Glutathionylspermidine amidase and glutathionylspermidine synthetase; Catalyzes the formation of an amide bond between glutathione (GSH) and spermidine coupled with hydrolysis of ATP; also catalyzes the opposing reaction, i.e. the hydrolysis of glutathionylspermidine (Gsp) back to glutathione and spermidine. The amidase active site can also hydrolyze Gsp-disulfide (Gsp-S-S-Gsp) to Gsp-SG and Gsp S-thiolated proteins (GspSSPs) to GSH S-thiolated protein (GSSPs). Likely acts synergistically with glutaredoxin to regulate the redox environment of E.coli and defend against oxidative damage. [...]

Spermidine synthase (putrescine aminopropyltransferase); Involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines which play a significant role in the structural and functional organization in the chromoid of E.coli by compacting DNA and neutralizing negative charges. Catalyzes the irreversible transfer (ping-pong mechanism) of a propylamine group from the amino donor S-adenosylmethioninamine (decarboxy-AdoMet) to putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) to yield spermidine. Cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane) and spermidine can also be used as the propylamine acceptor.

Glutathionylspermidine amidase and glutathionylspermidine synthetase; Catalyzes the formation of an amide bond between glutathione (GSH) and spermidine coupled with hydrolysis of ATP; also catalyzes the opposing reaction, i.e. the hydrolysis of glutathionylspermidine (Gsp) back to glutathione and spermidine. The amidase active site can also hydrolyze Gsp-disulfide (Gsp-S-S-Gsp) to Gsp-SG and Gsp S-thiolated proteins (GspSSPs) to GSH S-thiolated protein (GSSPs). Likely acts synergistically with glutaredoxin to regulate the redox environment of E.coli and defend against oxidative damage. [...]

Spermidine N(1)-acetyltransferase; Involved in the protection against polyamine toxicity by regulating their concentration. Catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) to the primary amino groups of spermidine to yield N(1)- and N(8)-acetylspermidine. It can also use polyamines such as spermine, but not putrescine.

Putrescine:2-oxoglutaric acid aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the aminotransferase reaction from putrescine to 2- oxoglutarate, leading to glutamate and 4-aminobutanal, which spontaneously cyclizes to form 1-pyrroline. This is the first step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4- aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA) via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a cadaverine transaminase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cad [...]

Gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the oxidation 4-aminobutanal (gamma- aminobutyraldehyde) to 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA). This is the second step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4-aminobutanoate via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a 5-aminopentanal dehydrogenase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cadaverine, glutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate. Can also oxidize n-alkyl medium-chain aldehydes, bu [...]

Putrescine:2-oxoglutaric acid aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the aminotransferase reaction from putrescine to 2- oxoglutarate, leading to glutamate and 4-aminobutanal, which spontaneously cyclizes to form 1-pyrroline. This is the first step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4- aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA) via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a cadaverine transaminase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cad [...]

Glutamate--putrescine ligase; Involved in the breakdown of putrescine via the biosynthesis of gamma-L-glutamylputrescine. It is able to use several diamines, spermidine and spermine. Absolutely essential to utilize putrescine as both nitrogen and carbon sources and to decrease the toxicity of putrescine, which can lead to inhibition of cell growth and protein synthesis; Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.

Putrescine:2-oxoglutaric acid aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the aminotransferase reaction from putrescine to 2- oxoglutarate, leading to glutamate and 4-aminobutanal, which spontaneously cyclizes to form 1-pyrroline. This is the first step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4- aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA) via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a cadaverine transaminase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cad [...]

Gamma-glutamylputrescine oxidoreductase; Involved in the breakdown of putrescine via the oxidation of L-glutamylputrescine.

Putrescine:2-oxoglutaric acid aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the aminotransferase reaction from putrescine to 2- oxoglutarate, leading to glutamate and 4-aminobutanal, which spontaneously cyclizes to form 1-pyrroline. This is the first step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4- aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA) via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a cadaverine transaminase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cad [...]

Gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the oxidation of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA) to 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP). It acts preferentially with NAD but can also use NADP. 3-HPA appears to be the most suitable substrate for PuuC followed by isovaleraldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, and valeraldehyde. It might play a role in propionate and/or acetic acid metabolisms. Also involved in the breakdown of putrescine through the oxidation of gamma-Glu-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde to gamma-Glu-gamma-aminobutyrate (gamma-Glu-GABA).

Putrescine:2-oxoglutaric acid aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the aminotransferase reaction from putrescine to 2- oxoglutarate, leading to glutamate and 4-aminobutanal, which spontaneously cyclizes to form 1-pyrroline. This is the first step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4- aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA) via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a cadaverine transaminase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cad [...]

Putrescine importer; Involved in the uptake of putrescine. Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily.

Putrescine:2-oxoglutaric acid aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the aminotransferase reaction from putrescine to 2- oxoglutarate, leading to glutamate and 4-aminobutanal, which spontaneously cyclizes to form 1-pyrroline. This is the first step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4- aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA) via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a cadaverine transaminase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cad [...]

Agmatinase; Catalyzes the formation of putrescine from agmatine.

Putrescine:2-oxoglutaric acid aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the aminotransferase reaction from putrescine to 2- oxoglutarate, leading to glutamate and 4-aminobutanal, which spontaneously cyclizes to form 1-pyrroline. This is the first step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4- aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA) via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a cadaverine transaminase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cad [...]

Ornithine decarboxylase, constitutive; Ornithine decarboxylase isozyme; Protein involved in polyamine biosynthetic process.

Putrescine:2-oxoglutaric acid aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the aminotransferase reaction from putrescine to 2- oxoglutarate, leading to glutamate and 4-aminobutanal, which spontaneously cyclizes to form 1-pyrroline. This is the first step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4- aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA) via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a cadaverine transaminase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cad [...]

Spermidine synthase (putrescine aminopropyltransferase); Involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines which play a significant role in the structural and functional organization in the chromoid of E.coli by compacting DNA and neutralizing negative charges. Catalyzes the irreversible transfer (ping-pong mechanism) of a propylamine group from the amino donor S-adenosylmethioninamine (decarboxy-AdoMet) to putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) to yield spermidine. Cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane) and spermidine can also be used as the propylamine acceptor.

Putrescine:2-oxoglutaric acid aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the aminotransferase reaction from putrescine to 2- oxoglutarate, leading to glutamate and 4-aminobutanal, which spontaneously cyclizes to form 1-pyrroline. This is the first step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4- aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA) via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a cadaverine transaminase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cad [...]

Ornithine decarboxylase isozyme, inducible; Protein involved in polyamine biosynthetic process; Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-I family.

Putrescine:2-oxoglutaric acid aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the aminotransferase reaction from putrescine to 2- oxoglutarate, leading to glutamate and 4-aminobutanal, which spontaneously cyclizes to form 1-pyrroline. This is the first step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4- aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA) via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a cadaverine transaminase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cad [...]

Spermidine N(1)-acetyltransferase; Involved in the protection against polyamine toxicity by regulating their concentration. Catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) to the primary amino groups of spermidine to yield N(1)- and N(8)-acetylspermidine. It can also use polyamines such as spermine, but not putrescine.

Gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the oxidation 4-aminobutanal (gamma- aminobutyraldehyde) to 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA). This is the second step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4-aminobutanoate via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a 5-aminopentanal dehydrogenase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cadaverine, glutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate. Can also oxidize n-alkyl medium-chain aldehydes, bu [...]

Putrescine:2-oxoglutaric acid aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the aminotransferase reaction from putrescine to 2- oxoglutarate, leading to glutamate and 4-aminobutanal, which spontaneously cyclizes to form 1-pyrroline. This is the first step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4- aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA) via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a cadaverine transaminase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cad [...]

Gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the oxidation 4-aminobutanal (gamma- aminobutyraldehyde) to 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA). This is the second step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4-aminobutanoate via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a 5-aminopentanal dehydrogenase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cadaverine, glutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate. Can also oxidize n-alkyl medium-chain aldehydes, bu [...]

Glutamate--putrescine ligase; Involved in the breakdown of putrescine via the biosynthesis of gamma-L-glutamylputrescine. It is able to use several diamines, spermidine and spermine. Absolutely essential to utilize putrescine as both nitrogen and carbon sources and to decrease the toxicity of putrescine, which can lead to inhibition of cell growth and protein synthesis; Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.

Gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the oxidation 4-aminobutanal (gamma- aminobutyraldehyde) to 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA). This is the second step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4-aminobutanoate via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a 5-aminopentanal dehydrogenase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cadaverine, glutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate. Can also oxidize n-alkyl medium-chain aldehydes, bu [...]

Gamma-glutamylputrescine oxidoreductase; Involved in the breakdown of putrescine via the oxidation of L-glutamylputrescine.

Gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the oxidation 4-aminobutanal (gamma- aminobutyraldehyde) to 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA). This is the second step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4-aminobutanoate via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a 5-aminopentanal dehydrogenase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cadaverine, glutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate. Can also oxidize n-alkyl medium-chain aldehydes, bu [...]

Gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate hydrolase; Involved in the breakdown of putrescine via hydrolysis of the gamma-glutamyl linkage of gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate.

Gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the oxidation 4-aminobutanal (gamma- aminobutyraldehyde) to 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA). This is the second step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4-aminobutanoate via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a 5-aminopentanal dehydrogenase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cadaverine, glutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate. Can also oxidize n-alkyl medium-chain aldehydes, bu [...]

4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the transfer of the amino group from gamma- aminobutyrate (GABA) to alpha-ketoglutarate (KG) to yield succinic semialdehyde (SSA). PuuE is important for utilization of putrescine as the sole nitrogen or carbon source; Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.

Gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the oxidation 4-aminobutanal (gamma- aminobutyraldehyde) to 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA). This is the second step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4-aminobutanoate via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a 5-aminopentanal dehydrogenase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cadaverine, glutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate. Can also oxidize n-alkyl medium-chain aldehydes, bu [...]

Putrescine importer; Involved in the uptake of putrescine. Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily.

Gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the oxidation 4-aminobutanal (gamma- aminobutyraldehyde) to 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA). This is the second step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4-aminobutanoate via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a 5-aminopentanal dehydrogenase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cadaverine, glutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate. Can also oxidize n-alkyl medium-chain aldehydes, bu [...]

Agmatinase; Catalyzes the formation of putrescine from agmatine.

Gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the oxidation 4-aminobutanal (gamma- aminobutyraldehyde) to 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA). This is the second step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4-aminobutanoate via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a 5-aminopentanal dehydrogenase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cadaverine, glutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate. Can also oxidize n-alkyl medium-chain aldehydes, bu [...]

Ornithine decarboxylase, constitutive; Ornithine decarboxylase isozyme; Protein involved in polyamine biosynthetic process.