Alternate ribosome-rescue factor A; Rescues ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of non-stop mRNAs. This activity is crucial when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)-SmpB quality control system. Binds the 30S subunit, contacting 16S rRNA with the N-terminus near the decoding center and its C-terminus in the mRNA entry channel; contacts change in the presence of release factor 2 (RF2, also named PrfB). Requires RF2/PrfB to hydrolyze stalled peptidyl-tRNA on the ribosome; recruits and probably helps position RF2/PrfB correctly in the ribosomal A site so RF2's GGQ motif c [...]

Alternative stalled-ribosome rescue factor B; Rescues stalled ribosomes. Can hydrolyze peptidyl-tRNA on ribosomes stalled by both non-stop mRNAs and mRNAs that contain rare codon clusters or ribosomes stalled in the middle of mRNA. First identified as a complementary ribosome rescue system when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)- SmpB quality control system or the alternative ribosome-rescue factor A (arfA).

Alternate ribosome-rescue factor A; Rescues ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of non-stop mRNAs. This activity is crucial when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)-SmpB quality control system. Binds the 30S subunit, contacting 16S rRNA with the N-terminus near the decoding center and its C-terminus in the mRNA entry channel; contacts change in the presence of release factor 2 (RF2, also named PrfB). Requires RF2/PrfB to hydrolyze stalled peptidyl-tRNA on the ribosome; recruits and probably helps position RF2/PrfB correctly in the ribosomal A site so RF2's GGQ motif c [...]

50S ribosomal subunit protein L1; One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds very close to the 3'-end of the 23S rRNA. Forms part of the L1 stalk. It is often not seen in high-resolution crystal structures, but can be seen in cryo_EM and 3D reconstruction models. These indicate that the distal end of the stalk moves by approximately 20 angstroms. This stalk movement is thought to be coupled to movement of deacylated tRNA into and out of the E site, and thus to participate in tRNA translocation. Contacts the P and E site tRNAs.

Alternate ribosome-rescue factor A; Rescues ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of non-stop mRNAs. This activity is crucial when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)-SmpB quality control system. Binds the 30S subunit, contacting 16S rRNA with the N-terminus near the decoding center and its C-terminus in the mRNA entry channel; contacts change in the presence of release factor 2 (RF2, also named PrfB). Requires RF2/PrfB to hydrolyze stalled peptidyl-tRNA on the ribosome; recruits and probably helps position RF2/PrfB correctly in the ribosomal A site so RF2's GGQ motif c [...]

50S ribosomal subunit protein L4; One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, this protein initially binds near the 5'-end of the 23S rRNA. It is important during the early stages of 50S assembly. It makes multiple contacts with different domains of the 23S rRNA in the assembled 50S subunit and ribosome. Forms part of the polypeptide exit tunnel. Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL4 family.

Alternate ribosome-rescue factor A; Rescues ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of non-stop mRNAs. This activity is crucial when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)-SmpB quality control system. Binds the 30S subunit, contacting 16S rRNA with the N-terminus near the decoding center and its C-terminus in the mRNA entry channel; contacts change in the presence of release factor 2 (RF2, also named PrfB). Requires RF2/PrfB to hydrolyze stalled peptidyl-tRNA on the ribosome; recruits and probably helps position RF2/PrfB correctly in the ribosomal A site so RF2's GGQ motif c [...]

50S ribosomal subunit protein L10; Forms part of the ribosomal stalk, playing a central role in the interaction of the ribosome with GTP-bound translation factors. Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL10 family.

Alternate ribosome-rescue factor A; Rescues ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of non-stop mRNAs. This activity is crucial when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)-SmpB quality control system. Binds the 30S subunit, contacting 16S rRNA with the N-terminus near the decoding center and its C-terminus in the mRNA entry channel; contacts change in the presence of release factor 2 (RF2, also named PrfB). Requires RF2/PrfB to hydrolyze stalled peptidyl-tRNA on the ribosome; recruits and probably helps position RF2/PrfB correctly in the ribosomal A site so RF2's GGQ motif c [...]

30S ribosomal subunit protein S4; One of two assembly initiator proteins for the 30S subunit, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the body of the 30S subunit. Plays a role in mRNA unwinding by the ribosome, possibly by forming part of a processivity clamp. Also functions as a rho-dependent antiterminator of rRNA transcription, increasing the synthesis of rRNA under conditions of excess protein, allowing a more rapid return to homeostasis. Binds directly to RNA polymerase; Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS4 family.

Alternate ribosome-rescue factor A; Rescues ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of non-stop mRNAs. This activity is crucial when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)-SmpB quality control system. Binds the 30S subunit, contacting 16S rRNA with the N-terminus near the decoding center and its C-terminus in the mRNA entry channel; contacts change in the presence of release factor 2 (RF2, also named PrfB). Requires RF2/PrfB to hydrolyze stalled peptidyl-tRNA on the ribosome; recruits and probably helps position RF2/PrfB correctly in the ribosomal A site so RF2's GGQ motif c [...]

30S ribosomal subunit protein S8; One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA central domain where it helps coordinate assembly of the platform of the 30S subunit; Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS8 family.

Alternate ribosome-rescue factor A; Rescues ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of non-stop mRNAs. This activity is crucial when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)-SmpB quality control system. Binds the 30S subunit, contacting 16S rRNA with the N-terminus near the decoding center and its C-terminus in the mRNA entry channel; contacts change in the presence of release factor 2 (RF2, also named PrfB). Requires RF2/PrfB to hydrolyze stalled peptidyl-tRNA on the ribosome; recruits and probably helps position RF2/PrfB correctly in the ribosomal A site so RF2's GGQ motif c [...]

30S ribosomal subunit protein S15; One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it helps nucleate assembly of the platform of the 30S subunit by binding and bridging several RNA helices of the 16S rRNA. Binds to its own mRNA, stabilizing it 5-UTR and preventing its translation.

Alternative stalled-ribosome rescue factor B; Rescues stalled ribosomes. Can hydrolyze peptidyl-tRNA on ribosomes stalled by both non-stop mRNAs and mRNAs that contain rare codon clusters or ribosomes stalled in the middle of mRNA. First identified as a complementary ribosome rescue system when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)- SmpB quality control system or the alternative ribosome-rescue factor A (arfA).

Alternate ribosome-rescue factor A; Rescues ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of non-stop mRNAs. This activity is crucial when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)-SmpB quality control system. Binds the 30S subunit, contacting 16S rRNA with the N-terminus near the decoding center and its C-terminus in the mRNA entry channel; contacts change in the presence of release factor 2 (RF2, also named PrfB). Requires RF2/PrfB to hydrolyze stalled peptidyl-tRNA on the ribosome; recruits and probably helps position RF2/PrfB correctly in the ribosomal A site so RF2's GGQ motif c [...]

Alternative stalled-ribosome rescue factor B; Rescues stalled ribosomes. Can hydrolyze peptidyl-tRNA on ribosomes stalled by both non-stop mRNAs and mRNAs that contain rare codon clusters or ribosomes stalled in the middle of mRNA. First identified as a complementary ribosome rescue system when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)- SmpB quality control system or the alternative ribosome-rescue factor A (arfA).

Ribosome hibernation promoting factor HPF; During stationary phase, promotes and stabilizes dimerization of 70S ribosomes by the ribosome modulation factor (RMF), leading to the formation of inactive 100S ribosomes. Converts immature 90S particles formed by RMF into 100S ribosomes. Crystallization with T.thermophilus 70S ribosomes shows it binds in the channel between the head and body of the 30S subunit, where mRNA, tRNAs, initiation factors IF1 and IF3 and elongation factor G would bind; however RMF is still able to bind. In this crystal binding of HPF induces movement of the 30S hea [...]

Alternative stalled-ribosome rescue factor B; Rescues stalled ribosomes. Can hydrolyze peptidyl-tRNA on ribosomes stalled by both non-stop mRNAs and mRNAs that contain rare codon clusters or ribosomes stalled in the middle of mRNA. First identified as a complementary ribosome rescue system when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)- SmpB quality control system or the alternative ribosome-rescue factor A (arfA).

Ribosome modulation factor; During stationary phase, converts 70S ribosomes to an immature dimeric form (90S ribosomes) which are converted to inactive 100S ribosomes (a process called ribosomal hibernation) by the hibernation promoting factor HPF. Inactivates ribosomes by covering the peptidyl transferase (PTase) center of the 23S rRNA and the entrance of peptide exit tunnel. However crystallization with T.thermophilus 70S ribosomes shows it binds near the 3'-end of the 16S rRNA near the anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequence, where it would sterically hinder translation inititation. In this cr [...]

Alternative stalled-ribosome rescue factor B; Rescues stalled ribosomes. Can hydrolyze peptidyl-tRNA on ribosomes stalled by both non-stop mRNAs and mRNAs that contain rare codon clusters or ribosomes stalled in the middle of mRNA. First identified as a complementary ribosome rescue system when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)- SmpB quality control system or the alternative ribosome-rescue factor A (arfA).

50S ribosomal subunit protein L1; One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds very close to the 3'-end of the 23S rRNA. Forms part of the L1 stalk. It is often not seen in high-resolution crystal structures, but can be seen in cryo_EM and 3D reconstruction models. These indicate that the distal end of the stalk moves by approximately 20 angstroms. This stalk movement is thought to be coupled to movement of deacylated tRNA into and out of the E site, and thus to participate in tRNA translocation. Contacts the P and E site tRNAs.

Alternative stalled-ribosome rescue factor B; Rescues stalled ribosomes. Can hydrolyze peptidyl-tRNA on ribosomes stalled by both non-stop mRNAs and mRNAs that contain rare codon clusters or ribosomes stalled in the middle of mRNA. First identified as a complementary ribosome rescue system when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)- SmpB quality control system or the alternative ribosome-rescue factor A (arfA).

50S ribosomal subunit protein L4; One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, this protein initially binds near the 5'-end of the 23S rRNA. It is important during the early stages of 50S assembly. It makes multiple contacts with different domains of the 23S rRNA in the assembled 50S subunit and ribosome. Forms part of the polypeptide exit tunnel. Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL4 family.

Alternative stalled-ribosome rescue factor B; Rescues stalled ribosomes. Can hydrolyze peptidyl-tRNA on ribosomes stalled by both non-stop mRNAs and mRNAs that contain rare codon clusters or ribosomes stalled in the middle of mRNA. First identified as a complementary ribosome rescue system when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)- SmpB quality control system or the alternative ribosome-rescue factor A (arfA).

50S ribosomal subunit protein L10; Forms part of the ribosomal stalk, playing a central role in the interaction of the ribosome with GTP-bound translation factors. Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL10 family.

Alternative stalled-ribosome rescue factor B; Rescues stalled ribosomes. Can hydrolyze peptidyl-tRNA on ribosomes stalled by both non-stop mRNAs and mRNAs that contain rare codon clusters or ribosomes stalled in the middle of mRNA. First identified as a complementary ribosome rescue system when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)- SmpB quality control system or the alternative ribosome-rescue factor A (arfA).

30S ribosomal subunit protein S4; One of two assembly initiator proteins for the 30S subunit, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the body of the 30S subunit. Plays a role in mRNA unwinding by the ribosome, possibly by forming part of a processivity clamp. Also functions as a rho-dependent antiterminator of rRNA transcription, increasing the synthesis of rRNA under conditions of excess protein, allowing a more rapid return to homeostasis. Binds directly to RNA polymerase; Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS4 family.

Alternative stalled-ribosome rescue factor B; Rescues stalled ribosomes. Can hydrolyze peptidyl-tRNA on ribosomes stalled by both non-stop mRNAs and mRNAs that contain rare codon clusters or ribosomes stalled in the middle of mRNA. First identified as a complementary ribosome rescue system when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)- SmpB quality control system or the alternative ribosome-rescue factor A (arfA).

30S ribosomal subunit protein S8; One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA central domain where it helps coordinate assembly of the platform of the 30S subunit; Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS8 family.

Alternative stalled-ribosome rescue factor B; Rescues stalled ribosomes. Can hydrolyze peptidyl-tRNA on ribosomes stalled by both non-stop mRNAs and mRNAs that contain rare codon clusters or ribosomes stalled in the middle of mRNA. First identified as a complementary ribosome rescue system when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)- SmpB quality control system or the alternative ribosome-rescue factor A (arfA).

30S ribosomal subunit protein S15; One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it helps nucleate assembly of the platform of the 30S subunit by binding and bridging several RNA helices of the 16S rRNA. Binds to its own mRNA, stabilizing it 5-UTR and preventing its translation.

Alternative stalled-ribosome rescue factor B; Rescues stalled ribosomes. Can hydrolyze peptidyl-tRNA on ribosomes stalled by both non-stop mRNAs and mRNAs that contain rare codon clusters or ribosomes stalled in the middle of mRNA. First identified as a complementary ribosome rescue system when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)- SmpB quality control system or the alternative ribosome-rescue factor A (arfA).

Ribosomal silencing factor; Functions as a ribosomal silencing factor. Addition to isolated ribosomal subunits partially inhibits their association, preventing translation. Interacts with ribosomal protein L14 (rplN), blocking formation of intersubunit bridge B8, preventing association of the 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits and the formation of functional ribosomes, thus repressing translation.

Alternative stalled-ribosome rescue factor B; Rescues stalled ribosomes. Can hydrolyze peptidyl-tRNA on ribosomes stalled by both non-stop mRNAs and mRNAs that contain rare codon clusters or ribosomes stalled in the middle of mRNA. First identified as a complementary ribosome rescue system when the stalled ribosome cannot be rescued by the SsrA(tmRNA)- SmpB quality control system or the alternative ribosome-rescue factor A (arfA).

threonyl-tRNA synthetase; Catalyzes the attachment of threonine to tRNA(Thr) in a two- step reaction: L-threonine is first activated by ATP to form Thr-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Thr). The rate-limiting step is amino acid activation in the presence of tRNA. The 2'-OH of the acceptor base (adenine 76, A76) of tRNA(Thr) and His-309 collaborate to transfer L-Thr to the tRNA; substitution of 2'-OH of A76 with hydrogen or fluorine decreases transfer efficiency 760 and 100-fold respectively. The zinc ion in the active site discriminates against charging of the isost [...]

Pleiotropic regulatory protein for carbon source metabolism; A key translational regulator that binds mRNA to regulate translation initiation and/or mRNA stability, initially identified for its effects on central carbon metabolism. Mediates global changes in gene expression, shifting from rapid growth to stress survival by linking envelope stress, the stringent response and the catabolite repression systems. Binds to the 5'-UTR of mRNA to repress or activate translation; 2 binding sites on the homodimer can bridge 2 sites within target RNA (By similarity). Exerts reciprocal effects on [...]

Integration host factor (IHF), DNA-binding protein, alpha subunit; One of the 2 subunits of integration host factor (IHF), a specific DNA-binding protein that functions in genetic recombination as well as in transcriptional and translational control. Binds to hundreds of transcriptionally inactive, AT-rich DNA sites, approximately half its binding sites are in non-coding DNA, which only accounts for about 10% of the genome. Has an essential role in conjugative DNA transfer (CDT), the unidirectional transfer of ssDNA plasmid from a donor to a recipient cell. It is the central mechanism [...]

Pleiotropic regulatory protein for carbon source metabolism; A key translational regulator that binds mRNA to regulate translation initiation and/or mRNA stability, initially identified for its effects on central carbon metabolism. Mediates global changes in gene expression, shifting from rapid growth to stress survival by linking envelope stress, the stringent response and the catabolite repression systems. Binds to the 5'-UTR of mRNA to repress or activate translation; 2 binding sites on the homodimer can bridge 2 sites within target RNA (By similarity). Exerts reciprocal effects on [...]

Integration host factor (IHF), DNA-binding protein, beta subunit; One of the 2 subunits of integration host factor (IHF), a specific DNA-binding protein that functions in genetic recombination as well as in transcriptional and translational control. Has an essential role in conjugative DNA transfer (CDT), the unidirectional transfer of ssDNA plasmid from a donor to a recipient cell. It is the central mechanism by which antibiotic resistance and virulence factors are propagated in bacterial populations. Part of the relaxosome, which facilitates a site- and strand-specific cut in the ori [...]