision of the prophage from the host genome. (387 aa) |
| | quuD | DLP12 prophage; Positively regulate expression of some phage genes. Bacterial host RNA polymerase modified by antitermination proteins transcribes through termination sites that otherwise prevent expression of the regulated genes (By similarity); Belongs to the phage antitermination Q type 1 family. (127 aa) |
| | essD | DLP12 prophage; putative phage lysis protein. (71 aa) |
| | rrrD | DLP12 prophage; Essential for lysis of bacterial cell wall, by showing cell wall hydrolyzing activity. Exhibits lytic activity against E.coli and S.typhi cell wall substrate; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 24 family. (165 aa) |
| | rzpD | DLP12 prophage; Necessary for host cell lysis. It is believed to code for an endopeptidase that cleaves the amino-carboxyl cross-link between the diaminopimelic acid and D-alanine residues in the murein component of the bacterial cell wall (By similarity). (153 aa) |
| | insL1-2 | IS186 transposase. (370 aa) |
| | ybfD | H repeat-associated putative transposase YbfD; Pseudogene, DDE domain transposase family;putative factor; Not classified; putative receptor protein; Belongs to the transposase 11 family. (253 aa) |
| | cspH | Stress protein, member of the CspA-family; Cold shock-like protein; Protein involved in response to temperature stimulus. (70 aa) |
| | cspG | Homolog of Salmonella cold shock protein; Protein involved in response to temperature stimulus. (70 aa) |
| | ymcE | Cold shock gene; Suppresses fabA and ts growth mutation. (76 aa) |
| | ymfD | E14 prophage; putative SAM-dependent methyltransferase. (221 aa) |
| | ymfE | E14 prophage; putative inner membrane protein. (234 aa) |
| | lit | T4 phage exclusion protein; Interacts with a short DNA sequence about one-quarter of the way into the major capsid protein gene 23 of T4; general translation inhibition occurs when this late gene of the virus is expressed. Belongs to the peptidase U49 family. (297 aa) |
| | intE | E14 prophage; Integrase from the cryptic lambdoic prophage e14. Integrase is necessary for integration of the phage into the host genome by site- specific recombination. In conjunction with excisionase, integrase is also necessary for excision of the prophage from the host genome. (375 aa) |
| | xisE | E14 prophage; putative excisionase; To lambdoid phages excisionases. (81 aa) |
| | ymfI | E14 prophage; uncharacterized protein. (113 aa) |
| | ymfJ | E14 prophage; uncharacterized protein. (102 aa) |
| | cohE | E14 prophage; repressor protein phage e14. (224 aa) |
| | croE | E14 prophage; putative DNA-binding transcriptional regulator. (66 aa) |
| | ymfL | E14 prophage; putative DNA-binding transcriptional regulator. (185 aa) |
| | ymfM | E14 prophage; uncharacterized protein. (112 aa) |
| | ymfR | Uncharacterized protein YmfR; Pseudogene, phage terminase protein A family, e14 prophage;Phage or Prophage Related. (60 aa) |
| | ymfQ | Uncharacterized protein YmfQ; Pseudogene, e14 prophage;Phage or Prophage Related; To phage Mu protein gp48 and H.influenzae HI_1521. (194 aa) |
| | stfP | E14 prophage; uncharacterized protein; To E.coli YfdL and M.jannaschii MJ0347. (209 aa) |
| | tfaP | E14 prophage; uncharacterized protein; To E.coli YfdK. (137 aa) |
| | tfaE | E14 prophage; putative tail fiber assembly protein. (200 aa) |
| | pinE | Serine recombinase PinE; This protein catalyzes the inversion of an 1800-bp E.coli DNA fragment, the P region, which can exist in either orientation. The function of the inversion is not yet clear. (184 aa) |
| | intR | Rac prophage; Integrase is necessary for integration of the phage into the host genome by site-specific recombination. In conjunction with excisionase, integrase is also necessary for excision of the prophage from the host genome (By similarity). (411 aa) |
| | ydaQ | Rac prophage; Putative lambdoid prophage Rac excisionase. (71 aa) |
| | ydaC | DUF1187 family protein, Rac prophage; Helps to maintain the integrity of the chromosome by lowering the steady-state level of double strand breaks. This region of DNA acts as an antitoxin to toxin RalR, a DNase, but it seems to be sRNA RalA that has the antitoxin activity and not this putative protein. Therefore the identity of this as a protein-coding gene has been cast into doubt. (69 aa) |
| | ralR | Rac prophage; Toxic component of a type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Upon overexpression inhibits growth and reduces colony-forming units in both the presence and absence of the Rac prophage, cells become filamentous. Has deoxyribonuclease activity (probably endonucleolytic), does not digest RNA. Its toxic effects are neutralized by sRNA antitoxin RalA, which is encoded in trans on the opposite DNA strand. Has RAL-like activity. (64 aa) |
| | recT | Rac prophage; Binds to single-stranded DNA and also promotes the renaturation of complementary single-stranded DNA. Function in recombination. Has a function similar to that of lambda RedB. (269 aa) |
| | recE | Rac prophage; Is involved in the RecE pathway of recombination. Catalyzes the degradation of double-stranded DNA. Acts progressively in a 5' to 3' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides. Has a strong preference for linear duplex substrate DNA and appears to be unable to initiate degradation from single-stranded breaks in DNA. (866 aa) |
| | racC | RacC protein. (91 aa) |
| | kilR | Killing protein, Rac prophage; Causes inhibition of cell division. At high levels of expression, can also abolish the rod shape of the cells. Division inhibition by KilR can be relieved by overexpression of the cell division protein FtsZ. (73 aa) |
| | ydaG | Rac prophage; uncharacterized protein. (44 aa) |
| | racR | Rac prophage; Repressor protein for rac prophage. (158 aa) |
| | ydaS | Rac prophage; putative DNA-binding transcriptional regulator. (98 aa) |
| | ydaT | Rac prophage; uncharacterized protein. (140 aa) |
| | ydaU | Rac prophage; conserved protein. (285 aa) |
| | ydaV | Rac prophage; Putative DNA replication factor. (248 aa) |
| | ynaK | Rac prophage; conserved protein. (87 aa) |
| | stfR | Rac prophage; putative tail fiber protein; Belongs to the tail fiber family. (1120 aa) |
| | tfaR | Rac prophage; Tail fiber assembly protein homolog from lambdoid prophage Rac; Belongs to the tfa family. (191 aa) |
| | pinR | Rac prophage; putative site-specific recombinase. (196 aa) |
| | ynaE | Cold shock protein, Rac prophage. (77 aa) |
| | mokB | Regulatory peptide; Overlapping regulatory peptide whose translation enables hokB expression. (55 aa) |
| | trg | Methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein III, ribose and galactose sensor receptor; Mediates taxis to the sugars ribose and galactose via an interaction with the periplasmic ribose- or galactose-binding proteins. (546 aa) |
| | hicB | Antitoxin for the HicAB toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Functions as an mRNA interferase antitoxin; overexpression prevents HicA-mediated cessation of cell growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. (138 aa) |
| | hipA | Serine/threonine-protein kinase toxin HipA; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system, first identified by mutations that increase production of persister cells, a fraction of cells that are phenotypic variants not killed by antibiotics, which lead to multidrug tolerance. Persistence may be ultimately due to global remodeling of the persister cell's ribosomes. Phosphorylates Glu-tRNA-ligase (AC P04805, gltX, on 'Ser-239') in vivo. Phosphorylation of GltX prevents it from being charged, leading to an increase in uncharged tRNA(Glu). This induces amino acid starvation and [...] (440 aa) |
| | hipB | Antitoxin of HipAB toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Neutralizes the toxic effect of cognate toxin HipA. Also neutralizes the toxic effect of non-cognate toxin YjjJ. Binds to operator sites with the consensus sequence 5-'TATCCN(8)GGATA-3' to repress the hipBA operon promoter ; binding of HipB(2) to DNA induces a 70 degree bend. This forces HipA dimerization, which blocks HipA's active site and thus its toxic action. May play a role in biofilm formation. (88 aa) |
| | ydfK | Cold shock protein YdfK; Cryptic prophage Qin/Kim. (77 aa) |
| | pinQ | Qin prophage; putative site-specific recombinase; Belongs to the site-specific recombinase resolvase family. (196 aa) |
| | tfaQ | Qin prophage; Tail fiber assembly protein homolog from lambdoid prophage Qin; Belongs to the tfa family. (191 aa) |
| | stfQ | Qin prophage; putative side tail fibre assembly protein; Belongs to the tail fiber family. (320 aa) |
| | ynfN | Qin prophage; cold shock-induced protein. (51 aa) |
| | cspI | Qin prophage; Cold shock-like protein. (70 aa) |
| | rzpQ | Rz-like protein, Qin prophage; Completely contained in another CDS. (165 aa) |
| | rrrQ | Qin prophage; Essential for lysis of bacterial cell wall, by showing cell wall hydrolyzing activity; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 24 family. (177 aa) |
| | ydfR | Qin prophage; uncharacterized protein. (103 aa) |
| | essQ | Qin prophage; putative S lysis protein; Belongs to the lambda phage S protein family. (71 aa) |
| | cspB | Qin prophage; cold shock protein. (71 aa) |
| | cspF | Qin prophage; cold shock protein. (70 aa) |
| | quuQ | Qin prophage; Positively regulate expression of some phage genes. Bacterial host RNA polymerase modified by antitermination proteins transcribes through termination sites that otherwise prevent expression of the regulated genes (By similarity). (250 aa) |
| | rem | Qin prophage; uncharacterized protein. (83 aa) |
| | hokD | Qin prophage; Toxic component of a type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system (Probable). When overexpressed kills cells within 2 minutes; causes collapse of the transmembrane potential and arrest of respiration. (51 aa) |
| | relE | Qin prophage; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A sequence-specific, ribosome-dependent mRNA endoribonuclease that inhibits translation during amino acid starvation (the stringent response). In vitro acts by cleaving mRNA with high codon specificity in the ribosomal A site between positions 2 and 3. The stop codon UAG is cleaved at a fast rate while UAA and UGA are cleaved with intermediate and slow rates. In vitro mRNA cleavage can also occur in the ribosomal E site after peptide release from peptidyl- tRNA in the P site as well as on free 30S subunits. In vivo [...] (95 aa) |
| | relB | Antitoxin of the RelE-RelB toxin-antitoxin syste; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Counteracts the effect of cognate toxin RelE via direct protein-protein interaction, preventing RelE from entering the ribosome A site and thus inhibiting its endoribonuclease activity. An autorepressor of relBE operon transcription. 2 RelB dimers bind to 2 operator sequences; DNA- binding and repression is stronger when complexed with toxin/corepressor RelE by conditional cooperativity. Increased transcription rate of relBE and activation of relE is consistent with a lower l [...] (79 aa) |
| | flxA | Qin prophage; uncharacterized protein. (110 aa) |
| | dicC | Repressor protein of division inhibition gene dicB; This protein is a repressor of division inhibition gene dicB. (76 aa) |
| | dicA | Qin prophage; This protein is a repressor of division inhibition gene dicB. (135 aa) |
| | ydfA | Qin prophage; uncharacterized protein; To E.coli YdaF. (51 aa) |
| | ydfB | Qin prophage; uncharacterized protein. (42 aa) |
| | ydfC | Uncharacterized protein, Qin prophage. (72 aa) |
| | dicB | Qin prophage; Involved in cell division inhibition; this function can be repressed by DicA and DicC proteins as well as antitoxin CbeA (yeeU). (62 aa) |
| | ydfD | Qin prophage; uncharacterized protein. (63 aa) |
| | clcB | H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter; Probably acts as an electrical shunt for an outwardly- directed proton pump that is linked to amino acid decarboxylation, as part of the extreme acid resistance (XAR) response. Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family. ClcB subfamily. (418 aa) |
| | flu | Novel sRNA, CP4-44; Controls colony form variation and autoaggregation. May function as an adhesin. (1039 aa) |
| | yeeR | CP4-44 prophage; putative membrane protein. (510 aa) |
| | yeeS | CP4-44 prophage; Putative DNA repair protein, RADC family; Belongs to the UPF0758 family. (148 aa) |
| | yeeT | CP4-44 prophage; uncharacterized protein; Belongs to the YeeT/YkfH/YpjJ family. (73 aa) |
| | cbeA | CP4-44 prophage; Antitoxin component of a type IV toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Antitoxin that counteracts the effect of its cognate toxin CbtA (YeeV). It does not bind to the toxin but instead binds to MreB and FtsZ (the toxin targets), enhancing their polymerization by forming higher-order bundles; it is probably retained in the MreB and FtsZ filament bundles. The mechanism has been proposed to require intergenic DNA, in cis, between the cbeA (yeeU) and cbta (yeeV) genes. The intergenic region was not found to be necessary in another study. Also counteracts the morphological defects c [...] (122 aa) |
| | cbtA | CP4-44 prophage; Toxic component of a type IV toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Acts as a dual toxin inhibitor that blocks cell division and cell elongation in genetically separable interactions with FtsZ and MreB. Interacts with cytoskeletal proteins FtsZ and MreB; inhibits FtsZ GTP-dependent polymerization and GTPase activity as well as MreB ATP-dependent polymerization. Binds to both the N- and C-terminus of FtsZ, likely blocking its polymerization and localization, leading to blockage of cell division. Overexpression results in inhibition of growth in liquid cultures and decrease in col [...] (124 aa) |
| | yefM | Antitoxin of the YoeB-YefM toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Antitoxin that counteracts the effect of the YoeB toxin. YefM binds to the promoter region of the yefM-yeoB operon to repress transcription, YeoB acts as a corepressor. (83 aa) |
| | yegS | Phosphatidylglycerol kinase, metal-dependent; In vitro phosphorylates phosphatidylglycerol but not diacylglycerol; the in vivo substrate is unknown; Belongs to the diacylglycerol/lipid kinase family. YegS lipid kinase subfamily. (299 aa) |
| | yfdC | Putative transport protein. (310 aa) |
| | intS | CPS-53 (KpLE1) prophage; Integrase is necessary for integration of the phage into the host genome by site-specific recombination. In conjunction with excisionase, integrase is also necessary for excision of the prophage from the host genome. (385 aa) |
| | gtrA | CPS-53 (KpLE1) prophage; Involved in O antigen modification. Involved in the translocation of bactoprenol-linked glucose across the cytoplasmic membrane (By similarity); Belongs to the GtrA family. (120 aa) |
| | gtrB | CPS-53 (KpLE1) prophage; Involved in O antigen modification. Catalyzes the transfer of the glucose residue from UDP-glucose to a lipid carrier (By similarity). (306 aa) |
| | gtrS | Serotype-specific glucosyl transferase, CPS-53 (KpLE1) prophage; Putative ligase. (443 aa) |
| | yfdK | Uncharacterized protein YfdK; Pseudogene, CPS-53 (KpLE1) prophage; tail fiber assembly protein fragment;Phage or Prophage Related; To E.coli YmfS. (146 aa) |
| | yfdN | Uncharacterized protein YfdN; CPS-53 (KpLE1) prophage; putative methyltransferase;Phage or Prophage Related. (164 aa) |
| | yfdP | Uncharacterized protein YfdP; Pseudogene, CPS-53 (KpLE1) prophage; bacteriophage replication protein O family;Phage or Prophage Related; To phage T4 y06Q. (120 aa) |
| | yfdQ | CPS-53 (KpLE1) prophage; uncharacterized protein. (274 aa) |
| | yfdR | CPS-53 (KpLE1) prophage; conserved protein. (178 aa) |
| | yfdS | CPS-53 (KpLE1) prophage; uncharacterized protein; To the N-terminal region of phage HK97/HK620 Gp37/hpaH. (120 aa) |
| | yfdT | CPS-53 (KpLE1) prophage; uncharacterized protein. (101 aa) |
| | intA | CP4-57 prophage; Integrase is necessary for integration of the phage into the host genome by site-specific recombination. In conjunction with excisionase, integrase is also necessary for excision of the prophage from the host genome. Part of the cryptic P4-like prophage CP4-57, it excises the prophage when overexpressed, which also requires integration host factor (encoded by ihfA and ihfB). Overexpression of AlpA leads to excision of the CP4-57 prophage, which inactivates ssrA (the gene upstream of the prophage) that encodes tmRNA which is required to rescue stalled ribosomes in a pro [...] (413 aa) |
| | yfjH | CP4-57 prophage; Putative histone. (318 aa) |
| | alpA | CP4-57 prophage; Positive regulator of the expression of the slpA gene. When overexpressed, leads to suppression of the capsule overproduction and UV sensitivity phenotypes of cells mutant for the Lon ATP-dependent protease. Part of the cryptic P4-like prophage CP4-57. Overexpression of AlpA leads to excision of the CP4-57 prophage by IntA. This inactivates ssrA (the gene upstream of the prophage) that encodes tmRNA which is required to rescue stalled ribosomes in a process known as trans- translation. (70 aa) |
| | yfjI | CP4-57 prophage; uncharacterized protein. (469 aa) |
| | yfjJ | CP4-57 prophage; uncharacterized protein; To E.coli YagK. (208 aa) |
| | rnlA | CP4-57 prophage; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A stable (half-life 27.6 minutes) endoribonuclease that in the absence of cognate antitoxin RnlB causes generalized RNA degradation. Degrades late enterobacteria phage T4 mRNAs, protecting the host against T4 reproduction. Activity is inhibited by cognate antitoxin RnlB and by enterobacteria phage T4 protein Dmd. Targets cyaA mRNA. (357 aa) |
| | rnlB | CP4-57 prophage; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A labile antitoxin (half-life of 2.1 minutes) that inhibits the endonuclease activity of cognate toxin RnlA but not that of non-cognate toxin LsoA. (123 aa) |
| | yfjX | Uncharacterized protein YfjX; Pseudogene, CP4-57 putative prophage remnant;Phage or Prophage Related; Belongs to the antirestriction protein family. (152 aa) |
| | yfjY | CP4-57 prophage; Putative DNA repair protein; Belongs to the UPF0758 family. (160 aa) |
| | yfjZ | CP4-57 prophage; Antitoxin component of a type IV toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Antitoxin that counteracts the effect of cognate toxin YpjF. Also counteracts the effect of non-cognate toxins CbtA and YfkI. (105 aa) |
| | ypjF | CP4-57 prophage; Toxic component of a type IV toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Acts as a dual toxin inhibitor that blocks cell division and cell elongation in genetically separable interactions with FtsZ and MreB. Overexpression results in inhibition of growth in liquid cultures. Overexpression leads to formation of lemon-shaped cells; inactivated by overexpression of cognate antitoxin YfjZ but not when the 2 genes are coexpressed from the same plasmid. Also neutralized by overexpression of non-cognate antitoxins YafW and CbeA. (109 aa) |
| | mazG | Nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase; Involved in the regulation of bacterial cell survival under conditions of nutritional stress. Regulates the type II MazE-MazF toxin-antitoxin (TA) system which mediates programmed cell death (PCD). This is achieved by lowering the cellular concentration of (p)ppGpp produced by RelA under amino acid starvation, thus protecting the cell from the toxicity of MazF. Reduction of (p)ppGpp can be achieved by direct degradation of (p)ppGpp or by degradation of NTPs, which are substrates for (p)ppGpp synthesis by RelA. Belongs to the nucleoside trip [...] (263 aa) |
| | mazF | mRNA interferase toxin, antitoxin is MazE; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A sequence-specific endoribonuclease it inhibits protein synthesis by cleaving mRNA and inducing bacterial stasis. It is stable, single- strand specific with mRNA cleavage independent of the ribosome, although translation enhances cleavage for some mRNAs. Cleavage occurs at the 5'-end of ACA sequences, yielding a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and a free 5'-OH, although cleavage can also occur on the 3'-end of the first A. Digests 16S rRNA in vivo 43 nts upstream of the C- terminus; this remove [...] (111 aa) |
| | mazE | Antitoxin of the ChpA-ChpR toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Labile antitoxin that binds to the MazF endoribonuclease toxin and neutralizes its endoribonuclease activity. Is considered to be an 'addiction' molecule as the cell dies in its absence. Toxicity results when the levels of MazE decrease in the cell, leading to mRNA degradation. This effect can be rescued by expression of MazE, but after 6 hours in rich medium the overexpression of MazF leads to programmed cell death. Cell growth and viability are not affected when MazF and M [...] (82 aa) |
| | ygeI | Uncharacterized protein. (72 aa) |
| | mqsA | Antitoxin for MqsR toxin; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Labile antitoxin that binds to the MqsR mRNA interferase toxin and neutralizes its endoribonuclease activity. Overexpression prevents MqsR-mediated cessation of cell growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. Initially reported to act as a cotranscription factor with MqsA. Following further experiments, the MqsR-MqsA complex does not bind DNA and all reported data are actually due to a small fraction of free MqsA alone binding DNA. Addition of MqsR to a preformed MqsA-promoter DNA complex causes d [...] (131 aa) |
| | mqsR | GCU-specific mRNA interferase toxin of the MqsR-MqsA toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Plays a significant role in the control of biofilm formation and induction of persister cells in the presence of antibiotics. An mRNA interferase which has been reported to be translation-independent. It has also been reported to be translation-dependent. Cleavage has been reported to occur on either side of G in the sequence GCU. Also reported to cleave after C in GC(A/U) sequences. There are only 14 genes in E.coli W3110 (and probably also MG1655) tha [...] (98 aa) |
| | higA | Antitoxinof the HigB-HigA toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Functions as an mRNA interferase antitoxin; overexpression prevents HigB-mediated cessation of cell growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. (138 aa) |
| | higB | mRNA interferase toxin of the HigB-HigA toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A probable translation-dependent mRNA interferase. Overexpression causes cessation of cell growth and inhibits cell proliferation via inhibition of translation; this blockage is overcome by subsequent expression of antitoxin HigA. Overexpression causes cleavage of a number of mRNAs in a translation-dependent fashion, suggesting this is an mRNA interferase. mRNA interferases play a role in bacterial persistence to antibiotics; overexpression of this protein induces p [...] (104 aa) |
| | prlF | Antitoxin of the SohA(PrlF)-YhaV toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Labile antitoxin that binds to the YhaV toxin and neutralizes its ribonuclease activity. Also acts as a transcription factor. The YhaV/PrlF complex binds the prlF-yhaV operon, probably negatively regulating its expression. (111 aa) |
| | yhaV | Toxin of the SohB(PrlF)-YhaV toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Has RNase activity in vitro. Overexpression leads to growth arrest after 30 minutes; these effects are overcome by concomitant expression of antitoxin SohA (PrlF). Massive overexpression is toxic. Unlike most other characterized TA systems degrades rRNA, and co-folding of the both TA proteins is necessary in vitro for inhibition of the RNase activity. It is not known if it has any sequence-specificity. Acts as a transcription factor. The YhaV/PrlF complex binds the prlF-yhaV o [...] (154 aa) |
| | yhhI | H repeat-associated putative transposase YhhI; Pseudogene fragment; Belongs to the transposase 11 family. (378 aa) |
| | ghoS | Antitoxin of GhoTS toxin-antitoxin pair; Antitoxin component of a type V toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Neutralizes the toxic effects of toxin GhoT by digesting ghoT transcripts in a sequence-specific manner. In concert with GhoT is involved in reducing cell growth during antibacterial stress. Overexpression leads to transcript level reduction of 20 other mRNAs involved in purine or pyrimidine synthesis and transport. Not seen to bind its own promoter DNA. (98 aa) |
| | chpS | Antitoxin of the ChpBS toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. May be involved in the regulation of cell growth. It acts as a suppressor of the endoribonuclease (inhibitory function) of ChpB protein. Both ChpS and ChpB probably bind to the promoter region of the chpS-chpB operon to autoregulate their synthesis. (83 aa) |
| | chpB | Toxin of the ChpB-ChpS toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. ChpB is a sequence-specific mRNA and (weak) tmRNA endoribonuclease that inhibits protein synthesis and induces bacterial stasis. Cleavage is independent of the ribosome. Cleavage occurs at ACY sequences where Y is not C. The endoribonuclease activity is not as strong as that of MazF. The endoribonuclease activity (a toxin) is inhibited by its labile cognate antitoxin ChpS. Toxicity results when the levels of ChpS decrease in the cell, leading to mRNA degradation. Both ChpS and ChpB [...] (116 aa) |
| | symE | Toxic peptide regulated by antisense sRNA symR; Toxic component of a type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Involved in the degradation and recycling of damaged RNA. It is itself a target for degradation by the ATP-dependent protease Lon. Belongs to the SymE family. (113 aa) |
| | hokC | Small toxic membrane polypeptide; completely contained in another CDS. (50 aa) |
| | hokE | Toxic polypeptide, small; Toxic component of a type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system; if it expressed it could be neutralized by antisense antitoxin RNA SokE. Belongs to the Hok/Gef family. (50 aa) |
| | ldrA | Toxic polypeptide, small; Toxic component of a type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Inhibits ATP synthesis possibly due to its insertion in the cell inner membrane, ATP levels drop over 50% 2 minutes after induction. Overexpression is toxic leading to cell death, it inhibits cell growth within 30 minutes; C-terminally tagged versions of the protein are toxic while N-terminally tagged versions are not. (35 aa) |
| | ldrB | Toxic polypeptide, small; Toxic component of a type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Overexpression causes rapid cell killing, probably by disrupting the cell inner membrane and disruption of ATP synthesis. (35 aa) |
| | ldrC | Small toxic polypeptide. (35 aa) |
| | hokB | Toxic polypeptide, small; Toxic component of a type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system (Probable). When overexpressed kills cells within minutes; causes collapse of the transmembrane potential and arrest of respiration. Expression leads to membrane depolarization; when protein levels are high enough depolarization probably leads to lowered metabolic activity which in turn induces some cells to enter the persistent state in which they transiently survive antibiotic exposure. Its toxic effect is probably neutralized by antisense antitoxin RNA SokB, which is encoded in trans on the opposite DN [...] (49 aa) |
| | ldrD | Toxic polypeptide, small; Toxic component of a type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Overexpression causes rapid cell killing and nucleoid condensation of the host cell. Overexpression induces stress-response and a number of membrane protein genes. May inhibit ATP synthesis due to its insertion in the cell inner membrane (By similarity). (35 aa) |
| | hokA | Protein HokA; Toxic component of a type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system (Probable). When overexpressed kills cells within minutes; causes collapse of the transmembrane potential and arrest of respiration. Its toxic effect is probably neutralized by antisense antitoxin RNA SokA. Belongs to the Hok/Gef family. (50 aa) |
| | torI | Response regulator inhibitor for tor operon; Transcription inhibitory protein for the torCAD operon. Also acts as an excisionase and plays an essential role in the defective prophage CPS53 excision. (66 aa) |
| | ykfH | Uncharacterized protein; Belongs to the YeeT/YkfH/YpjJ family. (73 aa) |
| | rzoD | DLP12 prophage; Component of the spanin complex that disrupts the outer membrane and causes cell lysis during virus exit. The spanin complex conducts the final step in cell lysis by disrupting the outer membrane after holin and endolysin action have permeabilized the inner membrane and degraded the host peptidoglycans (By similarity); Belongs to the lambdalikevirus o-spanin family. (60 aa) |
| | gnsA | Putative phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis regulator; Overexpression increases levels of unsaturated fatty acids and suppresses both the temperature-sensitive fabA6 mutation and cold- sensitive secG null mutation; Belongs to the gns family. (57 aa) |
| | ydaE | Conserved protein, Rac prophage. (56 aa) |
| | ydaF | Uncharacterized protein, Rac prophage; To E.coli YdfA. (51 aa) |
| | rzoR | Prophage outer membrane lipoprotein RzoR; Component of the spanin complex that disrupts the outer membrane and causes cell lysis during virus exit. The spanin complex conducts the final step in cell lysis by disrupting the outer membrane after holin and endolysin action have permeabilized the inner membrane and degraded the host peptidoglycans (By similarity). (61 aa) |
| | hicA | mRNA interferase toxin of the HicAB toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A probable translation-independent mRNA interferase. Overexpression causes cessation of cell growth and inhibits cell proliferation via inhibition of translation; this blockage is overcome (after 90 minutes) by subsequent expression of antitoxin HicB. Overexpression causes cleavage of a number of mRNAs and tmRNA, in a translation-independent fashion, suggesting this is an mRNA interferase. mRNA interferases play a role in bacterial persistence to antibiotics ; Belongs t [...] (58 aa) |
| | yoeB | Toxin of the YoeB-YefM toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Its mode of function is controversial; it has been proposed to be an mRNA interferase but also an inhibitor of translation initiation. When overproduced in wild-type cells, inhibits bacterial growth and translation by cleavage of mRNA molecules while it has a weak effect on colony forming ability. Overproduction of Lon protease specifically activates YoeB-dependent mRNA cleavage, leading to lethality. YefM binds to the promoter region of the yefM-yeoB operon to repress transcription [...] (84 aa) |
| | ypjJ | Uncharacterized protein; Belongs to the YeeT/YkfH/YpjJ family. (66 aa) |
| | ghoT | Toxin of GhoTS toxin-antitoxin pair; Toxic component of a type V toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Causes membrane damage when induced by MqsR, slowing cell growth and increasing the formation of dormant persister cells; involved with GhoS, its antitoxin, in reducing cell growth during antibacterial stress. Overexpression causes cell lysis, forming ghost cells; both effects are neutralized by expression of GhoS. Overexpression in the presence of ampicillin increases persister cell formation (persister cells exhibit antibiotic tolerance without genetic change). Overexpression causes about 90 [...] (57 aa) |
| | dinQ | UV-inducible membrane toxin, DinQ-AgrB type I toxin-antitoxin system; Belongs to the DinQ family. (27 aa) |
| | tisB | Toxic membrane persister formation peptide, LexA-regulated; Toxic component of a type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system (Probable). Overexpression causes cessation of growth, induces stress-response, a number of membrane protein genes, and leads to cell death. Inhibits ATP synthesis, ATP levels drop drastically quickly after induction. Part of the programmed response to DNA damage; damage leads to increased accumulation of the protein which slows or stops bacterial growth, probably allowing DNA repair before cells continue to grow. (29 aa) |
| | ibsD | Toxic membrane protein. (19 aa) |
| | ibsC | Toxic membrane protein. (19 aa) |
| | ibsE | Toxic membrane protein. (19 aa) |
| | ibsA | Toxic membrane protein. (19 aa) |
| | ibsB | Toxic membrane protein. (18 aa) |
| | shoB | Toxic membrane protein; Toxic component of a type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. May be a toxic protein; overexpression causes cessation of growth and rapid membrane depolarization. Overexpression induces stress-response and a number of membrane protein genes. (26 aa) |
| | rzoQ | Putative Rz1-like lipoprotein, Qin prophage; Completely contained in another CDS. (84 aa) |
| | iroK | 3-hydroxypropionic acid resistance peptide; Completely contained in another CDS. (21 aa) |
